Roles of tropical SST patterns during two types of ENSO in modulating wintertime rainfall over southern China

Ashok K, Behera SK, Rao SA, Weng H, Yamagata T (2007) El Niño Modoki and its possible teleconnection. J Geophys Res 112:C11007. https://doi.org/10.1029/2006jc003798 Ashok K, Tam CY, Lee WJ (2009) ENSO Modoki impact on the Southern Hemisphere storm track activity during extended austral winter. Geophys Res Lett 36:L12705. https://doi.org/10.1029/2009gl038847 Bretherton CS, Park S (2009) A new moist turbulence parameterization in the community atmosphere model. J Clim 22:3422–3448. https://doi.org/10.1175/2008JCLI2556.1 Capotondi A et al (2015) Understanding ENSO Diversity. Bull Amer Meteor Soc 96:921–938. https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-13-00117.1 Chang CP, Wang Z, Ju J, Li T (2004) On the relationship between western maritime continent monsoon rainfall and ENSO during northern winter. J Clim 17:665–672. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2004)017<0665:OTRBWM>2.0.CO;2 Chang CP, Wang Z, Hendon H (2006) The Asian winter monsoon. In: Wang B (ed) The Asian monsoon. Praxis, New York, pp 89–127 Chen W, Graf HF, Huang R (2000) The interannual variability of East Asian winter monsoon and its relation to the summer monsoon. Adv Atmos Sci 17:48–60. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-000-0042-5 Chen W, Feng J, Wu R (2013) Roles of ENSO and PDO in the link of the East Asian winter monsoon to the following summer monsoon. J Clim 26:622–635. https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-12-00021.1 Chen JP, Wen ZP, Wu RG, Chen ZS, Zhao P (2014) Interdecadal changes in the relationship between Southern China winter-spring precipitation and ENSO. Clim Dyn 43:1327–1338. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-013-1947-x Cheung HN, Zhou W, Mok HY, Wu MC (2012) Relationship between Ural–Siberian blocking and the East Asian winter monsoon in relation to the Arctic Oscillation and the El Niño–Southern Oscillation. J Clim 25:4242–4257. https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-11-00225.1 Ding Y (1994) Monsoon over China. Kluwer Academic Publisher Dordrecht/Boston/London 419 pp Feng J, Li J (2011) Influence of El Niño Modoki on spring rainfall over south China. J Geophys Res 116:D13102. https://doi.org/10.1029/2010jd015160 Feng J, Wang L, Chen W, Fong SK, Leong KC (2010) Different impacts of two types of Pacific Ocean warming on Southeast Asian rainfall during boreal winter. J Geophys Res 115:D24122. https://doi.org/10.1029/2010jd014761 Feng J, Chen W, Tam CY, Zhou W (2011) Different impacts of El Niño and El Niño Modoki on China rainfall in the decaying phases. Int J Climatol 31:2091–2101. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.2217 Geng X, Zhang W, Stuecker MF, Liu P, Jin F-F, Tan G (2017) Decadal modulation of the ENSO-East Asian winter monsoon relationship by the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation. Clim Dyn 49:2531–2544. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-016-3465-0 Gettelman A, Morrison H, Ghan SJ (2008) A new two-moment bulk stratiform cloud microphysics scheme in the community atmosphere model, version 3 (CAM3). Part II: single-column and global results. J Clim 21:3660–3679. https://doi.org/10.1175/2008JCLI2116.1 Gill AE (1980) Some simple solutions for heat-induced tropical circulation. Q J R Meteorol Soc 106:447–462. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49710644905 Grinsted A, Moore JC, Jevrejeva S (2004) Application of the cross wavelet transform and wavelet coherence to geophysical time series. Nonlin Processes Geophys 11:561–566. https://doi.org/10.5194/npg-11-561-2004 He S, Wang H (2013) Oscillating relationship between the East Asian winter monsoon and ENSO. J Clim 26:9819–9838. https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-13-00174.1 Huang R, Chen J, Wang L, Lin Z (2012) Characteristics, processes, and causes of the spatio-temporal variabilities of the East Asian monsoon system. Adv Atmos Sci 29:910–942. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-012-2015-x Iacono MJ, Delamere JS, Mlawer EJ, Shephard MW, Clough SA, Collins WD (2008) Radiative forcing by longlived greenhouse gases: calculations with the AER radiative transfer models. J Geophys Res 113:D13103. https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JD009944 Kalnay E, Kanamitsu M, Kistler R, Collins W, Deaven D, Gandin L, Iredell M, Saha S, White G, Woollen J (1996) The NCEP/NCAR reanalysis project. Bull Am Meteorol Soc 77:437–471. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477(1996)077<0437:TNYRP>2.0.CO;2 Karori MA, Li J, Jin F-F (2013) The asymmetric influence of the two types of El Niño and La Niña on summer rainfall over Southeast China. J Clim 26:4567–4582. https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-12-00324.1 Kim J-W, Yeh S-W, Chang E-C (2014) Combined effect of El Niño-Southern Oscillation and Pacific Decadal Oscillation on the East Asian winter monsoon. Clim Dyn 42:957–971. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-013-1730-z Kim JW, An SI, Jun SY, Park HJ, Yeh SW (2016) ENSO and East Asian winter monsoon relationship modulation associated with the anomalous northwest Pacific anticyclone. Clim Dyn 49:1157–1179. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-016-3371-5 Kug J-S, Jin F-F, An S-I (2009) Two types of El Niño events: cold tongue El Niño and warm pool El Niño. J Clim 22:1499–1515. https://doi.org/10.1175/2008jcli2624.1 Lau K-M, Li M-T (1984) The monsoon of East Asia and its global associations—a survey. Bull Am Meteor Soc 65:114–125. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477(1984)065<0114:TMOEAA>2.0.CO;2 Lau N-C, Nath MJ (2003) Atmosphere–Ocean variations in the Indo-Pacific sector during ENSO episodes. J Clim 16:3–20. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2003)016<0003:AOVITI>2.0.CO;2 Lau N-C, Wang B (2006) Interactions between the Asian monsoon and the El Niño/Southern Oscillation. In: Wang B (ed) The Asian Monsoon. Springer Praxis Books. Springer, Berlin Li C, Ma H (2012) Relationship between ENSO and winter rainfall over Southeast China and its decadal variability. Adv Atmos Sci 29:1129–1141. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-012-1248-z Liu X, Easter RC, Ghan SJ, Zaveri R, Rasch P, Shi X, Lamarque J-F, Gettelman A, Morrison H, Vitt F, Conley A, Park S, Neale R, Hannay C, Ekman AML, Hess P, Mahowald N, Collins W, Iacono MJ, Bretherton CS, Flanner MG, Mitchell D (2012) Toward a minimal representation of aerosols in climate models: description and evaluation in the Community Atmosphere Model CAM5. Geosci Model Dev 5:709–739. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-5-709-2012 Morrison H, Gettelman A (2008) A new two-moment bulk stratiform cloud microphysics scheme in the community atmosphere model, version 3 (CAM3). Part I: description and numerical tests. J Clim 21:3642–3659. https://doi.org/10.1175/2008JCLI2105.1 Neale RB et al. (2012) Description of the NCAR Community Atmosphere Model (CAM 5.0). NCAR Tech. Note NCAR/TN-486 + STR, p 274. http://www.cesm.ucar.edu/models/cesm1.0/cam/docs/description/cam5_desc.pdf Newman M, Alexander M, Ault T, Cobb K, Deser C, Di Lorenzo E, Mantua N, Miller A, Minobe S, Nakamura H, Schneider N, Vimont D, Phillips A, Scott J, Smith C (2016) The Pacific decadal oscillation, revisited. J Clim 29:4399–4427. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0508.1 Pak G, Park YH, Vivier F, Kwon YO, Chang KI (2014) Regime-dependent nonstationary relationship between the East Asian winter monsoon and North Pacific Oscillation. J Clim 27:8185–8204. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-13-00500.1 Park S, Bretherton CS (2009) The University of Washington shallow convection and moist turbulence schemes and their impact on climate simulations with the community atmosphere model. J Clim 22:3449–3469. https://doi.org/10.1175/2008JCLI2557.1 Park S, Bretherton CS, Rasch PJ (2014) Integrating cloud processes in the community atmosphere model, version 5. J Clim 27:6821–6856. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00087.1 Rayner NA, Parker DE, Horton EB, Folland CK, Alexander LV, Rowell DP, Kent EC, Kaplan A (2003) Global analyses of sea surface temperature, sea ice, and night marine air temperature since the late nineteenth century. J Geophys Res 108:4407. https://doi.org/10.1029/2002jd002670 Ren H-L, Jin F-F (2011) Niño indices for two types of ENSO. Geophys Res Lett 38:L04704. https://doi.org/10.1029/2010gl046031 Su J, Zhang R, Zhu C (2013) ECHAM5-simulated impacts of two types of El Niño on the winter precipitation anomalies in South China. Atmos Oceanic Sci Lett 6:360–364. https://doi.org/10.3878/j.issn.1674-2834.13.0013 Takaya K, Nakamura H (2005) Geographical dependence of upper-level blocking formation associated with intraseasonal amplification of the Siberian high. J Atmos Sci 62:4441–4449. https://doi.org/10.1175/jas3628.1 Taschetto AS, England MH (2009) El Niño Modoki impacts on Australian rainfall. J Clim 22:3167–3174. https://doi.org/10.1175/2008jcli2589.1 Wang L, Chen W (2014) An intensity index for the East Asian winter monsoon. J Clim 27:2361–2374. https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-13-00086.1 Wang B, Wu R, Fu X (2000) Pacific-East Asian teleconnection: How does ENSO affect East Asian climate? J Clim 13:1517–1536. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2000)013<1517:PEATHD>2.0.CO;2 Wang L, Chen W, Huang RH (2008) Interdecadal modulation of PDO on the impact of ENSO on the East Asian winter monsoon. Geophys Res Lett 35:L20702. https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GL035287 Wang B, Wu Z, Liu J, Chang CP, Li J, Zhou T (2010a) Another look at climate variations of the East Asian winter monsoon: northern and southern temperature modes. J Clim 23:1495–1512. https://doi.org/10.1175/2009JCLI3243.1 Wang L, Chen W, Zhou W, Chan JCL, Barriopedro D, Huang R (2010b) Effect of the climate shift around mid-1970s on the relationship between wintertime Ural blocking circulation and East Asian climate. Int J Climatol 30:153–158. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.1876 Wang C, Deser C, Yu JY, DiNezio P, Clement A (2016) El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO): a review. In: Glynn PW, Manzello DP, Enochs IC (eds) Coral reefs of the Eastern tropical Pacific: persistence and loss in a dynamic environment. Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht, pp 85–106 Wang L, Lu MM (2016) The East Asian winter monsoon. In: Chang CP et al (eds) The global monsoon system: research and forecast, 3rd edn. World Scientific, pp 51–61 Watanabe M, Jin FF (2002) Role of Indian Ocean warming in the development of Philippine Sea anticyclone during ENSO. Geophys Res Lett 29:1478. https://doi.org/10.1029/2001GL014318 Weng H, Ashok K, Behera SK, Rao SA, Yamagata T (2007) Impacts of recent El Niño Modoki on dry/wet conditions in the Pacific rim during boreal summer. Clim Dyn 29:113–129. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-007-0234-0 Weng H, Behera SK, Yamagata T (2009) Anomalous winter climate conditions in the Pacific rim during recent El Niño Modoki and El Niño events. Clim Dyn 32:663–674. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-008-0394-6 Wu Z, Zhang P (2015) Interdecadal variability of the mega-ENSO–NAO synchronization in winter. Clim Dyn 45:1117–1128. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-014-2361-8 Wu R, Hu Z-Z, Kirtman BP (2003) Evolution of ENSO-related rainfall anomalies in East Asia. J Clim 16:3742–3758. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2003)016<3742:EOERAI>2.0.CO;2 Wu Z, Li J, Jiang Z, He J (2010) Predictable climate dynamics of abnormal East Asian winter monsoon: once-in-a-century snowstorms in 2007/2008 winter. Clim Dyn 37:1661–1669. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-010-0938-4 Wu R, Yang S, Wen Z, Huang G, Hu K (2012) Interdecadal change in the relationship of southern China summer rainfall with tropical Indo-Pacific SST. Theor Appl Climatol 108:119–133. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-011-0519-4 Xie S-P, Hu K, Hafner J, Tokinaga H, Du Y, Huang G, Sampe T (2009) Indian Ocean capacitor effect on Indo–Western Pacific climate during the summer following El Niño. J Clim 22:730–747. https://doi.org/10.1175/2008jcli2544.1 Xu K, Zhu C, He J (2013) Two types of El Niño-related Southern Oscillation and their different impacts on global land precipitation. Adv Atmos Sci 30:1743–1757. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-013-2272-3 Xu K, Su J, Zhu C (2014) The natural oscillation of two types of ENSO events based on analyses of CMIP5 model control runs. Adv Atmos Sci 31:801–813. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-013-3153-5 Xu K, Huang RX, Wang W, Zhu C, Lu R (2017a) Thermocline fluctuations in the equatorial Pacific related to the two types of El Niño events. J Clim 30:6611–6627. https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-16-0291.1 Xu K, Tam CY, Zhu C, Liu B, Wang W (2017b) CMIP5 Projections of two types of El Niño and their related tropical precipitation in the twenty-first century. J Clim 30:849–864. https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-16-0413.1 Yanai M, Esbensen S, Chu J-H (1973) Determination of bulk properties of tropical cloud clusters from large-scale heat and moisture budgets. J Atmos Sci 30:611–627. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1973)030<0611:DOBPOT>2.0.CO;2 Yu J-Y, Kao H-Y (2007) Decadal changes of ENSO persistence barrier in SST and ocean heat content indices: 1958–2001. J Geophys Res 112:D13106. https://doi.org/10.1029/2006jd007654 Yu J-Y, Kao P-k, Paek H, Hsu H-H, Hung C-W, Lu M-M, An S-I (2015) Linking emergence of the central Pacific El Niño to the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation. J Clim 28:651–662. https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-14-00347.1 Yuan Y, Yang S (2012) Impacts of different types of El Niño on the East Asian climate: focus on ENSO cycles. J Clim 25:7702–7722. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00576.1 Zhang R, Sumi A, Kimoto M (1996) Impact of El Niño on the East Asian monsoon: a diagnostic study of the ‘86/87 and ‘91/92 events. J Meteorol Soc Jpn 74:49–62 Zhang W, Jin F-F, Li J, Ren H-L (2011) Contrasting impacts of two-type El Niño over the Western North Pacific during boreal autumn. J Meteorol Soc Jpn 89:563–569. https://doi.org/10.2151/jmsj.2011-510 Zhang W, Jin F-F, Turner A (2014) Increasing autumn drought over southern China associated with ENSO regime shift. Geophys Res Lett 41:2014GL060130. https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GL060130 Zhang R, Li T, Wen M, Liu L (2015) Role of intraseasonal oscillation in asymmetric impacts of El Niño and La Niña on the rainfall over southern China in boreal winter. Clim Dyn 45:559–567. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-014-2207-4 Zhou LT, Wu RG (2010) Respective impacts of the East Asian winter monsoon and ENSO on winter rainfall in China. J Geophys Res 115:D02107. https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JD012502 Zhou W, Li CY, Wang X (2007a) Possible connection between Pacific oceanic interdecadal pathway and East Asian winter monsoon. Geophys Res Lett 34:L01701. https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL027809 Zhou W, Wang X, Zhou J, Li C, Chan JCL (2007b) Interdecadal variability of the relationship between the East Asian winter monsoon and ENSO. Meteorol Atmos Phys 98:283–293. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00703-007-0263-6 Zhou W, Chan JCL, Chen W, Ling J, Pinto JG, Shao Y (2009) Synoptic-scale controls of persistent low temperature and icy weather over Southern China in January 2008. Mon Weather Rev 137:3978–3991. https://doi.org/10.1175/2009mwr2952.1 Zhou LT, Tam CY, Zhou W, Chan JCL (2010) Influence of South China Sea SST and ENSO on winter rainfall over South China. Adv Atmos Sci 27:832–844. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-009-9102-7