3D tumor spheroids: an overview on the tools and techniques used for their analysis
Tài liệu tham khảo
Achilli, 2014, Multilayer spheroids to quantify drug uptake and diffusion in 3D, Mol. Pharm., 11, 2071, 10.1021/mp500002y
Amann, 2014, Development of an innovative 3D cell culture system to study tumour — stroma interactions in non-small cell lung cancer cells, PLoS One, 9, 10.1371/journal.pone.0092511
Amaral, 2010, Cell death and lumen formation in spheroids of MCF-7 cells, Cell Biol. Int., 34, 267, 10.1042/CBI20090024
An, 2014, Phenotypic profiling of Raf inhibitors and mitochondrial toxicity in 3D tissue using biodynamic imaging, J. Biomol. Screen., 19, 526, 10.1177/1087057113516674
Baek, 2011, Photothermal treatment of glioma; an in vitro study of macrophage-mediated delivery of gold nanoshells, J. Neuro-Oncol., 104, 439, 10.1007/s11060-010-0511-3
Beaumont, 2015, Imaging- and flow cytometry-based analysis of cell position and the cell cycle in 3D melanoma spheroids, J. Vis. Exp., 10.3791/53486
Breslin, 2013, Three-dimensional cell culture: the missing link in drug discovery, Drug Discov. Today, 18, 240, 10.1016/j.drudis.2012.10.003
Bruns, 2012, Preparation strategy and illumination of three-dimensional cell cultures in light sheet–based fluorescence microscopy, J. Biomed. Opt., 17, 1015181, 10.1117/1.JBO.17.10.101518
Byrne, 2010, Dissecting cancer through mathematics: from the cell to the animal model, Nat. Rev. Cancer, 10, 221, 10.1038/nrc2808
Carver, 2014, Multicellular tumor spheroids as a model for assessing delivery of oligonucleotides in three dimensions, Mol. Ther.–Nucleic Acids., 3, 10.1038/mtna.2014.5
Casey, 2001, Beta 1-integrins regulate the formation and adhesion of ovarian carcinoma multicellular spheroids, Am. J. Pathol., 159, 2071, 10.1016/S0002-9440(10)63058-1
Cella Zanacchi, 2011, Live-cell 3D super-resolution imaging in thick biological samples, Nat. Methods, 8, 1047, 10.1038/nmeth.1744
Chan, 2013, Rapid formation of multicellular spheroids in double-emulsion droplets with controllable microenvironment, Sci. Rep., 3, 3462, 10.1038/srep03462
Chang, 2009, Monolayer and spheroid culture of human liver hepatocellular carcinoma cell line cells demonstrate distinct global gene expression patterns and functional phenotypes, Tissue Eng. Part A, 15, 559, 10.1089/ten.tea.2007.0434
Chen, 2014, Screening candidate metastasis-associated genes in three-dimensional HCC spheroids with different metastasis potential, Int. J. Clin. Exp. Pathol., 7, 2527
Cheng, 2009, Micro-environmental mechanical stress controls tumor spheroid size and morphology by suppressing proliferation and inducing apoptosis in cancer cells, PLoS One, 4, 10.1371/journal.pone.0004632
Chou, 2013, Investigation of the spatiotemporal responses of nanoparticles in tumor tissues with a small-scale mathematical model, PLoS One, 8, 10.1371/journal.pone.0059135
Correia, 2012, The tumor microenvironment is a dominant force in multidrug resistance, Drug Resist. Updat., 15, 39, 10.1016/j.drup.2012.01.006
Costa, 2014, Optimization of liquid overlay technique to formulate heterogenic 3D co-cultures models, Biotechnol. Bioeng., 111, 1672, 10.1002/bit.25210
Cowan, 2001, Factors that influence the penetration of methotrexate through solid tissue, Int. J. Cancer, 91, 120, 10.1002/1097-0215(20010101)91:1<120::AID-IJC1021>3.0.CO;2-Y
Cox, 2015, Toward the broad adoption of 3D tumor models in the cancer drug pipeline, ACS Biomater Sci. Eng., 1, 877, 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.5b00172
de Sampaio, 2012, A heterogeneous in vitro three dimensional model of tumour-stroma interactions regulating sprouting angiogenesis, PLoS One, 7
Deavall, 2012, Drug-induced oxidative stress and toxicity, J. Toxicol., 2012, 645460, 10.1155/2012/645460
Desmaison, 2013, Mechanical stress impairs mitosis progression in multi-cellular tumor spheroids, PLoS One, 8, 10.1371/journal.pone.0080447
Dolfini, 2005, Cytoskeleton reorganization and ultrastructural damage induced by gliadin in a three-dimensional in vitro model, World J. Gastroenterol., 11, 7597, 10.3748/wjg.v11.i48.7597
Dorst, 2014, Analysis of cellular composition of co-culture spheroids, Ann. Anat., 196, 303, 10.1016/j.aanat.2014.05.038
Doublier, 2012, HIF-1 activation induces doxorubicin resistance in MCF7 3-D spheroids via P-glycoprotein expression: a potential model of the chemo-resistance of invasive micropapillary carcinoma of the breast, BMC Cancer, 12, 4, 10.1186/1471-2407-12-4
Dufau, 2012, Multicellular tumor spheroid model to evaluate spatio-temporal dynamics effect of chemotherapeutics. Application to the gemcitabine/CHK1 inhibitor combination in pancreatic cancer, BMC Cancer, 12, 15, 10.1186/1471-2407-12-15
Durand, 1981, Flow cytometry studies of intracellular adriamycin in multicell spheroids in vitro, Cancer Res., 41, 3495
Durand, 1982, Use of Hoechst 33342 for cell selection from multicell systems, J. Histochem. Cytochem., 30, 117, 10.1177/30.2.6174559
Erguven, 2012, Imatinib mesylate decreases the cytotoxic effect of roscovitine on human glioblastoma cells in vitro and the role of midkine, Oncol. Lett., 3, 200, 10.3892/ol.2011.434
Evensen, 2013, Development of a high-throughput three-dimensional invasion assay for anti-cancer drug discovery, PLoS One, 8, 10.1371/journal.pone.0082811
Fennema, 2013, Spheroid culture as a tool for creating 3D complex tissues, Trends Biotechnol., 31, 108, 10.1016/j.tibtech.2012.12.003
Fischbach, 2007, Engineering tumors with 3D scaffolds, Nat. Methods, 4, 855, 10.1038/nmeth1085
Folkman, 1973, Self-regulation of growth in three dimensions, J. Exp. Med., 138, 745, 10.1084/jem.138.4.745
Fraga, 2008, Real-time PCR, 10.13.11
Frankel, 2000, Lack of multicellular drug resistance observed in human ovarian and prostate carcinoma treated with the proteasome inhibitor PS-341, Clin. Cancer Res., 6, 3719
Friedrich, 2007, A reliable tool to determine cell viability in complex 3-d culture: the acid phosphatase assay, J. Biomol. Screen., 12, 925, 10.1177/1087057107306839
Friedrich, 2009, Spheroid-based drug screen: considerations and practical approach, Nat. Protoc., 4, 309, 10.1038/nprot.2008.226
Gao, 2013, Predictive models of diffusive nanoparticle transport in 3-dimensional tumor cell spheroids, AAPS J., 15, 816, 10.1208/s12248-013-9478-2
Gaspar, 2014, Folate-targeted multifunctional amino acid-chitosan nanoparticles for improved cancer therapy, Pharm. Res., 32, 562, 10.1007/s11095-014-1486-0
Gaspar, 2014, Poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline)-PLA-g-PEI amphiphilic triblock micelles for co-delivery of minicircle DNA and chemotherapeutics, J. Control. Release, 189, 90, 10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.06.040
Ghosh, 2005, Three-dimensional culture of melanoma cells profoundly affects gene expression profile: a high density oligonucleotide array study, J. Cell. Physiol., 204, 522, 10.1002/jcp.20320
Goodman, 2007, Increased nanoparticle penetration in collagenase-treated multicellular spheroids, Int. J. Nanomedicine, 2, 265
Goodman, 2008, Spatio-temporal modeling of nanoparticle delivery to multicellular tumor spheroids, Biotechnol. Bioeng., 101, 388, 10.1002/bit.21910
Graf, 2010, Imaging and analysis of three-dimensional cell culture models, Methods Mol. Biol., 591, 211, 10.1007/978-1-60761-404-3_13
Hanahan, 2012, Accessories to the crime: functions of cells recruited to the tumor microenvironment, Cancer Cell, 21, 309, 10.1016/j.ccr.2012.02.022
Härmä, 2010, A comprehensive panel of three-dimensional models for studies of prostate cancer growth invasion and drug responses, PLoS One, 5, 10.1371/journal.pone.0010431
Härmä, 2014, Quantification of dynamic morphological drug responses in 3D organotypic cell cultures by automated image analysis, PLoS One, 9, 10.1371/journal.pone.0096426
Harris, 2002, Hypoxia—a key regulatory factor in tumour growth, Nat. Rev. Cancer, 2, 38, 10.1038/nrc704
Ho, 2012, Development of multicellular tumor spheroid (MCTS) culture from breast cancer cell and a high throughput screening method using the MTT assay, PLoS One, 7, 10.1371/journal.pone.0044640
Horman, 2013, High-content analysis of three-dimensional tumor spheroids: investigating signaling pathways using small hairpin RNA, Nat. Methods, 10, 10.1038/nmeth.f.370
Huang, 2012, Size-dependent localization and penetration of ultrasmall gold nanoparticles in cancer cells, multicellular spheroids, and tumors in vivo, ACS Nano, 6, 4483, 10.1021/nn301282m
Huo, 2013, Superior penetration and retention behavior of 50nm gold nanoparticles in tumors, Cancer Res., 73, 319, 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-12-2071
Hwang, 2011, Multi-photon imaging of actin filament formation and mitochondrial energetics of human acbt gliomas, Photochem. Photobiol., 87, 408, 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2010.00873.x
Ivanov, 2015, In vitro co-culture model of medulloblastoma and human neural stem cells for drug delivery assessment, J. Biotechnol., 205, 3, 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2015.01.002
Ivascu, 2006, Rapid generation of single-tumor spheroids for high-throughput cell function and toxicity analysis, J. Biomol. Screen., 11, 922, 10.1177/1087057106292763
Ivascu, 2007, Diversity of cell-mediated adhesions in breast cancer spheroids, Int. J. Oncol., 31, 1403
Kang, 2015, Concave microwell array-mediated three-dimensional tumor model for screening anticancer drug-loaded nanoparticles, Nanomedicine, 11, 1153, 10.1016/j.nano.2015.02.009
Kenny, 2007, The morphologies of breast cancer cell lines in three-dimensional assays correlate with their profiles of gene expression, Mol. Oncol., 1, 84, 10.1016/j.molonc.2007.02.004
Kerjaschki, 2011, Lipoxygenase mediates invasion of intrametastatic lymphatic vessels and propagates lymph node metastasis of human mammary carcinoma xenografts in mouse, J. Clin. Invest., 121, 2000, 10.1172/JCI44751
Khaitan, 2006, Establishment and characterization of multicellular spheroids from a human glioma cell line; implications for tumor therapy, J. Transl. Med., 4, 12, 10.1186/1479-5876-4-12
Kim, 2012, Changes in global gene expression associated with 3D structure of tumors: an ex vivo matrix-free mesothelioma spheroid model, PLoS One, 7
Koppenol, 2011, Otto Warburg's contributions to current concepts of cancer metabolism, Nat. Rev. Cancer, 11, 325, 10.1038/nrc3038
Kovacic, 2000, Mechanisms of anti-cancer agents: emphasis on oxidative stress and electron transfer, Curr. Pharm. Des., 6, 277, 10.2174/1381612003401046
Kunz-Schughart, 2006, Potential of fibroblasts to regulate the formation of three-dimensional vessel-like structures from endothelial cells in vitro, Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol., 290, C1385, 10.1152/ajpcell.00248.2005
Laird, 1964, Dynamics of tumour growth, Br. J. Cancer, 13, 490, 10.1038/bjc.1964.55
Lakka, 2004, Inhibition of cathepsin B and MMP-9 gene expression in glioblastoma cell line via RNA interference reduces tumor cell invasion, tumor growth and angiogenesis, Oncogene, 23, 4681, 10.1038/sj.onc.1207616
Langenbach, 2011, Generation and differentiation of microtissues from multipotent precursor cells for use in tissue engineering, Nat. Protoc., 6, 1726, 10.1038/nprot.2011.394
Larson, 2014, Melanoma spheroid formation involves laminin-associated vasculogenic mimicry, Am. J. Pathol., 184, 71, 10.1016/j.ajpath.2013.09.020
Laurent, 2013, Multicellular tumor spheroid models to explore cell cycle checkpoints in 3D, BMC Cancer, 13, 73, 10.1186/1471-2407-13-73
Li, 2014, Micro-scaffold array chip for upgrading cell-based high-throughput drug testing to 3D using benchtop equipment, Lab Chip, 14, 471, 10.1039/C3LC51103K
Lin, 2006, Dynamic analysis of hepatoma spheroid formation: roles of E-cadherin and β1-integrin, Cell Tissue Res., 324, 411, 10.1007/s00441-005-0148-2
Lorenzo, 2011, Live cell division dynamics monitoring in 3D large spheroid tumor models using light sheet microscopy, Cell Div, 6, 22, 10.1186/1747-1028-6-22
Lovitt, 2014, Advanced cell culture techniques for cancer drug discovery, Biol. (Basel), 3, 345
Lu, 2012, The extracellular matrix: a dynamic niche in cancer progression, J. Cell Biol., 196, 395, 10.1083/jcb.201102147
Luca, 2013, Impact of the 3D microenvironment on phenotype, gene expression, and egfr inhibition of colorectal cancer cell lines, PLoS One, 8, 10.1371/journal.pone.0059689
Ludwig, 2013, Colon cancer cells adopt an invasive phenotype without mesenchymal transition in 3-D but not 2-D culture upon combined stimulation with EGF and crypt growth factors, BMC Cancer, 13, 221, 10.1186/1471-2407-13-221
Ma, 2012, Multicellular tumor spheroids as an in vivo-like tumor model for three-dimensional imaging of chemotherapeutic and nano material cellular penetration, Mol. Imaging, 11, 487, 10.2310/7290.2012.00012
Mahmood, 2012, Western blot: technique, theory and trouble shooting, N. Am. J. Med. Sci., 4, 429, 10.4103/1947-2714.100998
Makhija, 1999, Taxol-induced bcl-2 phosphorylation in ovarian cancer cell monolayer and spheroids, Int. J. Oncol., 14, 515
Marušić, 1994, Analysis of growth of multicellular tumour spheroids by mathematical models, Cell Prolif., 27, 73, 10.1111/j.1365-2184.1994.tb01407.x
McIntyre, 2012, Carbonic anhydrase IX promotes tumor growth and necrosis in vivo and inhibition enhances anti-VEGF therapy, Clin. Cancer Res., 18, 3100, 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-11-1877
McMillin, 2013, The role of tumour–stromal interactions in modifying drug response: challenges and opportunities, Nat. Rev. Drug Discov., 12, 217, 10.1038/nrd3870
Mehta, 2012, Opportunities and challenges for use of tumor spheroids as models to test drug delivery and efficacy, J. Control. Release, 164, 192, 10.1016/j.jconrel.2012.04.045
Mellor, 2011, Accumulation and distribution of doxorubicin in tumour spheroids: the influence of acidity and expression of P-glycoprotein, Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol., 68, 1179, 10.1007/s00280-011-1598-8
Meng, 2013, Inhibition of DNA methyltransferases, histone deacetylases and lysine-specific demethylase-1 suppresses the tumorigenicity of the ovarian cancer ascites cell line SKOV3, Int. J. Oncol., 43, 495, 10.3892/ijo.2013.1960
Menrad, 2010, Roles of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) versus HIF-2α in the survival of hepatocellular tumor spheroids, Hepatology, 51, 2183, 10.1002/hep.23597
Merten, 2003
Mikhail, 2013, Multicellular tumor spheroids for evaluation of cytotoxicity and tumor growth inhibitory effects of nanomedicines in vitro: a comparison of docetaxel-loaded block copolymer micelles and Taxotere®, PLoS One, 8, 10.1371/journal.pone.0062630
Minchinton, 2006, Drug penetration in solid tumours, Nat. Rev. Cancer, 6, 583, 10.1038/nrc1893
Mischiati, 2015, Changes in protein expression in two cholangiocarcinoma cell lines undergoing formation of multicellular tumor spheroids in vitro, PLoS One, 10, 10.1371/journal.pone.0118906
Mitchison, 2012, The proliferation rate paradox in antimitotic chemotherapy, Mol. Biol. Cell, 23, 1, 10.1091/mbc.E10-04-0335
Muto, 2012, RNA-binding protein Musashi1 modulates glioma cell growth through the post-transcriptional regulation of Notch and PI3 kinase/Akt signaling pathways, PLoS One, 7, 10.1371/annotation/ab178792-f423-4aaf-8c26-950a54b8fcca
Naber, 2012, BMP-7 inhibits TGF-β-induced invasion of breast cancer cells through inhibition of integrin β3 expression, Cell. Oncol. (Dordr.), 35, 19, 10.1007/s13402-011-0058-0
Nederman, 1984, Demonstration of an extracellular matrix in multicellular tumor spheroids, Cancer Res., 44, 3090
Norris, 2006, Modelling the response of spatially structured tumours to chemotherapy: drug kinetics, Math. Comput. Model., 43, 820, 10.1016/j.mcm.2005.09.026
Pampaloni, 2013, High-resolution deep imaging of live cellular spheroids with light-sheet-based fluorescence microscopy, Cell Tissue Res., 352, 161, 10.1007/s00441-013-1589-7
Patra, 2016, Drug testing and flow cytometry analysis on a large number of uniform sized tumor spheroids using a microfluidic device, Sci. Rep., 6, 21061, 10.1038/srep21061
Pettee, 2014, An mDia2/ROCK signaling axis regulates invasive egress from epithelial ovarian cancer spheroids, PLoS One, 9, 10.1371/journal.pone.0090371
Piccinini, 2015, Cancer multicellular spheroids: volume assessment from a single 2D projection, Comput. Methods Prog. Biomed., 118, 95, 10.1016/j.cmpb.2014.12.003
Raghunand, 2001, Acute metabolic alkalosis enhances response of C3H mouse mammary tumors to the weak base mitoxantrone, Neoplasia, 3, 227, 10.1038/sj.neo.7900151
Rao, 2005, Inhibition of invasion, angiogenesis, tumor growth, and metastasis by adenovirus-mediated transfer of antisense uPAR and MMP-9 in non–small cell lung cancer cells, Mol. Cancer Ther., 4, 1399, 10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-05-0082
Ricci, 2013, Cancer tissue engineering: new perspectives in understanding the biology of solid tumors: a critical review, Tissue Eng., 1, 4
Riss, 2004, Cell viability assays
Robertson, 2010, Imaging and analysis of 3D tumor spheroids enriched for a cancer stem cell phenotype, J. Biomol. Screen., 15, 820, 10.1177/1087057110376541
Rodríguez, 2012, Cytotoxic effect of trastuzumab on macrophage-infiltrated human mammary tumor spheroids, Cancer Res., 72, 2881, 10.1158/1538-7445.AM2012-2881
Santi, 2011, Light sheet fluorescence microscopy: a review, J. Histochem. Cytochem., 59, 129, 10.1369/0022155410394857
Schaller, 2005, Multicellular tumor spheroid in an off-lattice Voronoi-Delaunay cell model, Phys. Rev. E Stat. Nonlinear Soft Matter Phys., 71, 051910, 10.1103/PhysRevE.71.051910
Shankar, 2011, Resveratrol inhibits pancreatic cancer stem cell characteristics in human and KrasG12D transgenic mice by inhibiting pluripotency maintaining factors and epithelial-mesenchymal transition, PLoS One, 6, 10.1371/journal.pone.0016530
Snead, 2014, Abstract 2036: OncoPanel 3D: high-content characterization of 240 three-dimensional tumor spheroids for drug response profiling and biomarker discovery, Cancer Res., 74, 2036, 10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-2036
Sonoda, 2003, Expression of angiogenesis factors in monolayer culture, multicellular spheroid and in vivo transplanted tumor by human ovarian cancer cell lines, Cancer Lett., 196, 229, 10.1016/S0304-3835(03)00216-7
Souza, 2010, Three-dimensional tissue culture based on magnetic cell levitation, Nat. Nanotechnol., 5, 291, 10.1038/nnano.2010.23
Swoger, 2014, Imaging cellular spheroids with a single (selective) plane illumination microscope, Cold Spring Harb. Protoc., 2014, 106
Takagi, 2007, Three-dimensional cellular spheroid formation provides human prostate tumor cells with tissue-like features, Anticancer Res., 27, 45
Tannock, 2002, Limited penetration of anticancer drugs through tumor tissue: a potential cause of resistance of solid tumors to chemotherapy, Clin. Cancer Res., 8, 878
Tian, 2010, Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α enhances the malignant phenotype of multicellular spheroid HeLa cells in vitro, Oncol. Lett., 1, 893, 10.3892/ol_00000159
Tibbitt, 2009, Hydrogels as extracellular matrix mimics for 3D cell culture, Biotechnol. Bioeng., 103, 655, 10.1002/bit.22361
Trédan, 2007, Drug resistance and the solid tumor microenvironment, J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 99, 1441, 10.1093/jnci/djm135
Trumpi, 2015, Paired image- and FACS-based toxicity assays for high content screening of spheroid-type tumor cell cultures, FEBS Open Bio, 5, 85, 10.1016/j.fob.2015.01.003
Tung, 2011, High-throughput 3D spheroid culture and drug testing using a 384 hanging drop array, Analyst, 136, 473, 10.1039/C0AN00609B
Uroukov, 2008, Optimizing environmental scanning electron microscopy of spheroidal reaggregated neuronal cultures, Microsc. Res. Tech., 71, 792, 10.1002/jemt.20621
Valley, 2014, Abstract 3731: luminescent cell health assays for tumor spheroid evaluation, Cancer Res., 74, 3731, 10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-3731
van Dijk, 2013, Cell to extracellular matrix interactions and their reciprocal nature in cancer, Exp. Cell Res., 319, 1663, 10.1016/j.yexcr.2013.02.006
Vaupel, 2004, The role of hypoxia-induced factors in tumor progression, Oncologist, 9, 10, 10.1634/theoncologist.9-90005-10
Vidi, 2013, 193
Vorsmann, 2013, Development of a human three-dimensional organotypic skin-melanoma spheroid model for in vitro drug testing, Cell Death Dis., 4, 10.1038/cddis.2013.249
Walzl, 2014, The resazurin reduction assay can distinguish cytotoxic from cytostatic compounds in spheroid screening assays, J. Biomol. Screen., 19, 1047, 10.1177/1087057114532352
Ward, 1997, Mathematical modelling of avascular-tumour growth, IMA J. Math. Appl. Med. Biol., 14, 39, 10.1093/imammb/14.1.39
Ward, 1999, Mathematical modelling of the effects of mitotic inhibitors on avascular tumour growth, Comput. Math. Methods Med., 1, 287
Ward, 2003, Mathematical modelling of drug transport in tumour multicell spheroids and monolayer cultures, Math. Biosci., 181, 177, 10.1016/S0025-5564(02)00148-7
Wartenberg, 2001, Tumor-induced angiogenesis studied in confrontation cultures of multicellular tumor spheroids and embryoid bodies grown from pluripotent embryonic stem cells, FASEB J., 15, 995, 10.1096/fj.00-0350com
Wartenberg, 2005, Regulation of the multidrug resistance transporter P-glycoprotein in multicellular prostate tumor spheroids by hyperthermia and reactive oxygen species, Int. J. Cancer, 113, 229, 10.1002/ijc.20596
Wartenberg, 2005, Reactive oxygen species-linked regulation of the multidrug resistance transporter P-glycoprotein in Nox-1 overexpressing prostate tumor spheroids, FEBS Lett., 579, 4541, 10.1016/j.febslet.2005.06.078
Wei, 2012, Coaction of spheroid-derived stem-like cells and endothelial progenitor cells promotes development of colon cancer, PLoS One, 7
Wenzel, 2014, 3D high-content screening for the identification of compounds that target cells in dormant tumor spheroid regions, Exp. Cell Res., 323, 131, 10.1016/j.yexcr.2014.01.017
Wojtkowiak, 2011, Drug resistance and cellular adaptation to tumor acidic pH microenvironment, Mol. Pharm., 8, 2032, 10.1021/mp200292c
Yao, 2011, The antitumor efficacy of functional paclitaxel nanomicelles in treating resistant breast cancers by oral delivery, Biomaterials, 32, 3285, 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.01.038
Yeon, 2013, Application of concave microwells to pancreatic tumor spheroids enabling anticancer drug evaluation in a clinically relevant drug resistance model, PLoS One, 8, 10.1371/journal.pone.0073345
Yorke, 1993, Modeling the development of metastases from primary and locally recurrent tumors: comparison with a clinical data base for prostatic cancer, Cancer Res., 53, 2987
Yoshida, 1993, Modeling the development of metastases from primary and locally recurrent tumors: comparison with a clinical data base for prostatic cancer, Cancer Res., 53, 2987
Yoshida, 2001, Novel approach to analysis of in vitro tumor angiogenesis with a variable-pressure scanning electron microscope: suppression by matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor SI-27, Brain Tumor Pathol., 18, 89, 10.1007/BF02479421
Zhang, 2012, The use of spectroscopic imaging and mapping techniques in the characterisation and study of DLD-1 cell spheroid tumour models, Integr. Biol., 4, 1072, 10.1039/c2ib20121f
Zhang, 2014, Induction of mitochondrial dysfunction as a strategy for targeting tumour cells in metabolically compromised microenvironments, Nat. Commun., 5, 3295, 10.1038/ncomms4295
Zimmermann, 2013, Two-dimensional vs. three-dimensional in vitro tumor migration and invasion assays, Methods Mol. Biol., 986, 227, 10.1007/978-1-62703-311-4_15