Osteoporosis

Al-Azzawi, 1987, Long-term effect of oestrogen replacement therapy on bone mass as measured by dual photon absorptiometry, Br Med J [Clin Res], 294, 1261, 10.1136/bmj.294.6582.1261-a Aloia, 1978, Prevention of involutional bone loss by exercise, Ann Intern Med, 89, 356, 10.7326/0003-4819-89-3-356 Aloia, 1985, Treatment of osteoporosis with calcitonin, with and without growth hormone, Metabolism, 34, 124, 10.1016/0026-0495(85)90120-9 Aloia, 1983, Determinants of bone mass in postmenopausal women, Arch Intern Med, 143, 1700, 10.1001/archinte.1983.00350090066012 Arnett, 1986, Effect of pH on bone resorption by disaggregated rat osteoclasts in vitro, Endocrinology, 119, 119, 10.1210/endo-119-1-119 Bindeman, 1984, Biochemical pathways involved in the translation of physical stimulus into biological message, Calcif Tissue Int, 36, 82, 10.1007/BF02406139 Burch, 1974, The effects of long-term estrogen on hysterectomized women, Am J Obstet Gynecol, 118, 778, 10.1016/0002-9378(74)90487-6 Cann, 1984, Decreased spinal mineral content in amenorrheic women, JAMA, 251, 626, 10.1001/jama.1984.03340290040017 Cannigia, 1970, Intestinal absorption of calcium-47 after treatment with oral estrogen and gestagen in senile osteoporosis, Br Med J [Clin Res], 4, 30, 10.1136/bmj.4.5726.30 Chambers, 1986, The effect of human calcitonin on the cytoplasmic spreading of rat osteoclasts, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 63, 1080, 10.1210/jcem-63-5-1080 Chesnut, 1987, 31 Chesnut, 1983, Stanozolol in postmenopausal osteoporosis: Therapeutic efficacy and possible mechanism of action, Metabolism, 32, 571, 10.1016/0026-0495(83)90027-6 Christiansen, 1980, Prevention of early postmenopausal bone loss: Controlled 2-year study in 315 normal females, Eur J Clin Invest, 10, 273, 10.1111/j.1365-2362.1980.tb00033.x Cummings, 1985, Epidemiology of osteoporosis and osteoporotic fractures, Epidemiol Rev, 7, 178, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.epirev.a036281 Dambacher, 1986, Long-term therapy of postmenopausal osteoporosis, 7, 199 Daniell, 1976, Osteoporosis of the slender smoker, Arch Intern Med, 136, 298, 10.1001/archinte.1976.03630030032007 Davis, 1970, Detection, prevention and retardation of postmenopausal osteoporosis, Obstet Gynecol, 36, 187 Dempster, 1987, Biological activity of chicken calcitonin: Effects on neonatal rat and embryonic chick osteoclasts, J Bone Min Res, 2, 443, 10.1002/jbmr.5650020512 Dempster, 1986, A simple method for correlative light and scanning electron microscopy of human iliac crest bone biopsies: Qualitative observations in normal and osteoporotic subjects, J Bone Min Res, 1, 15, 10.1002/jbmr.5650010105 Drinkwater BD, Nilson KL, Chesnut CH Ill: Bone mineral content of amenorrheic and eumenorrheic athletes. N Engl J Med 311:277-281 Erickson, 1987, Evidence of estrogen receptors in human bone cells, J Bone Min Res, 2, 239 Ettinger, 1985, Long-term estrogen therapy prevents bone loss and fracture, Ann Intern Med, 102, 319, 10.7326/0003-4819-102-3-319 Ettinger, 1987, Postmenopausal bone loss is prevented by treatment with low dosage estrogen with calcium, Arch Intern Med, 106, 40 Falch, 1987, Postmenopausal osteoporosis: No effect of three years treatment with 1,25 dihydroxycholecalciferol, Acta Med Scand, 221, 199, 10.1111/j.0954-6820.1987.tb01267.x Fogelman, 1980, Skeletal uptake of diphosphonate: Method for prediction of postmenopausal osteoporosis, Lancet, 2, 667, 10.1016/S0140-6736(80)92707-5 Fogelman, 1984, Alterations in skeletal metabolism following oophorectomy, 519 Frost, 1981, “Coherence” treatment of osteoporosis by ADFR scheme, 393 Garn, 1981, The phenomenon of bone formation and bone loss, 1 Garn, 1967, Bone loss as a general phenomenon in man, Fed Proc, 26, 1729 Genant, 1982, Quantitative computed tomography of vertebral spongiosa: A sensitive method for detecting early bone loss after oophorectomy, Ann Intern Med, 97, 699, 10.7326/0003-4819-97-5-699 Gennari, 1985, Comparative effects on bone mineral content of calcium and calcium plus salmon calcitonin given in two different regimens in postmenopausal osteoporosis, Curr Ther Res, 38, 455 Geusens, 1986, Age-, sex- and menopause-related changes of vertebral and peripheral bone: Population study using dual and single photon absorptiometry and radiogrammetry, J Nucl Med, 27, 1540 Gordon, 1973, Antifracture efficacy of long-term estrogens for osteoporosis, Trans Assoc Am Physicians, 86, 326 Gruber HE, Ivey JL, Baylink OT, et al: Long-term calcitonin therapy in postmenopausal osteoporosis. Metabolism 33:295-303 Heaney, 1986, Calcium, bone health and osteoporosis, Bone Min Res, 4, 255 Heaney, 1982, Effects of nitrogen, phosphorus and caffeine on calcium balance in women, J Lab Clin Med, 99, 46 Heaney, 1977, Calcium balance and calcium requirements in middle-aged women, Am J Clin Nutr, 30, 1603, 10.1093/ajcn/30.10.1603 Heaney, 1978, Menopausal changes in calcium balance performance, J Lab Clin Med, 92, 953 Heaney, 1978, Menopausal changes in bone remodeling, J Lab Clin Med, 92, 964 Heath, 1987, Treating calcitonin, Br Med J [Clin Res], 294, 1048, 10.1136/bmj.294.6579.1048 Henneman, 1957, A review of the prolonged use of estrogens and androgens in postmenopausal and senile osteoporosis, Arch Intern Med, 100, 705, 10.1001/archinte.1957.00260110031005 Horowitz, 1984, Effect of calcium supplementation on urinary hydroxyproline in osteoporotic postmenopausal women, Am J Clin Nutr, 39, 857, 10.1093/ajcn/39.6.857 Horsman, 1983, The effect of estrogen dose on postmenopausal bone loss, N Engl J Med, 309, 1405, 10.1056/NEJM198312083092301 Horsman, 1979, Effect on bone of withdrawal of oestrogen therapy, Lancet, 2, 33, 10.1016/S0140-6736(79)90190-9 Horsman, 1977, Prospective trial of estrogen and calcium in postmenopausal women, Br Med J [Clin Res], 2, 789, 10.1136/bmj.2.6090.789 Hutchinson, 1979, Postmenopausal oestrogens protect against fracture of hip and distal radius, Lancet, 2, 705, 10.1016/S0140-6736(79)90640-8 Johnston, 1984, Some determinants of peak bone mass and subsequent rates of bone loss, 263 Johnston, 1985, Early menopausal changes in bone mass and sex steroids, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 61, 905, 10.1210/jcem-61-5-905 Jones, 1977, Humeral hypertrophy in response to exercise, J Bone Joint Surg, 59A, 204, 10.2106/00004623-197759020-00012 Jowsey, 1969, The treatment of osteoporosis with calcium infusions, Am J Med, 47, 17, 10.1016/0002-9343(69)90237-X Jowsey, 1972, Effect of combined therapy with sodium fluoride, vitamin D and calcium in osteoporosis, Am J Med, 53, 43, 10.1016/0002-9343(72)90114-3 Kaimin, 1987, Bone related cells in culture express putative estrogen receptor mRNA and I125-17p-estradiol binding, J Bone Min Res, 2, 237 Kanders, 1984, Determinants of bone mass in young healthy women, 337 Kreiger, 1982, An epidemiological study of hip fracture in post-menopausal women, Am J Epidemiol, 116, 141, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a113388 Krohlner, 1982, Bone mineral content of the lumbar spine in normal and osteoporotic women: Cross sectional and longitudinal studies, Clin Sci, 62, 329, 10.1042/cs0620329 Krohlner, 1983, Physical exercise as a prophylaxis against involutional bone loss: A controlled trial, Clin Sci, 64, 541, 10.1042/cs0640541 Lanyon, 1982, Osteoporosis and mechanically related bone remodelling Lanyon, 1983, Regulation of bone mass in response to physical activity, 51 Lewis, 1981, Fracture of neck of femur: Changing incidence, Br Med J [Clin Res], 283, 1217, 10.1136/bmj.283.6301.1217 Lindberg, 1984, Exercise induced amenorrhea and bone density, Ann Intern Med, 101, 647, 10.7326/0003-4819-101-5-647 Lindberg, 1987, Increased vertebral bone mineral in response to reduced exercise in amenorrheic runners, West J Med, 146, 39 Lindsay, 1981, The influence of cigarette smoking on bone mass and bone loss, 481 Lindsay, 1984, Osteoporosis and its relationship to estrogen, Contemp Obstet Gyencol, 63, 201 Lindsay, 1987, Prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis, Clin Obstet Gynecol, 14, 63, 10.1016/S0889-8545(21)00572-6 Lindsay, 1984, The minimum effective dose of estrogen for prevention of postmenopausal bone loss, Obstet Gyencol, 63, 759 Lindsay, 1980, Prevention of spinal osteoporosis in oophorectomized women, Lancet, 2, 1151, 10.1016/S0140-6736(80)92592-1 Lindsay, 1984, Incidence, cost and risk factors of fracture of the proximal femur in the USA, 311 Lindsay, 1976, Long-term prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis by oestrogen, Lancet, 1, 1038, 10.1016/S0140-6736(76)92217-0 Lindsay, 1978, Bone response to termination of oestrogen treatment, Lancet, 1, 1325, 10.1016/S0140-6736(78)92402-9 Lindsay, 1978, Comparative effects of oestrogen and a progestogen on bone loss in postmenopausal women, Clin Sci Mol Med, 54, 193 Linnel, 1984, Bone mineral content and menstrual regularity in female runners, Med Sci Sports Exerc, 16, 343 Mazess, 1983, Immobilization and bone, Calcif Tissue Int, 35, 265, 10.1007/BF02405043 Mazess, 1987, Spine and femur density using dual photon absorptiometry in US white women, Bone Min Res, 2, 211 Mazzuoli, 1986, Effects of salmon calcitonin in postmenopausal osteoporosis: A controlled double-blind clinical study, Calcif Tissue Int, 38, 3, 10.1007/BF02556587 Melton, 1987, Heterogeneity of age-related fractures: Implications for epidemiology, Bone Min Res, 2, 321 Melton, 1987, Epidemiology of age related fractures, 1 Melton, 1987, Secular trends in the incidence of hip fractures, Calcif Tissue Int, 41, 57, 10.1007/BF02555245 Nachtigall, 1979, Estrogen replacement therapy I: A 10 year prospective study in the relationship of osteoporosis, Obstet Gynecol, 53, 277 Nilsson, 1971, Bone density in athletes, Clin Orthop, 77, 179 Nordin, 1987, The definition and diagnosis of osteoporosis, Calcif Tissue Int, 40, 57, 10.1007/BF02555705 Parfitt, 1981, Bone remodeling in the pathogenesis of osteoporosis, Med Times, 109, 80 Parfitt, 1987, Trabecular bone architecture in the pathogenesis and prevention of fracture, Am J Med, 82, 68, 10.1016/0002-9343(87)90274-9 Peacock, 1986, Physical fitness is a major determinant of femoral neck and lumbar spine bone mineral density, J Clin Invest, 78, 618, 10.1172/JCI112618 Rambout, 1979, Prolonged weightlessness and calcium loss in man, Acta Astronaut, 6, 1113, 10.1016/0094-5765(79)90059-6 Recker, 1977, The effect of estrogens and calcium carbonate on bone loss in postmenopausal women, Ann Intern Med, 87, 649, 10.7326/0003-4819-87-6-649 Reeve, 1980, Anabolic effect of human parathyroid hormone fragment on trabecular bone in involutional osteoporosis: A multicenter trial, Br Med J [Clin Res], 280, 1340, 10.1136/bmj.280.6228.1340 Riggs, 1982, Evidence for etiologic heterogeneity of involutional osteoporosis, 3 Riggs BL: Treatment of osteoporosis with sodium fluoride: An appraisal. In Peck WA (ed): Bone and Mineral Research. Vol. 2. Amsterdam, Elsevier, pp 366-393 Riggs, 1986, Involutional osteoporosis, N Engl J Med, 314, 1676, 10.1056/NEJM198606263142605 Riggs, 1981, Assessment of 25 hydroxyvitamin D 1 alpha-hydroxylase reserve in postmenopausal osteoporosis by administration of parathyroid extract, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 53, 833, 10.1210/jcem-53-4-833 Riggs, 1969, Effect of sex hormones on bone in primary osteoporosis, J Clin Invest, 48, 1065, 10.1172/JCI106062 Riggs, 1982, Effect of fluoride/calcium regimen on vertebral fracture occurrence in postmenopausal osteoporosis, N Engl J Med, 306, 446, 10.1056/NEJM198202253060802 Riggs, 1972, Short- and long-term effects of estrogen and synthetic anabolic hormones in postmenopausal osteoporosis, J Clin Invest, 51, 1659, 10.1172/JCI106967 Riggs, 1981, Differential changes in bone mineral density of the appendicular and axial skeleton with aging, J Clin Invest, 67, 328, 10.1172/JCI110039 Riggs, 1986, Rates of bone loss in the appendicular and axial skeletons of women, J Clin Invest, 77, 1487, 10.1172/JCI112462 Riis, 1987, Does calcium supplementation prevent postmenopausal bone loss. A double-blind controlled clinical study, N Engl J Med, 316, 173, 10.1056/NEJM198701223160401 Saville, 1970, 38 Seeman, 1983, Risk factors for spinal osteoporosis in men, Am J Med, 75, 977, 10.1016/0002-9343(83)90878-1 Slovik, 1981, Deficient production of 1,25 dihydroxy vitamin D in elderly osteoporotic patients, N Engl J Med, 305, 372, 10.1056/NEJM198108133050704 Slovik, 1986, Restoration of spinal bone in osteoporotic men by treatment with human parathyroid hormone (1-34) and 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D, Bone Min Res, 1, 377, 10.1002/jbmr.5650010411 Smith, 1975, The loss of bone mineral with aging and its relationship to risk of fracture, J Clin Invest, 56, 311, 10.1172/JCI108095 Smith, 1981, Physical activity and calcium modalities for bone mineral increase in aged women, Med Sci Sport Exerc, 13, 60, 10.1249/00005768-198101000-00019 Spencer, 1982, Factors contributing to calcium loss in aging, Am J Clin Nutr, 36, 776, 10.1093/ajcn/36.4.776 Stevenson, 1987, Regional and total skeletal measurements in the early postmenopause, J Clin Invest, 80, 258, 10.1172/JCI113056 Stewart, 1982, Calcium homeostasis in immobilization: An example of resorptive hypercalciuria, N Engl J Med, 306, 1136, 10.1056/NEJM198205133061903 Wahner, 1984, Assessment of bone mineral. Part I and II, J Nucl Med, 25, 1134 Wallach, 1977, Effect of salmon calcitonin on skeletal mass in osteoporosis, Curr Ther Res, 22, 556 Wallace, 1983, The increasing incidence of the proximal femur: An orthopedic epidemic, Lancet, 1, 1413, 10.1016/S0140-6736(83)92358-9 Yeh, 1984, Tensile forces enhance prostaglandin E synthesis in osteoblastic cells grown on collagen ribbon, Calcif Tissue Int, 36, 67, 10.1007/BF02406136