Study on Fish and Amphibian Embryo-Larval Toxicity Test
Tóm tắt
In China, it is necessary to establish short-term biomonitoring methods for evaluating the chronic toxicity of industrial wastewater. In this paper, the aquatic toxicity of four important pollutants in petrochemical wastewater, including acrylonitrile, acetonitrile, sulphocyanic sodium and dimethyl formamide, was studied with fish and amphibian embryo-larval toxicity tests using Cyprinus carpio and Rana nigromaculata as test organisms. The objective is to present some useful data for establishing short-term chronic toxicity test methods used to perform biomonitoring in China. The results indicate that the chronic toxicity of acrylonitrile to fish and amphibians was the highest of the four test pollutants, followed by NaSCN, acetonitrile and DMF. The sensitivity of the carp embryo- larval test to chemicals was greater than that of the R. nigromaculata embryo-larval test.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Birge, W. J.: 1979, 'Embryo-larval toxicity tests with organic compounds', in: Aquatic Toxicology, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. ASTM, pp. 131–139.
Birge, W. J. and Blackm J. A.: 1981, In-situ Acute/Chronic Toxicological Monitoring of Industrials Effluent for the NPDES Biomonitoring program using fish and amphibian Embryo-laval Stages as Test Organisms, Washington, D. C., Office of Water Enforcement and Permits, U.S. EPA.
Birge, W. J.: 1983a, 'A short-term fish embryo-larval test for determining the effects of toxicant stress on early life stages and estimating chronic values for single compounds and samples effluent', Environ. Toxicol. Chemi. 4, 807–821.
Birge, W. J.: 1983b, 'Fish and amphibian embryos - A model system for evaluating teratogenicity', Fundament. Appl. Toxicol. 3, 359–368.
Black, J. A.: 1990, 'The fish embryo-larval procedure: predicting chronic toxicity and ecological effects', in: Fish Physiology, Fish Toxicology and Fisheries Management (EPA600/9-90/011), Washington, D. C., U-S. EPA, pp. 270–283.
China NEPA: 1986, Standard Techniques of Environmental Monitoring, Sect. 4, Biomonitoring (Aquatic Environment), Beijing, China.
China NEPA: 1990, Standard Methods for Chemical Estimation, Chemical Industry Press, Beijing, China.
Dobbs, M. G.: 1994, 'Evaluation of the resident-species procedure for developing site-specific water quality criteria for copper in Blaine Creek', Kentucky. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 13(6), 963–971.
Macek, K. J.: 1970, Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. 99, 20–27.
Macek, K. J.: 1977, 'Utility of toxicity tests with embryos and fry of in evaluating hazards associated with the chronic toxicity chemical to fishes', in: Aquatic Toxicology and Hazard Evaluation. STP634. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. ASTM. pp. 137–146.
Mikim, J. M.: 1977, 'Evaluation of tests with the early life stages fish predicting long-term toxicity', J. Fish. Res. Bd. Can. 34, 1148–1154.
NEPA: 1989, Environ. Priority Pollutants, China Environmental Press, Beijing, China.
Pickering, Q. H.: 1962, Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. 92, 175–184.
U.S. EPA: 1985, 'Short-term Method for Estimating the Chronic Toxicity of Effluent and Receiving Waters to Freshwater Organisms', (EPA600/4-85/014), Second edition, Washington. D.C. U.S.EPA.
Verschuren, K.: 1988, Handbook of Environmental Data of Organic Chemicals, Second edition.
Yin, Y.W.: 1986, 'Acute toxicity of 34 chemicals to Hypophythalmichthys molitrix' Chinese Environ. Sci. 6(6): 3–8.
Zhang, P. Y. and Yin, Y. W.: 1989, Environ. Sci. 9(5), 34–37.
Zhang Tong and Jin Hongjun: 1994, 'Aquatic ecotoxicology short-term methods for estimating chronic toxicity', Environ. Protect. Sci. 20(3), 1–7.
Zhang Tong and Jin Hongjur: 1995, 'Estimating plant toxicity of four pollutants by Lemna minor', Chinese Environ. Sci. 15(4), 266–271.
Zhang Tong Zhu Huailan and Jin Hongjun: 1996, 'Chronic toxicity of acrylonitrile and acetonitrile to Daphnia magna in 14-d and 21-d toxicity tests', Bull. Environ. Contamin. Toxicol. 57(4), 655–659.
Zhang Tong, Jin Hongjun and Zhu Huailan: 1996, 'Quality criteria of acrylonitrile for the protection of aquatic life in China', Chemosphere 32(19), 2083–2093.
Zhang Tong and Jin Hongjun: 1996a, 'Aquatic toxicity of four pollutants on Daphnia magna', Urban Environ. Urban Ecolo. 9(2), 42–46.
Zhang Tong and Jin Hongjun: 1996b, 'Acute toxicity of acrylonitrile, acetonitrile and NaSCN to Chrimonomus sp', Polu. Control Technol, 9(1-2), 12–14.
Zhang Tong and Jin Hongjun: 1997a, 'Water ecological criteria for acetonitrile in China', China J. Aquat. Biol. 27(3), 93–100.
Zhang Tong and Jin Hongjun: 1997b, 'Study on water ecological criteria for NaSCN', Chinese J. Appl. Ecol. 8(1), 99–103.
Zhou, Y. X.: 1990, Methods for Aquatic Bioassay, Agriculture Press, Beijing, China.