Physical properties of the human head: Mass, center of gravity and moment of inertia

1994 Becker, E., 1972. Measurement of mass distribution parameters of anatomical segments. In: Proceedings of the Stapp Car Crash Conference, pp. 525–538. Been, 2004, WorldSID dummy head-neck biofidelity response, Stapp Car Crash J., 48, 431 Beier, G., Schuller, E., Schuck, M., Ewing, C.L., Becker, E.D., Thomas, D.J., 1980. Center of gravity and moments of inertia of human heads. In: Proceedings of the IRCOBI, pp. 218–228. Braune, 1889, Uber der schwerpunkt des menschlichen korpers mit rucksucht auf die ausrustung des desuschen infabteristen, Abhandl. D. Kl. Sachs. Ges. Wiss. Math. Phys. Kl, 15, 561 Cavanaugh, J., Walilko, T., Malhotra, A., Zhu, Y., King, A., 1990. Biomechanical response and injury tolerance of the thorax in twelve sled side impacts. In: Proceedings of the Stapp Car Crash Conference, Orlando, FL, pp. 23–38. Chancey, 2007, A kinematic and anthropometric study of the upper cervical spine and the occipital condyles, J. Biomech., 40, 1953, 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2006.09.007 Chandler, R.M., Clauser, C.E., McConville, J.T., Reynolds, H.M., Young, J.W., 1975. Investigation of the inertial properties of the human body-AMRL-TR-74-102 (AD A016 485). Cheng, R., Yang, K., Levine, R., King, A., Morgan, R., 1982. Injuries to the cervical spine caused by a distributed frontal load to the chest. In: Proceedings of the Stapp Car Crash Conference, pp. 1–40. Clauser, C.E., McConville, J., Young, J.W., 1969. Weight, volume, and center of mass of segments of the human body. Wright Patterson Air Force Base, OH. Dempster, W., 1955. Space requirements of the seated operator-Wright-Patterson Air Development Center-WPAFB-TR-55-159. Wright-Patterson Air Force Base (AS 87 892), OH. Dempster, 1967, Properties of body segments based on size and weight, J. Anat., 120, 33, 10.1002/aja.1001200104 Eppinger, R., Sun, E., Bandak, F., Haffner, M., Khaewpong, N., Maltese, M., Kuppa, S., Nguyen, T., Takhounts, E., Tannous, R., Zhang, A., Saul, R., 2000. Development of Improved Injury Criteria for the Assessment of Advanced Automotive Restraint Systems-II. US DOT/National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, DC. 1906, vol. 15 FMVSS-202a, 2007. PART 571-Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards. pp. 531–545. FMVSS-208, 2007. PART 571-Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards. pp. 580–667. FMVSS-214, 1990. Federal Register, Docket No. 88-06. 49 CFR; Parts 571, et al. Side Impact Protection. Vol. 55. US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, pp. 43722–45780). Hall, 1965 Harless, 1857, Lehrbuch der plastichen anatomie, Ebner u. Seubert, Stuttgart, Germany, 2, 170 Hodgson, V.R., Brinn, J., Thomas, L.M., Grenberg, S.W., 1970. Fracture behavior of the skull frontal bone against cylindrical surfaces. In: Proceedings of the Stapp Car Crash Conference, pp. 341–355. Hodgson, V.R., Mason, M.W., Thomas, L.M., 1972. Head model for impact. In: Proceedings of the Stapp Car Crash Conference, pp. 1–13. Hodgson, V.R., Thomas, L.M., 1971. Breaking strength of the human skull vs. impact surface curvature. US Department of Transportation, Springfield, VA. Hrdlicka, 1940, On measuring and photographing the cadaver, Am. J. Phys. Anthropol., 26, 433, 10.1002/ajpa.1330260141 Hubbard, R.P., McLeod, D.G., 1974. Definition and development of a crash dummy head. In: Proceedings of the Stapp Car Crash Conference, pp. 599–628. ISO, 1999. WorldSID anthropometry requirements and performance. ISO TC22/SC12/WG5, pp. 1–23. Kumaresan, 2000, Biomechanical study of pediatric human cervical spine: a finite element approach, J. Biomech. Eng., 122, 60, 10.1115/1.429628 Kuppa, 2003, Development of side impact thoracic injury criteria and their application to the modified ES-2 dummy with rib extensions (ES-2re), Stapp Car Crash J., 47, 189 Liu, 1971, Inertial properties of a segmented cadaver trunk: their implications in acceleration injuries, Aerosp. Med., 42, 650 Margulies, 2000, Infant skull and suture properties: measurements and implications for mechanisms of pediatric brain injury, J. Biomech. Eng., 122, 364, 10.1115/1.1287160 McConville, J.T., Churchill, T.D., Kalpes, I., Clauser, C.E., Cuzzi, J., 1980. Anthropometric relationship of body and body segment moments of inertia. In: A.M.R. Laboratory, ed. McIntosh, A., Kallieris, D., Mattern, R., Miltner, E., 1993. Head and neck injury resulting from low velocity direct impacts. In: Proceedings of the Stapp Car Crash Conference, San Antonio, TX, pp. 43–57. Melvin, 1985 Mertz, H., 1967. The kinematics and kinetics of whiplash. Ph.D. Thesis, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, p. 370. Mertz, H., 1985. Bifidelity of the Hybrid III head. In: Proceedings of the Stapp Car Crash Conference, pp. 111–119. Nelson, L., Lowne, R., Tarriere, C., Bendjellal, F., Gillet, D., Maltha, J., Cesari, D., Bouquet, R., 1985. The Eurosid side impact dummy, In: Proceedings of the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles, Oxford, England, pp. 153–165. Njus, 1984, The inertial and geometrical properties of helmets, Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., 16, 498, 10.1249/00005768-198410000-00014 Padgaonkar, 1975, Measurement of angular acceleration of a rigid body using linear accelerometers, J. Appl. Mech., 42, 552, 10.1115/1.3423640 Philippens, M., Wismans, J., Yoganandan, N., Pintar, F., 2000. Whole body kinematics using post mortem human subjects in experimental rear impact. In: Proceedings of the IRCOBI, Montpellier, France, pp. 363–378. Pintar, 2005, Characterizing occipital condyle loads under high-speed head rotation, Stapp Car Crash J., 49, 33 Pintar, 2007, Comparison of PMHS, WorldSID, and THOR-NT responses in simulated far side impact, Stapp Car Crash J., 51, 313 Pintar, 2006, WorldSID assessment of far side impact countermeasures, Annu. Proc. Assoc. Adv. Automot. Med., 50, 199 Plaga, J.A., Albery, C., Boehmer, M., Goodyear, C., Thomas, G., 2005. Design and development of anthropometrcially correct head forms for Joint Strike Fighter ejection seat testing, Wright-Pattersons AFB, OH, p. 56. Reynolds, 1975, Mass distribution properties of the male cadaver, SAE Trans., 1148 Rhule, 2002, Development of a new biofidelity ranking system for anthropomorphic test devices, Stapp Car Crash J., 46, 477 Robbins, 1983 Robbins, D., Schneider, L., Snyder, R., Pflug, M., Haffner, M., 1983. Seated posture of vehicle occupants. In: Proceedings of the Stapp Car Crash Conference, pp. 199–224. Saczalski, 2004, Multivariate head injury threshold measures for various sized children seated behind vehicle seats in rear impacts, Biomed. Sci. Instrum., 40, 381 Thomas, D.J., Ewing, C.L., 1971. Theoretical mechanics for expressing impact acceleration response of human beings. In: Proceedings of the AGARD, Porto, Portugal. Todd, 1928, Thickness of the subcutaneous tissue in the living and the dead, Am. J. Anat., 41, 153, 10.1002/aja.1000410202 Walker, 1971, Center of gravity of the human head and neck, Anat. Rec., 169, 448 Walker, L.B., Harris, E.H., Pontius, U., 1973. Mass, volume, center of mass, and mass moment of inertia of head and head and neck of human body. In: Proceedings of the Stapp Car Crash Conference, 525–538. Wismans, J., Van Oorschot, H., Woltring, H.J., 1986. Omni-directional human head-neck response. In: Proceedings of the 30th Stapp Car Crash Conference San Diego, CA, 313–332. 1998 Yoganandan, 2007, Level-dependent coronal and axial moment-rotation corridors of degeneration-free cervical spines in lateral flexion, J. Bone Joint Surg. Am., 89, 1066, 10.2106/JBJS.F.00200 Yoganandan, 2008, Upper neck forces and moments and cranial angular accelerations in lateral impact, Ann. Biomed. Eng., 36, 406, 10.1007/s10439-007-9422-7 Yoganandan, 2006, Lightweight low-profile nine-accelerometer package to obtain head angular accelerations in short-duration impacts, J. Biomech., 39, 1347, 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2005.03.016