Sintering of dental porcelain: effect of time and temperature on appearance and porosity

McGeary, 1961, Mechanical packing of spherical particles, J Amer Ceram Soc, 44, 513, 10.1111/j.1151-2916.1961.tb13716.x Rasmussen, 1997, Optimum particle size distribution for reduced sintering shrinkage of a dental porcelain, Dent Mater, 13, 43, 10.1016/S0109-5641(97)80007-3 Gill, 1932, Methods and results in condensation of dental porcelain, J Amer Dent Assoc, 19, 1147 Evans, 1990, The influence of condensation method on porosity and shade of body porcelain, J Prosthet Dent, 63, 380, 10.1016/0022-3913(90)90224-Z Mackenzie, 1949, A phenomenological theory of sintering, Proc Phys Soc B, 62, 833, 10.1088/0370-1301/62/12/310 Herring, 1951, Surface tension as a motivation for sintering, Chap. 8, 143 Frenkel, 1945, Viscous flow of crystalline bodies under the action of surface tension, J Tech Phys, 9, 385 Ivensen, 1970, Theory and technology of sintering, thermal and chemicothermal treatment processes, Powder Metallurgy (USSR), 4, 20 Vines, 1958, Mechanisms involved in securing dense, vitrified ceramics from preshaped partly crystalline bodies, J Amer Ceram Soc, 41, 304, 10.1111/j.1151-2916.1958.tb12921.x Jones, 1975, Porosity in dental ceramics, Brit Dent J, 138, 16, 10.1038/sj.bdj.4803350 Rosenkranz V, Frischat GH. Shrinking of a gas bubble in a glass melt under microgravity conditions. In: Material Sciences under Microgravity Results of Spacelab-1: Fifth European Symposium Papers. Schloss Elmau, Germany, 1984. p. 353–7. Wilson, 1967, Comparison of some physical properties of dental porcelains, Dent Practit, 17, 350 Shaler, 1948, Mechanism of sintering, J Indust Eng Chem, 40, 838, 10.1021/ie50461a014 Bottinga, 1972, The viscosity of magmatic silicate liquids: a model for calculation, Amer J Sci, 272, 438, 10.2475/ajs.272.5.438 Anusavice, 1989, Effect of firing temperature and water exposure on crack propagation in unglazed porcelain, J Dent Res, 68, 1075, 10.1177/00220345890680060401 Hodson, 1959, Some physical properties of three dental porcelains, J Prosthet Dent, 9, 325, 10.1016/0022-3913(59)90017-4 Olorunfemi, 1996, Sintering flaws in Flexoceram inlay porcelain, Afri Dent J, 10, 9 McLean, 1965, The reinforcement of dental porcelain with ceramic oxides, Brit Dent J, 119, 251 Semmelman, 1957, A method of measuring porosity of porcelain teeth, J Dent Res, 36, 945, 10.1177/00220345570360062101 Haynes, 1986, Porosity: characteristics and techniques of investigation, vol. 5, 3830 The VitaVMK Technique: working instructions. Vita Zahnfabrik, H Rauter, Bad Säckingen, Germany [undated]. McLean, 1979 Coble, 1961, Sintering crystalline solids: I. Intermediate and final state diffusion models, J Appl Phys, 32, 787, 10.1063/1.1736107 Kingery, 1976 Cambier, 1996, Vitrification, Chap. 15, 123 Asaoka, 1990, Viscosity of dental porcelains in glass transition range, Dent Mater J, 9, 193, 10.4012/dmj.9.193 Bertolotti, 1979, Viscosity of dental porcelain as a function of temperature, J Dent Res, 58, 2001, 10.1177/00220345790580100701 Cotton, 1988 Pitzer, 1961 Charles, 1958, Static fatigue of glass I, J Appl Phys, 29, 1549, 10.1063/1.1722991 BS 5612: Specification for dental porcelains for jacket crowns. British Standards Institution, London, 1978.