Climatic change and the broad-scale distribution of terrestrial ecosystem complexes

Climatic Change - 1985
William R. Emanuel1, Herman H. Shugart1, Mary P. Stevenson1
1Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, USA

Tóm tắt

The broad-scale distribution of terrestrial ecosystem complexes is determined in large part by climate and can be altered by climatic change due to natural causes or due to human activities such as those leading to increasing atmospheric CO2 concentration. Classifications that recognize the dependence of natural vegetation on climate provide one means of constructing maps to display the impact of climatic change on the geography of major vegetation zones. A world map of the Holdridge Life-Zone Classification, developed from approximately 8,000 meteorological records, is compared with a Holdridge Map with average temperature increments simulated by a. model of climate under elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration. The largest changes are indicated at high latitudes, where the simulated temperature increase is largest and the temperature intervals defining life zones are smallest. Boreal Forest Zones are replaced by either Cool Temperate Forest or Cool Temperate Steppe, depending on average precipitation. Changes in the tropics are smaller; however, in some regions, Subtropical Moist Forest is replaced by Tropical Dry Forest.

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

Bazilevich, N.I., Rodin, L.E., and Rozov, N.N.: 1970, ‘Untersuchungen der Biologischen Produktivität in Geographischer Sicht’, Ber. Tag. Geogr. Ges, U.S.S.R., Leningrad.

Box, E.O.: 1981, Macroclimate and Plant Forms: An Introduction to Predictive Modeling in Phytogeography, Dr. W. Junk Publishers, The Hague, Netherlands.

Daubenmire, R.: 1978, Plant Geography, Academic Press, New York.

Ewel, J.J. and Whitmore, J.L.: 1973, ‘The Ecological Life Zones of Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands’, Forest Service Research Paper ITF-18, Institute of Tropical Forestry, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Rio Piedras, Puerto Rico.

Eyre, S.R.: 1963, Vegetation and Soils, Aldine, Chicago.

Holdridge, L.R.: 1947, ‘Determination of World Plant Formations from. Simple Climatic Data’, Science 105, 367–368.

Holdridge, L.R.: 1964, Life Zone Ecology, Tropical Science Center, San José, Costa Rica.

Jenny, H.: 1941, Factors of Soil Formation, McGraw-Hill, New York.

Jenny, H.: 1980, The Soil Resource, Origin and Behavior, Springer-Verlag, New York.

Köppen, W.: 1931, Gründe der Klimakunde, Walter de Gruyter, Berlin.

Küchler, A.W.: 1978, ‘Natural Vegetation’, in E.B. Espenshade, Jr. and J.L. Morrison (eds.), Goode's World Atlas, 15th edn., Rand-McNally, Chicago, pp. 16–17.

Lieth, H.: 1972, ‘Modelling the Primary Productivity of the World’, Nature and Resources 8, 5–10.

MacMahon, J.A. and Wieboldt, T.F.: 1978, ‘Applying Biogeographic Principles to Resource Management: A Case Study Evaluating Holdridge's Life-Zone Model’, Great Basin Naturalist Mem., pp. 245–257.

Manabe, S.: 1983, ‘Carbon Dioxide and Climatic Change’, Advances in Geophys. 25, 39–82.

Manabe, S. and Stouffer, R.J.: 1980, ‘Sensitivity of a Global Climate Model to an Increase of CO2 Concentration in the Atmosphere’, J. Geophys. Res. 85, 5529–5554.

Odum, E.P.: 1971, Fundamentals of Ecology, 3rd edn., W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia.

Post, W.M., Emanuel, W.R., Zinke, P.J., and Stangenberger, A.G.: 1982, ‘Soil Carbon Pools and World Life Zones’, Nature 298, 156–159.

Renka, R.: 1982, ‘Interpolation of Data on the Surface of a Sphere’, Report ORNL/CSD-108, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee.

Richards, P.W.: 1957, The Tropical Rain Forest, Cambridge University Press, London.

Rosenzweig, M.L.: 1968, ‘Net Primary Productivity of Terrestrial Communities: Prediction from Climatological Data’, Am. Naturalist 102, 67–74.

Sawyer, J.O. and Lindsey, A.A.: 1963, ‘The Holdridge Bioclimatic Formations of the Eastern and Central United States’, Indiana Acad. Sci. J. 73, 105–112.

Schmithüsen, J.: 1976, Atlas zur Biogeographie, Bibliographisches Institut, Mannheim, F.R.G.

Spurr, S.H. and Barnes, B.V.: 1973, Forest Ecology, 2nd edn., Ronald Press, New York.

Steila, D.: 1966, ‘An Evaluation of the Thornthwaite and Holdridge Classifications as Applied to the Mediterranean Borderland’, The Prof. Geogr. 18, 358–364.

Tosi, J.: 1983, Provisional Life Zone Map of Brazil at 1∶5,000,000 Scale, Tropical Science Center, San José, Costa Rica.

Trewartha, G.T.: 1968, An Introduction to Climate, McGraw-Hill, New York.

Walter, H.: 1979, Vegetation of the Earth, 2nd edn., Springer-Verlag, New York.

Walter, H. and Lieth, H.: 1960, Klimadiagramm-Weltatlas, VEG Gustav Fischer-Verlag, Jena, G.D.R.

Weather Bureau: 1959, World Weather Records 1941–1950, U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington, D.C.

Thông tin
Thông tin xuất bản

Climatic Change

Thông tin tác giả