Assessing proprioception: A critical review of methods

Goble, 2010, Proprioceptive acuity assessment via joint position matching: from basic science to general practice, Phys Ther, 90, 1176, 10.2522/ptj.20090399 Xerri, 2012, Plasticity of cortical maps: multiple triggers for adaptive reorganization following brain damage and spinal cord injury, Neuroscientist, 18, 133, 10.1177/1073858410397894 Xerri, 1998, Plasticity of primary somatosensory cortex paralleling sensorimotor skill recovery from stroke in adult monkeys, J Neurophysiol, 79, 2119, 10.1152/jn.1998.79.4.2119 Pleger, 2003, Pharmacological suppression of plastic changes in human primary somatosensory cortex after motor learning, Exp Brain Res, 148, 525, 10.1007/s00221-002-1324-1 Schwenkreis, 2001, Repetitive training of a synchronised movement induces short-term plastic changes in the human primary somatosensory cortex, Neurosci Lett, 312, 99, 10.1016/S0304-3940(01)02196-6 Ogard, 2011, Proprioception in sports medicine and athletic conditioning, Strength Cond J, 33, 111, 10.1519/SSC.0b013e31821bf3ae Bell, 1826, On the nervous circle which connects the voluntary muscles with the brain, Philosophi Trans Royal Soc, 116, 163, 10.1098/rstl.1826.0016 Bastian, 1887, The “muscular sense”: its nature and cortical localisation, Brain, 10, 1, 10.1093/brain/10.1.1 1906 Swanik, 2004, Proprioception, kinesthesia, and balance after total knee arthroplasty with cruciate-retaining and posterior stabilized prostheses, J Bone Jt Surg, 86, 328, 10.2106/00004623-200402000-00016 Swanik, 2002, The effects of shoulder plyometric training on proprioception and selected muscle performance characteristics, J Shoulder Elbow Surg, 11, 579, 10.1067/mse.2002.127303 Safran, 2001, Shoulder proprioception in baseball pitchers, J Shoulder Elbow Surg, 10, 438, 10.1067/mse.2001.118004 Lephart, 1997, The role of proprioception in the management and rehabilitation of athletic injuries, Am J Sports Med, 25, 130, 10.1177/036354659702500126 Myers, 1999, Proprioception and neuromuscular control of the shoulder after muscle fatigue, J Athl Train, 34, 362 Ergen, 2008, Proprioception and ankle injuries in soccer, Clin Sports Med, 27, 195, 10.1016/j.csm.2007.10.002 Wingert, 2009, Joint position sense and kinesthesia in cerebral palsy, Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 90, 447, 10.1016/j.apmr.2008.08.217 Duzgun, 2011, Effect of tanner stage on proprioception accuracy, J Foot Ankle Surg, 50, 11, 10.1053/j.jfas.2010.09.002 Maier, 2012, Proprioception 3 years after shoulder arthroplasty in 3D motion analysis: a prospective study, Arch Orthop Trauma Surg, 132, 1003, 10.1007/s00402-012-1495-6 Lephart, 1995, The role of proprioception in the treatment of sports injuries, Sports Exerc Inj, 1, 96 McCloskey, 1973, Differences between the senses of movement and position shown by the effects of loading and vibration of muscles in man, Brain Res, 61, 119, 10.1016/0006-8993(73)90521-0 Proske, 2009, The kinaesthetic senses, J Physiol London, 587, 4139, 10.1113/jphysiol.2009.175372 McCloskey, 1978, Kinesthetic sensibility, Physiol Rev, 58, 763, 10.1152/physrev.1978.58.4.763 Clark, 1985, Role of intramuscular receptors in the awareness of limb position, J Neurophysiol, 54, 1529, 10.1152/jn.1985.54.6.1529 Taylor, 1990, Ability to detect angular displacements of the fingers made at an imperceptibly slow speed, Brain, 113, 157, 10.1093/brain/113.1.157 Gregory, 1988, After effects in the responses of cat muscle spindles and errors of limb position sense in man, J Neurophysiol, 59, 1220, 10.1152/jn.1988.59.4.1220 Stillman, 2002, Making sense of proprioception: the meaning of proprioception, kinaesthesia and related terms, Physiotherapy, 88, 667, 10.1016/S0031-9406(05)60109-5 Clark, 1986, Kinesthesia, 11 Schmidt, 1991 Steinicke, 2011 Schacter, 2010 Goldstein, 2009 Bernstein, 2008 Goble, 2009, Proprioceptive target matching asymmetries in left-handed individuals, Exp Brain Res, 197, 403, 10.1007/s00221-009-1922-2 Goble, 2009, Proprioceptive target matching asymmetries in left-handed individuals, Exp Brain Res, 197, 403, 10.1007/s00221-009-1922-2 Suprak, 2011, Shoulder joint position sense is not enhanced at end range in an unconstrained task, Hum Move Sci, 30, 424, 10.1016/j.humov.2011.02.003 Han, 2013 Han, 2013, Proprioceptive performance of bilateral upper and lower limb joints: side-general and site-specific effects, Exp Brain Res, 226, 313, 10.1007/s00221-013-3437-0 Waddington, 1999, Ability to discriminate movements at the ankle and knee is joint specific, Percept Mot Skills, 89, 1037, 10.2466/pms.1999.89.3.1037 Han, 2014, A proprioceptive ability underlying all proprioception tests? Response to tremblay, Percept Mot Skills, 119, 301, 10.2466/10.23.24.PMS.119c16z2 Ashton-Miller, 2001, Can proprioception really be improved by exercises?, Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc, 9, 128, 10.1007/s001670100208 Witchalls, 2012, Intrinsic functional deficits associated with increased risk of ankle injuries: a systematic review with meta-analysis, Br J Sports Med, 46, 515, 10.1136/bjsports-2011-090137 Lee, 2003, Evaluation of shoulder proprioception following muscle fatigue, Clin Biomech, 18, 843, 10.1016/S0268-0033(03)00151-7 Carpenter, 1998, The effects of muscle fatigue on shoulder joint position sense, Am J Sports Med, 26, 262, 10.1177/03635465980260021701 Ribeiro, 2007, Aging effects on joint proprioception: the role of physical activity in proprioception preservation, Eur Rev Aging Phys Act, 4, 71, 10.1007/s11556-007-0026-x Ribeiro, 2011, Factors influencing proprioception: what do they reveal? Willems, 2005, Intrinsic risk factors for inversion ankle sprains in male subjects — a prospective study, Am J Sports Med, 33, 415, 10.1177/0363546504268137 Burke, 1976, The responses of human muscle spindle endings to vibration of non-contracting muscles, J Physiol, 261, 673, 10.1113/jphysiol.1976.sp011580 Barrack, 1983, Functional performance of the knee after intraarticular anesthesia, Am J Sports Med, 11, 258, 10.1177/036354658301100414 Clark, 1989, The contribution of articular receptors to proprioception with the fingers in humans, J Neurophysiol, 61, 186, 10.1152/jn.1989.61.1.186 Proske, 2012, The proprioceptive senses: their roles in signalling body shape, body position and movement, and muscle force, Physiol Rev, 92, 1651, 10.1152/physrev.00048.2011 Smetacek, 2004, Making sense, Nature, 432, 21, 10.1038/432021a Provins, 1997, The specificity of motor skill and manual asymmetry: a review of the evidence and its implications, J Mot Behav, 29, 183, 10.1080/00222899709600832 Han, 2014, Sport attainment and proprioception, Int J Sports Sci Coach, 9, 159, 10.1260/1747-9541.9.1.159 Han, 2015, Level of competitive success achieved by elite athletes and multi-joint proprioceptive ability, J Sci Med Sport, 18, 77, 10.1016/j.jsams.2013.11.013 Yogev-Seligmann, 2008, The role of executive function and attention in gait, Mov Disord, 23, 329, 10.1002/mds.21720 Yasuda, 2014, Allocation of attentional resources toward a secondary cognitive task leads to compromised ankle proprioceptive performance in healthy young adults, Rehabil Res Prac, 2014, 7 Goble, 2011, Brain activity during ankle proprioceptive stimulation predicts balance performance in young and older adults, J Neurosci, 31, 16344, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4159-11.2011 Liu, 2012, Effects of Tai Chi versus proprioception exercise program on neuromuscular function of the ankle in elderly people: a randomized controlled trial, Evid Based Complement Altern Med, 2012, 265486, 10.1155/2012/265486 Guo, 2014, Underlying mechanisms of Tai-Chi-Chuan training for improving balance ability in the elders, Chin J Integr Med, 20, 409, 10.1007/s11655-013-1533-4 Waddington, 2004, The effect of a 5-week wobble-board exercise intervention on ability to discriminate different degrees of ankle inversion, barefoot and wearing shoes: a study in healthy elderly, J Am Geriatr Soc, 52, 573, 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2004.52164.x Nodehi-Moghadam, 2013, A comparative study on shoulder rotational strength, range of motion and proprioception between the throwing athletes and non-athletic persons, Asian J Sports Med, 4, 34 Lin, 2006, Hip and knee proprioception in elite, amateur, and novice tennis players, Am J Phys Med Rehabil, 85, 216, 10.1097/01.phm.0000200376.12974.41 Muaidi, 2009, Do elite athletes exhibit enhanced proprioceptive acuity, range and strength of knee rotation compared with non-athletes?, Scand J Med Sci Sports, 19, 103, 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2008.00783.x Courtney, 2013, Enhanced proprioceptive acuity at the knee in the competitive athlete, J Orthop Sports Phys Ther, 43, 422, 10.2519/jospt.2013.4403 Baker, 2003, Nurturing sport expertise: factors influencing the development of elite athlete, J Sports Sci Med, 2, 1 Cameron, 2003, Motor control and strength as predictors of hamstring injury in elite players of Australian football, Phys Ther Sport, 4, 159, 10.1016/S1466-853X(03)00053-1 2000 Weerakkody, 2008, Local subcutaneous and muscle pain impairs detection of passive movements at the human thumb, J Physiol (London), 586, 3183, 10.1113/jphysiol.2008.152942 Lephart, 2002, Shoulder proprioception and function following thermal capsulorraphy, Arthroscopy, 18, 770, 10.1053/jars.2002.32843 Waddington, 1999, Discrimination of active plantarflexion and inversion movements after ankle injury, Aust J Physiother, 45, 7, 10.1016/S0004-9514(14)60335-4 de Jong, 2005, Performance in different proprioceptive tests does not correlate in ankles with recurrent sprain, Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 86, 2101, 10.1016/j.apmr.2005.05.015 Elangovan, 2014, Assessing proprioceptive function: evaluating joint position matching methods against psychophysical thresholds, Phys Ther, 94, 553, 10.2522/ptj.20130103 Blake, 2005 Fechner, 1860 Adams, 2012, James McKeen Cattell and the method of constant stimuli in the psychophysics of movement, Proc Fechner Day, 28, 18 Gescheider, 1997 Fullerton, 1892 Woodworth, 1899, The accuracy of voluntary movement, Psychol Rev, 3, 1 Magill, 1983, The psychophysics of kinesthesis for positioning responses: the physical stimulus-psychological response relationship, Res Q Exerc Sport, 54, 346, 10.1080/02701367.1983.10605319 Woodworth, 1965 Maher, 1995, A psychophysical evaluation of manual stiffness discrimination, Aust J Physiother, 41, 161, 10.1016/S0004-9514(14)60426-8 Anderson, 1999, The discrimination, acquisition, and retention of aiming movements made with and without elastic resistance, Hum Factor, 41, 129, 10.1518/001872099779577291 Tan, 2007, Discrimination and identification of finger joint-angle position using active motion, ACM Trans Appl Percept, 4, 1, 10.1145/1265957.1265959 Pacey, 2014, Proprioceptive acuity into knee hypermobile range in children with joint hypermobility syndrome, Pediatr Rheumatol, 10.1186/1546-0096-12-40 Waddington, 1999, Wobble board (ankle disc) training effects on the discrimination of inversion movements, Aust J Physiother, 45, 95, 10.1016/S0004-9514(14)60341-X Lee, 2012, Comparisons of indices of movement discrimination: psychometric function, information theory, and signal detection analysis Morgan, 2000, The use of an implicit standard for measuring discrimination thresholds, Vision Res, 40, 2341, 10.1016/S0042-6989(00)00093-6 Woodworth, 1954 Miller, 1956, The magical number seven, plus or minus two: some limits on our capacity for processing information, Psychol Rev, 63, 81, 10.1037/h0043158 Cameron, 2003, Kicking footedness and movement discrimination by elite Australian Rules footballers, J Sci Med Sport, 6, 266, 10.1016/S1440-2440(03)80020-8 Waddington, 2000, Comparing wobble board and jump-landing training effects on knee and ankle movement discrimination, J Sci Med Sport, 3, 449, 10.1016/S1440-2440(00)80010-9 Muaidi, 2008, Proprioceptive acuity in active rotation movements in healthy knees, Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 89, 371, 10.1016/j.apmr.2007.08.154 Cameron, 2008, The effect of neoprene shorts on leg proprioception in Australian football players, J Sci Med Sport, 11, 345, 10.1016/j.jsams.2007.03.007 Hobbs, 2010, Comparison of lumbar proprioception as measured in unrestrained standing in individuals with disc replacement, with low back pain and without low back pain, J Orthop Sports Phys Ther, 40, 439, 10.2519/jospt.2010.40.7.439 Han, 2013, Ability to discriminate movements at multiple joints around the body: global or site-specific, Percept Mot Skills, 116, 59, 10.2466/24.10.23.PMS.116.1.59-68 Lee, 2005, Proprioception and rotation range sensitization associated with subclinical neck pain, Spine, 30, E60, 10.1097/01.brs.0000152160.28052.a2 Naughton, 2003, Contacting points overhead with and without a tennis racquet, Percept Mot Skills, 96, 1323, 10.2466/pms.2003.96.3c.1323 Whiteley, 2008, Shoulder proprioception is associated with humeral torsion in adolescent baseball players, Phys Ther Sport, 9, 177, 10.1016/j.ptsp.2008.07.002 Han, 2013, Bimanual proprioceptive performance differs for right- and left-handed individuals, Neurosci Lett, 542, 37, 10.1016/j.neulet.2013.03.020 Han, 2013, Does elastic resistance affect finger pinch discrimination?, Hum Factor, 55, 976, 10.1177/0018720813481620 Morimoto, 1983, Alteration in directional specificity of interdental dimension discrimination with the degree of mouth opening, J Oral Rehabil, 10, 335, 10.1111/j.1365-2842.1983.tb00128.x Morneburg, 2014, Afferent sensory mechanisms involved in jaw gape-related muscle activation in unilateral biting, Clin Oral Investig, 18, 883, 10.1007/s00784-013-1024-1 Wycherley, 2005, A novel device for the measurement of proprioception in the hand, Rheumatology, 44, 638, 10.1093/rheumatology/keh568 Refshauge, 1995, Detection of movements imposed on human hip, knee, ankle and toe joints, J Physiol (London), 488, 231, 10.1113/jphysiol.1995.sp020961 Cordo, 2011, Contributions of skin and muscle afferent input to movement sense in the human hand, J Neurophysiol, 105, 1879, 10.1152/jn.00201.2010 Nagai, 2012, Reliability, precision, and gender differences in knee internal/external rotation proprioception measurements, Phys Ther Sport, 13, 233, 10.1016/j.ptsp.2011.11.004 Gibson, 1966 Laszlo, 1992, Motor control and learning: how far do the experimental tasks restrict our theoretical insight?, 47 Ashton-Miller, 2000, Proprioceptive thresholds at the ankle: implications for the prevention of ligament injury, 279 Taylor, 1982 Gibson, 1979 Gandevia, 1992, Kinaesthetic signals and muscle contraction, Trends Neurosci, 15, 62, 10.1016/0166-2236(92)90028-7 Zazulak, 2007, The effects of core proprioception on knee injury: a prospective biomechanical-epidemiological study, Am J Sports Med, 35, 368, 10.1177/0363546506297909 Kurian, 1989, Left-arm dominance in active positioning, Percept Mot Skills, 68, 1312, 10.2466/pms.1989.68.3c.1312 Macfadyen, 1998, Number of sampling movements and manual stiffness judgments, J Manipulative Physiol Ther, 21, 604 Bullock-Saxton, 2001, The influence of age on weight-bearing joint reposition sense of the knee, Exp Brain Res, 136, 400, 10.1007/s002210000595 Adamo, 2009, The influence of age and physical activity on upper limb proprioceptive ability, J Aging Phys Act, 17, 272, 10.1123/japa.17.3.272 Piriyaprasarth, 2009, Trials needed to assess knee proprioception following stroke, Physiother Res Int, 14, 6, 10.1002/pri.405 Clark, 1995, A metric for assessing acuity in positioning joints and limbs, Exp Brain Res, 107, 73, 10.1007/BF00228018 Faisal, 2008, Noise in the nervous system, Nat Rev Neurosci, 9, 292, 10.1038/nrn2258 Swets, 2000, Better decisions through science, Sci Am, 283, 82, 10.1038/scientificamerican1000-82 Swets, 1996 2010 McNicol, 2004, 24 Rosker, 2010, Kinaesthesia and methods for its assessment, Sport Sci Rev, 19, 165, 10.2478/v10237-011-0037-4 Sanes, 1995, Sense of muscular effort and somesthetic afferent information in humans, Can J Physiol Pharmacol, 73, 223, 10.1139/y95-033 Smirmaul, 2012, Sense of effort and other unpleasant sensations during exercise: clarifying concepts and mechanisms, Br J Sports Med, 46, 308, 10.1136/bjsm.2010.071407 Lowrey, 2010, Skin sensory information from the dorsum of the foot and ankle is necessary for kinesthesia at the ankle joint, Neurosci Lett, 485, 6, 10.1016/j.neulet.2010.08.033 Weerakkody, 2007, Impairment of human proprioception by high-frequency cutaneous vibration, J Physiol (London), 581, 971, 10.1113/jphysiol.2006.126854 Willems, 2005, Intrinsic risk factors for inversion ankle sprains in females: a prospective study, Scand J Med Sci Sports, 15, 336, 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2004.00428.x Beynnon, 1999, The effect of anterior cruciate ligament trauma and bracing on knee proprioception, Am J Sports Med, 27, 150, 10.1177/03635465990270020601 Lephart, 1994, Proprioception of the shoulder joint in healthy, unstable, and surgically repaired shoulders, J Shoulder Elbow Surg, 3, 371, 10.1016/S1058-2746(09)80022-0 Willems, 2002, Proprioception and muscle strength in subjects with a history of ankle sprains and chronic instability, J Athl Train, 37, 487 Larsen, 2005, Effect of static stretching of quadriceps and hamstring muscles on knee joint position sense, Br J Sports Med, 39, 43, 10.1136/bjsm.2003.011056 Janwantanakul, 2001, Variation in shoulder position sense at mid and extreme range of motion, Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 82, 840, 10.1053/apmr.2001.21865 Symes, 2010, Depth of ankle inversion and discrimination of foot positions, Percept Mot Skills, 111, 475, 10.2466/06.25.26.PMS.111.5.475-484