Eye lens and thyroid gland radiation exposure for patients undergoing brain computed tomography examination

Abdeen, 2010, Comparison of image quality and lens dose in helical and sequentially acquired head CT, Clin. Radiol., 65, 868, 10.1016/j.crad.2010.02.016 Abuzaid, 2017, Thyroid shield during brain CT scan: dose reduction and image quality evaluation, Imaging. Med., 9, 45 Alkhorayef, 2019, Estimation of radiation-induced cataract and cancer risks during routine CT head procedures, Radiat. Phys. Chem., 155, 65, 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2018.08.019 Alkhorayef, 2017, Patient radiation biological risk in computed tomography angiography procedure, Saud. J. Biol. Sci., 24, 235, 10.1016/j.sjbs.2016.01.011 Blakely, 2010, Radiation cataractogenesis: epidemiology and biology, Radiat. Res., 173, 709, 10.1667/RRXX19.1 Franck, 2018, Estimating the patient-specific dose to the thyroid and breasts and overall risk in chest CT when using organ-based tube current modulation, Radiology, 288, 164, 10.1148/radiol.2018170757 Hart, 2010, Frequency and collective dose for medical and dental X-ray examinations in the UK, Report HPA-CRCE-012 Heaney, 2006, A comparison of reduction in CT dose through the use of gantry angulations or bismuth shields, Australas. Phys. Eng. Sci. Med., 29, 172, 10.1007/BF03178890 Hinzpeter, 2017, Repeated CT scans in trauma transfers: an analysis of indications, radiation dose exposure, and costs, Eur. J. Radiol., 88, 135, 10.1016/j.ejrad.2017.01.007 Huda, 2013, Computation of thyroid doses and carcinogenic radiation risks to patients undergoing neck CT examinations, Radiat. Prot. Dosim., 156, 436, 10.1093/rpd/nct090 IAEA, 2020. International Atomic Energy Agency. Radiation protection of Medical staff from cataract. Available at: https://www.iaea.org/resources/rpop/health-professionals/radiology/cataract/staff (accessed September 25, 2020). ICRP Publication 103: The 2007 Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection. Annals of ICRP, vol. 37, nos. 2-4. Iglesias, 2017, Radiation exposure and thyroid cancer: a review, Arch. Endocrinol. Metab., 61, 180, 10.1590/2359-3997000000257 IAEA, 2001. International Atomic Energy Agency. Protection of patients in diagnostic and intervention radiology, nuclear medicine and radiotherapy. Proceeding of International Conference, Malaga, Spain, 26–30 March 2001; Vienna. Kanzaria, 2015, Emergency physician perceptions of medically unnecessary advanced diagnostic imaging, Acad. Emerg. Med., 22, 390, 10.1111/acem.12625 Kim, 2020, Geographic influences in the global rise of thyroid cancer, Nat. Rev. Endocrinol., 16, 17, 10.1038/s41574-019-0263-x Manssor, 2015, Radiation doses in chest, abdomen and pelvis CT procedures, Radiat. Prot. Dosim., 165, 194, 10.1093/rpd/ncv107 Mettler, 2020, Patient exposure from radiologic and nuclear medicine procedures in the United States: procedure volume and effective dose for the period 2006–2016, Radiology, 295, 418, 10.1148/radiol.2020192256 Ploussi, 2018, Direct measurements of skin, eye lens and thyroid dose during pediatric brain ct examinations, Radiat. Prot. Dosim., 179, 199, 10.1093/rpd/ncx251 Poon, 2019, Radiation dose and risk to the lens of the eye during CT examinations of the brain, J. Med. Imaging. Radiat. Oncol., 63, 786, 10.1111/1754-9485.12950 Roslee, 2020, Cumulative organ dose and effective dose in adult population underwent repeated or multiple head CT examination, Radiat. Phys. Chem., 166, 1 Schneider, 1993, Dose-response relationships for radiation-induced thyroid cancer and thyroid nodules: evidence for the prolonged effects of radiation on the thyroid, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 77, 362 Shiels, 2019, Biology of cataracts and opportunities for treatment, Annu. Rev. Vis. Sci., 15, 123, 10.1146/annurev-vision-091517-034346 Sulieman, 2020, Diagnostic reference level for computed tomography abdominal examinations: A multicentre study, Radiat. Phys. Chem., 174, 1 Suliman, 2015, Radiation exposure during paediatric CT in Sudan: CT dose, organ and effective doses, Radiat. Protect. Dosim., 167, 513, 10.1093/rpd/ncu321 Suzuki, 2010, Lens exposure during brain scans using multidetector row CT scanners: methods for estimation lens dose, Am. J. Neuroradiol., 31, 822, 10.3174/ajnr.A1946 Thome, 2018, Deterministic effects to the lens of the eye following ionizing radiation exposure: is there evidence to support a reduction in threshold dose?, Health. Phys., 114, 328, 10.1097/HP.0000000000000810 Tipnis, 2015, Thyroid doses and risks to adult patients undergoing neck CT examinations, Am. J. Roentgenol., 204, 1064, 10.2214/AJR.14.13102 Woo, 2012, Risk-benefit analysis of pulmonary CT angiography in patients with suspected pulmonary embolus, Am. J. Roentgenol., 198, 1332, 10.2214/AJR.10.6329 Yilmaz, 2013, Diagnostic quality of CT pulmonary angiography in pulmonary thromboembolism: a comparison of three different kV values, Med. Sci. Monit., 19, 908, 10.12659/MSM.889578 Yuan, 2013, The risk of cataract associated with repeated head and neck CT studies: a nationwide population-based study, Am. J. Roentgenol., 201, 626, 10.2214/AJR.12.9652 Zankl, M., Panzer, W., Drexler, G., 1991. The calculation of dose from external photon exposures using reference human phantoms and Monte Carlo methods Part VI: Organ doses from computed tomographic examinations, Available at: https://inis.iaea.org/search/search.aspx?orig_q=RN:23042878 (retrieved July 25, 2020). Zontar, 2015, Estimated collective effective dose to the population from radiological examinations in Slovenia, Radiol. Oncol., 49, 99, 10.2478/raon-2014-0028 Elnour, 2015, Establishment of local diagnostic reference level for brain Ct procedures, I.J.S.R., 4, 295