Variation and evolutionary transformation of some characters of the pollinarium and pistil in Epidendroideae (Orchidaceae)
Tóm tắt
We studied the variation in the pollinarium and pistil of Epidendroideae and reconstructed the ancestral states of the characters (pollinia number, pollinium orientation, pollinium with suture, and pollinium texture). The pollinarium is complete (formed by pollinium, caudicle, stipe, and viscidium) in Vandeae, Epidendreae, and Cymbidieae, but the caudicle is absent in some Aeridinae and the viscidium in Laeliinae and Pleurothallidinae. Neottieae, Arethuseae, Sobralieae, Epidendreae, and Xerorchideae included some genera having sessile pollinia. The more frequent state in the family is to have two pollinia, followed by four, eight, and six pollinia. The pistil is unilocular, although it seems to have experienced reversals several times within Epidendroideae because intermediate states were observed (e.g. Vanda and Angraecum). In these cases, a prolongation of the placental tissue is developed that in Huntleya and Peristeria make contact but do not fuse. Most members of the subfamily have pistil composed of three carpels divided into six emerging valves, but only three are fertile. In Cattleya and Sophronitis the sterile valves are much reduced and the pistil seems to have only three valves. We have generated useful and valuable information to understand the evolution of the reproductive organs in Epidendroideae. Probably, these transformations in the pollinarium and pistil have co-evolved in tandem with pollinators to make the pollination more efficient. Our results suggest that the common ancestor of Epidendroideae had a complete pollinarium, formed probably of four juxtaposed granular pollinia without suture, bearing caudicle, tegular stipe and viscidium, but several early transformations occurred during the Epidendroideae diversification.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Ackerman JD, Williams NH (1980) Pollen morphology of the tribe Neottieae and its impact on the classification of the Orchidaceae. Grana 19:7–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/00173138009424982
Arber A (1925) Monocotyledons: a morphological study. Cambridge University Press, London
Atwood JT (1984) The relationships of the slipper orchids (subfamily Cypripedioideae, Orchidaceae). Selbyana 7:129–247
Barone Lumaga MR, Cozzolino S, Kocyan A (2006) Exine micromorphology of Orchidinae (Orchidoideae, Orchidaceae): phylogenetic constraints or ecological influences? Ann Bot (Oxford) 98:237–244. https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcl094
Becerra GE (2005) El género Brachionidium (Orchidaceae) en el Perú. Tres especies nuevas para la selva central peruana. Arnaldoa 12:54–61
Bhanwra RK, Vij SP, Chandel V, Kant R, Dutt S (2006) Development of pollinium in two Epidendroid orchids. Curr Sci 90:1384–1388
Blackman SJ, Yeung EC (1983) Structural development of the Caudicle of an Orchid (Epidendrum). Amer J Bot 70:97–105. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1537-2197.1983.tb12437.x
Borba EL, Shepherd GJ, van Den Berg C, Semir J (2002) Floral and vegetative morphometrics of five Pleurothallis (Orchidaceae) species: correlation with taxonomy, phylogeny, genetic variability and pollination systems. Ann Bot (Oxford) 90:219–230. https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcf168
Burns-Balogh P (1983) A theory on the evolution of the exine in Orchidaceae. Amer J Bot 70:1304–1312. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1537-2197.1983.tb07920.x
Burns-Balogh P, Funk VA (1986) A phylogenetic analysis of the orchidaceae. Smithsonian Contr Bot 61:1–79. https://doi.org/10.5479/si.0081024X.61
Cameron KM (2003) The structure and occurrence of trilocular ovaries within Orchidaceae. The Lewis B. and Dorothy Cullman Program for Molecular Systematics Studies, The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx
Cameron KM, Chase MW, Whitten WM, Kores PJ, Jarrell DC, Albert VA, Yukawa T, Hills HG, Goldman DH (1999) A phylogenetic analysis of the Orchidaceae: evidence from rbcL nucleotide sequences. Amer J Bot 86:208–224. https://doi.org/10.2307/2656938
Chase MW (2009) A new name for the single species of Nohawilliamsia and corrections in Gomesa (Orchidaceae). Phytotaxa 1:57–59. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.1.1.6
Chase MW, Cameron KM, Barrett RL, Freudenstein JV (2003) DNA data and Orchidaceae systematics: a new phylogenetic classification. In: Dixon KM, Kell SP, Barret RL, Cribb PJ (eds) Orchid conservation. Natural History Publications, Kota Kinabalu, pp 69–89
Chase MW, Williams NH, Neubig KM, Whitten WM (2008) Taxonomic transfers in Oncidiinae to accord with genera orchidacearum. Lindleyana 5:20–31
Chase MW, Williams NH, de Faria AD, Neubig KM, Amaral MCE, Whitte WM (2009) Floral convergence in Oncidiinae (Cymbidieae; Orchidaceae): an expanded concept of Gomesa and a new genus Nohawilliamsia. Ann Bot (Oxford) 104:387–402. https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcp067
Chase MW, Cameron KM, Freudenstein JV, Pridgeon AM, Salazar G, van Den Berg C, Schuiteman A (2015) An updated classification of Orchidaceae. Bot J Linn Soc 177:151–174. https://doi.org/10.1111/boj.12234
Claessens J, Kleynen J (1998) Column structure and pollination of Corallorrhiza trifida Châtelain (Orchidaceae). J Eur Orch 30:629–637
Clifford SC, Owens SJ (1990) The stigma, style and ovarian transmitting tract in the Oncidiinae (Orchidaceae): morphology, developmental anatomy, and histochemistry. Bot Gaz 151:440–451
Cozzolino S, D’Emerico S, Wldmer A (2004) Evidence for reproductive isolate selection in Mediterranean orchids: karyotype differences compensate for the lack of pollinator specificity. Proc Roy Soc London B (Suppl) 271:259–262. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2004.0166
Cribb PJ (1999) Morphology. In: Pridgeon AM, Cribb PJ, Chase MW, Rasmussen FN (eds) Genera orchidacearum, vol 1. General introduction, apostasioideae, cypripedioideae. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 13–23
Damon A, Nieto G (2012) A guide to the morphology of the pollinia and pollinaria of Orchids from the Biological Corridor Tacaná-Boquerón in southeast Mexico. Selbyana 31:5–39
Dathe S, Dietrich H (2006) Comparative molecular and morphological studies in selected Maxillariinae orchids. Willdenowia 36:89–102. https://doi.org/10.3372/wi.36.36106
Dressler RL (1981) The orchids: natural history and classification. Harvard University Press, Cambridge
Dressler RL (1986) Feature of pollinaria and orchid classification. Lindleyana 1:125–130
Dressler RL (1993) Phylogeny and classification of the orchid family. Dioscorides Press, Portland
Dressler RL, Dodson CH (1960) Classification and phylogeny in the Orchidaceae. Ann Missouri Bot Gard 47:25–68
Endress PK (2011) Angiosperm ovules: diversity, development, evolution. Ann Bot (Oxford) 107:1465–1489
French JC (1987) Structure of ovular and placental trichomes of Araceae. Bot Gaz 148:198–208
Freudenstein JV (1994) Gynostemium structure and relationships of the Corallorhizinae (Orchidaceae: Epidendroideae). Pl Syst Evol 193:1–19. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00983537
Freudenstein JV, Chase MW (2015) Phylogenetic relationships in Epidendroideae (Orchidaceae), one of the great flowering plant radiations: progressive specialization and diversification. Ann Bot (Oxford) 115:665–681. https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcu253
Freudenstein JV, Rasmussen FN (1996) Pollinium development and number in the Orchidaceae. Amer J Bot 83:813–824. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1537-2197.1996.tb12773.x
Freudenstein JV, Rasmussen FN (1997) Sectile pollinia and relationships in the Orchidaceae. Pl Syst Evol 205:125–146
Freudenstein JV, Rasmussen FN (1999) What does morphology tell us about Orchid relationships? A cladistic analysis. Amer J Bot 86:225–248. https://doi.org/10.2307/2656939
Freudenstein JV, Harris EM, Rasmussen FN (2002) The evolution of anther morphology in orchids: incumbent anthers, superposed pollinia, and the Vandoid complex. Amer J Bot 89:1747–1755. https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.11.1747
Freudenstein JV, Yukawa T, Luo YB (2017) A reanalysis of relationships among Calypsoinae (Orchidaceae: Epidendroideae): floral and vegetative evolution and the placement of Yoania. Syst Bot 42:17–25. https://doi.org/10.1600/036364417x694944
Garay LA (1960) On the origin of the Orchidaceae. Bot Mus Leafl 19:57–96
Gasser CS, Robinson-Beers K (1993) Pistil development. Pl Cell 5:1231–1239. https://doi.org/10.1105/tpc.5.10.1231
Gustafson MHG (1995) Petal venation in the Asterales and related orders. Bot J Linn Soc 118:1–18. https://doi.org/10.1006/bojl.1995.0024
Hallé N (1986) Les élatères des Sarcanthinae et additions aux Orchidaceae de la Nouvelle-Calédonie. Bull Mus Natl Hist Nat B Adansonia 3:215–239. https://doi.org/10.5252/a2016n2a4
Harder LD, Johnson SD (2008) Function and evolution of aggregated pollen in Angiosperms. Int J Pl Sci 169:59–78. https://doi.org/10.1086/523364
Hardy CR, Stevenson DW (2000) Floral organogenesis in some species of Tradescantia and Callisia (Commelinaceae). Int J Pl Sci 161:551–562. https://doi.org/10.1086/314279
Hesse M, Burns-Balogh P, Wolff M (1989) Pollen morphology of the “primitive” epidendroid orchids. Grana 28:261–268. https://doi.org/10.1080/00173138909427440
Hidayat T, Yukawa T, Ito M (2006) Evolutionary analysis of pollinaria morphology of subtribe Aeridinae (Orchidaceae). Reinwardtia 12:223–235. https://doi.org/10.14203/reinwardtia.v12i3.65
Inda LA, Pimentel M, Chase MW (2010) Contribution of mitochondrial cox1 intron sequences to the phylogenetics of tribe Orchideae (Orchidaceae): do the distribution and sequence of this intron in orchids also tell us something about its evolution? Taxon 59:1053–1064. https://doi.org/10.2307/20773976
Inda LA, Pimentel M, Chase MW (2012) Phylogenetics of tribe Orchideae (Orchidaceae: Orchidoideae) based on combined DNA matrices: inferences regarding timing of diversification and evolution of pollination syndromes. Ann Bot (Oxford) 110:71–90. https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcs083
Johnson SD, Edwards TJ (2000) The structure and function of orchid pollinaria. Pl Syst Evol 222:243–269. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00984105
Johnson SD, Linder HP, Steiner KE (1998) Phylogeny and radiation of pollination systems in Disa (Orchidaceae). Amer J Bot 85:402–411. https://doi.org/10.2307/2446333
Kant R, Hossain MM, Attri LK (2013) Pollinium development in Spiranthes sinensis (Pers.) Ames and Cymbidium pendulum SW: a comparative study. Bangaldesh J Bot 42:307–314. https://doi.org/10.3329/bjb.v42i2.18035
Keng H, Chin SC, Tan HTW (1998) The concise flora of Singapore. Volume 2: Monocotyledons. Singapore University Press, National University of Singapore, Singapore
Kocyan A (2007) The discovery of polyandry in Curculigo (Hypoxidaceae). Implications for androecium evolution of Asparagoid Monocotyledons. Ann Bot (Oxford) 100:241–248. https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcm091
Kocyan A, Endress PK (2001) Floral structure and development of Apostasia and Neuwiedia (Apostasioideae) and their relationships to other Orchidaceae. Int J Pl Sci 162:847–867. https://doi.org/10.1086/320781
Kocyan A, Snijman DA, Forest F, Devey DS, Freudenstein JV, Wiland-Szymańska J, Chase MW, Rudall PJ (2011) Molecular phylogenetics of Hypoxidaceae: evidence from plastid DNA data and inferences on morphology and biogeography. Molec Phylogent Evol 60:122–136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2011.02.021
Kułak M, Górniak M, Romowicz A (2006) Tribal and subtribal relationship of Epidendroideae Lindl. (Orchidaceae) with emphasis on Epidendreae Humb., Bonpl. and Kunth based on matK gene. Biodivers Res Conservation 3–4:205–209
Kurzweil H (1987a) Developmental studies in orchid flowers. I: Epidendroid and vandoid species. Nordic J Bot 7:427–442. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1756-1051.1987.tb00964.x
Kurzweil H (1987b) Developmental studies in orchid flowers. II: Orchidoid species. Nordic J Bot 7:443–451. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1756-1051.1987.tb00965.x
Kurzweil H (1988) Developmental studies in orchid flowers. III: Neottioid species. Nordic J Bot 8:271–282. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1756-1051.1988.tb01721.x
Kurzweil H (1998) Floral ontogeny of orchids: a review. Beitr Biol Pflanzen 7:45–100
Lavarack PS (1971) The taxonomic affinities of the Neottioideae. PhD Thesis, University of Queensland, Saint Lucia. https://doi.org/10.14264/uql.2015.60
Li YY, Chen XM, Guo SX, Lee YI (2016) Embryology of two mycoheterotrophic orchid species, Gastrodia elata and Gastrodia nantoensis: ovule and embryo development. Bot Stud 57:1–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40529-016-0137-7
Lindley J (1830–1840) The genera and species of orchidaceous plants. Ridgways, Piccadilly, London
Lindley J (1847) The vegetative kingdom, 2nd edn. Bradbury and Evans, London
Luo YB, Chen SC (2000) The floral morphology and ontogeny of some Chinese representatives of orchid subtribe Orchidinae. Bot J Linn Soc 134:529–548. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.2000.tb00549.x
Maddison WP, Maddison DR (2014) Mesquite: a modular system for evolutionary analysis. Version 2.75. Available at: http://mesquiteproject.org. Accesed 29 Apr 2017
Maheshwari P (1950) An introduction to the embryology of angiosperms. McGraw-Hill, New York
Mansfeld R (1935) Orchideologische Mitteilungen. III. 21. Zur terminologie der pollinienanhiingsel der orchideen. Repert Spec Nov Regni Veg 38:199–202
Mayer JL, Carmello-Guerreiro SM, Appezzato-da-Glória B (2011) Anatomical development of the pericarp and seed of Oncidium flexousum Sims (Orchidaceae). Flora 206:601–609. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.flora.2011.01.009
Miller MA, Pfeiffer W, Schwartz T (2010) Creating the CIPRES science gateway for inference of large phylogenetic trees. In: Proceedings of the gateway computing environments workshop (GCE), New Orleans. pp 1–8
Nagaraj M (1952) Floral morphology of Populus deltoides and P. tremuloides. Bot Gaz 114:222–243
Nieto G, Damon A (2008) Guide to the morphology of the pollinia and pollinaria of orchids from southeast Mexico. Selbyana 29:20–68
Pacini E, Hesse M (2002) Types of pollen dispersal units in orchids, and their consequences for germination and fertilization. Ann Bot (Oxford) 89:653–664. https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcf138
Pansarin ER, Estanislau do Amaral MC (2008) Pollen and nectar as a reward in the basal Epidendroid Psilochilus modestus (Orchidaceae: Triphoreae): a study of floral morphology, reproductive biology and pollination strategy. Flora 203:474–483. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.flora.2007.07.004
Pedersen HA, Watthana S, Srimuang KO (2013) Orchids in the torrent: on the circumscription, conservation and rheophytic habit of Epipactis flava. Bot J Linn Soc 172:358–370. https://doi.org/10.1111/boj.12023
Peter CI, Johnson SD (2006) Doing the twist: a test of Darwin’s cross-pollination hypothesis for pollinarium reconfiguration. Biol Lett 2:65–68. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2005.0385
Pridgeon AM, Solano R, Chase MW (2001) Phylogenetic relationships in Pleurothallidinae (Orchidaceae): combined evidence from nuclear and plastid DNA sequences. Amer J Bot 88:2286–2308. https://doi.org/10.2307/3558390
Pridgeon AM, Cribb PJ, Chase MW, Rasmussen FN (2003) Genera orchidacearum. Volume 3: Orchidoideae (part 2): Vanilloideae. Oxford University Press, Oxford. https://doi.org/10.1086/421617
Puri V (1951) The role of floral anatomy in the solution of morphological problems. Bot Rev 17:472–534
Ramírez SR, Gravendeel B, Singer RB, Marshall CR, Pierce NE (2007) Dating the origin of the Orchidaceae from a fossil orchid with its pollinator. Nature 448:1042–1045. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature06039
Rao VS (1974) The relationships of the Apostasiaceae on the basis of floral anatomy. Bot J Linn Soc 68:319–327. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1974.tb01982.x
Rasmussen FN (1982) The gynostemium of the Neottioid Orchids. Opera Bot 65:1–96
Rasmussen FN (1986) On the various contributions by which pollinia are attached to viscidia. Lindleyana 1:21–32
Rasmussen FN, Johansen B (2006) Carpology of orchids. Selbyana 27:44–53. https://doi.org/10.2307/41760259
Reichenbach HG (1854) Orchideae Schlimianae. Bonplandia 2:277–284
Rothacker EP (2007) The primitive Epidendroideae (Orchidaceae): phylogeny, character evolution and the systematic of Psilochilus (Triphoreae). PhD Thesis, The Ohio State University, Columbus
Rudall PJ, Bateman RM (2002) Roles of synorganisation, zygomorphy and heteromorphy in floral evolution: the gynostemium and labellum of orchids and other lilioid monocots. Biol Rev 77:403–441. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1464793102005936
Rudall PJ, Prychid CJ, Jones C (1998) Intra-ovarian trichomes, mucilage secretion and hollow styles in monocotyledons. In: Owens SJ, Rudall PJ (eds) Reproductive biology. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, pp 219–230
Rudall PJ, Bateman RM, Fay MF, Eastman A (2002) Floral anatomy and systematics of Alliaceae with particular reference to Gilliesia, a presumed insect mimic with strongly zygomorphic flowers. Amer J Bot 89:1867–1883. https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.12.1867
Sáenz C (2004) Glosario de términos palinológicos. Lazaroa 25:93–112
Sagawa Y, Israel HW (1964) Post-pollination ovule development in Dendrobium Orchids. I. Introduction. Caryologia 17:53–64. https://doi.org/10.1080/00087114.1964.10796116
Sandoval-Zapotitla E, Terrazas T, Villaseñor JL (2010) Diversidad de inclusiones minerales en la subtribu Oncidiinae (Orchidaceae). Rev Biol Trop 58:733–755
Saunders ER (1923) A reversionary character in the Stock (Matthiola incana) and its significance in regard to the structure and evolution of the gynoecium in the Rhoeadales, the Orchidaceae, and other families. Ann Bot (Oxford) 37:451–482. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aob.a089859
Schill R, Pfeiffer W (1977) Untersuchungen an orchideenpollinien unter besonderer beruecksichtigung ihrer feinskulpturen. Pollen Spores 19:5–118
Schill R, Dannenbaum C, Neyer P (1992) Quantitative Untersuchungen an Orchideen-pollinien. Bot Jahrb Syst 114:153–171
Seidenfaden G, Wood JJ (1992) The Orchids of peninsular Malaysia and Singapore. A revision of R.E. Holttum: Orchids of Malaya. The Royal Botanical Garden, Kew & Botanic Gardens, Singapore
Senghas K (1993) Subtribus Maxillariinae. In: Brieger FG, Maatsch R, Senghas K (eds) Rudolf Schlechter: Die Orchidee. Blackwell Wissenschafts, Berlin
Sing-Chi Ch (1982) The origin and early differentiation of the Orchidaceae. Acta Phytotax Sin 20:1–22
Singer RB, Koehler S (2004) Pollinarium morphology and floral rewards in Brazilian Maxillariinae (Orchidaceae). Ann Bot (Oxford) 93:39–51. https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mch009
Singer RB, Gravendeel B, Cross H, Ramírez SR (2008) The use of orchid pollinia or pollinaria for taxonomic identification. Selbyana 29:6–19. https://doi.org/10.2307/41760315
Solis SM, Ferrucci MS (2009) Patrones de venación floral en tres especies de Paullinieae (Sapindaceae). Bol Soc Argent Bot 44:317–327
Stenzel H (2000) Pollen morphology of the subtribe Pleurothallidinae Lindl. (Orchidaceae). Grana 39:108–125. https://doi.org/10.1080/001731300300045247
Sterling C (1974) Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Baeometra, Burchardia and Walleria. Bot J Linn Soc 68:115–125. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1974.tb01752.x
Sterling C (1977) Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Uvularieae. Bot J Linn Soc 74:63–69. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1977.tb01186.x
Sterling C (1978) Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae. Bot J Linn Soc 77:95–106. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1978.tb01375.x
Stern WL (2014) Orchidaceae. In: Gregory M, Cutler DF (eds) Anatomy of the monocotyledons, vol. X. Oxford University Press, Oxford
Stern WL, Carlsward BS (2008) Vegetative anatomy of Calypsoeae (Orchidaceae). Lankesteriana 8:105–112. https://doi.org/10.15517/lank.v8i3.18324
Stern WL, Judd W (2001) Comparative anatomy and systematics of Catasetinae (Orchidaceae). Bot J Linn Soc 136:153–178. https://doi.org/10.1006/bojl.2000.0439
Stern WL, Whitten WM (1999) Comparative vegetative anatomy of Stanhopeinae (Orchidaceae). Bot J Linn Soc 129:87–103. https://doi.org/10.1006/bojl.1998.0229
Stern WL, Cheadle VI, Thorsch J (1993) Apostasiads, systematic anatomy, and the origins of Orchidaceae. Bot J Linn Soc 111:411–455. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1993.tb01913.x
Stern WL, Judd W, Carlsward BS (2004) Systematic and comparative anatomy of Maxillarieae (Orchidaceae), sans Oncidiinae. Bot J Linn Soc 144:251–274. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.2003.00257.x
Steyn EMA, Robbertse PJ, Coetzer LA (1991) Intra-ovarian trichomes in Bequaertiodendron megalismontanum: Location, origin, structure and possible function in the reproductive process. S African J Bot 57:191–197
Stöver BC, Müller KF (2010) TreeGraph 2: combining and visualizing evidence from different phylogenetic analyses. BMC Bioinf 11:7. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2105-11-7
Swamy BG (1948) Vascular anatomy of orchid flowers. Bot Mus Leafl 13:61–95
Swamy BG (1949) Embryological studies in the Orchidaceae. II. Embryogeny. Amer Midl Naturalist 41:202–232
Szlachetko DL (2003) Gynostemia orchidalium III. Acta Bot Fenn 176:1–311
Szlachetko DL, Margońska HB (2002) Gynostemia orchidalium IV. Acta Bot Fenn 173:1–275
Szlachetko DL, Mytnik-Ejsmont J (2009) Gynostemia orchidalium IV. Acta Bot Fenn 180:1–313
Szlachetko DL, Rutkowski P (2000) Gynostemia orchidalium IV. Acta Bot Fenn 169:1–380
Szlachetko DL, Mytnik-Ejsmont J, Romowicz A (2006) Genera et species orchidalium. 14. Oncidieae. Polish Bot J 51:53–55
Szlachetko DL, Sitko M, Tukałło P, Mytnik-Ejsmont J (2012) Taxonomy of the subtribe Maxillariinae (Orchidaceae, Vandoideae) revised. Biodivers Res Conservation 25:13–138. https://doi.org/10.2478/v10119-012-0017-2
Trapnell DW, Hamrick JL (2006) Floral display and mating patterns within populations of the neotropical epiphytic orchid Laelia rubescens (Orchidaceae). Amer J Bot 93:1010–1018. https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.93.7.1010
Tsai WC, Hsiao YY, Pan ZJ, Kuoh CS, Chen WH, Chen HH (2008) The role of ethylene in orchid ovule development. Pl Sci 175:98–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plantsci.2008.02.011
van Den Berg C, Goldman DH, Freudenstein JV, Pridgeon AM, Cameron KM, Chase MW (2005) An overview of the phylogenetic relationships within Epidendroideae inferred from multiple DNA regions and recircumscription of Epidendreae and Arethuseae (Orchidaceae). Amer J Bot 92:613–624. https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.92.4.613
Vermeulen P (1966) The system of the orchidales. Acta Bot Neerl 15:224–253. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1438-8677.1966.tb00228.x
Veyret Y (1981) Quelques aspects du pistil et de son devenir chez quelques Sobraliinae (Orchidaceae) de Guyane. Bull Mus Natl Hist Nat B Adansonia 1:75–83
Walker DB (1975) Postgenital carpel fusion in Catharanthus roseus III. Fine structure of the epidermis during and after fusion. Protoplasma 86:43–63
Whitten WM, Williams NH, Chase MW (2000) Subtribal and generic relationships of Maxillarieae (Orchidaceae) with emphasis on Stanhopeinae: combined molecular evidence. Amer J Bot 87:1842–1856. https://doi.org/10.2307/2656837
Whitten WM, Neubig KM, Williams NH (2014) Generic and subtribal relationships in Neotropical Cymbidieae (Orchidaceae) based on matK/ycf1 plastid data. Lankesteriana 13:375–392. https://doi.org/10.15517/lank.v13i3.14425
Williams NH (1970) Some observations on pollinaria in the Oncidiinae I, II. Amer Orch Soc Bull 39:207–220
Xiang XG, Li DZ, Jin WT, Zhou HL, Li JW, Jin XH (2012) Phylogenetic placement of the enigmatic orchid genera Thaia and Tangtsinia: evidence from molecular and morphological characters. Taxon 61:45–54
Yeung EC, Law SK (1987) The formation of hyaline caudicle in two vandoid orchids. Canad J Bot 65:1459–1464. https://doi.org/10.1139/b87-201
Zhang XS, O’Neill SD (1993) Ovary and gametophyte development are coordinately regulated by auxin and ethylene following pollination. Pl Cell 5:403–418. https://doi.org/10.1105/tpc.5.4.403