Greater white and grey matter changes associated with early cannabis use in adolescent-onset schizophrenia (AOS)

Andreasen, 1977, The family history method using diagnostic criteria. Reliability and validity, Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 34, 1229, 10.1001/archpsyc.1977.01770220111013 Andreasen, 1999, Defining the phenotype of schizophrenia: cognitive dysmetria and its neural mechanisms, Biol. Psychiatry, 46, 908, 10.1016/S0006-3223(99)00152-3 Andreasson, 1987, Cannabis and schizophrenia. A longitudinal study of Swedish conscripts, Lancet, 2, 1483, 10.1016/S0140-6736(87)92620-1 American Psychiatric Association - APA (1994). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Washington, DC. Arevalo-Martin, 2007, Cannabinoids modulate Olig2 and polysialylated neural cell adhesion molecule expression in the subventricular zone of post-natal rats through cannabinoid receptor 1 and cannabinoid receptor 2, Eur. J. Neurosci., 26, 1548, 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2007.05782.x Arnone, 2008, Corpus callosum damage in heavy marijuana use: preliminary evidence from diffusion tensor tractography and tract-based spatial statistics, Neuroimage, 41, 1067, 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.02.064 Arseneault, 2002, Cannabis use in adolescence and risk for adult psychosis: longitudinal prospective study, BMJ, 325, 1212, 10.1136/bmj.325.7374.1212 Basavarajappa, 2009, Endocannabinoid system: emerging role from neurodevelopment to neurodegeneration, Mini Rev. Med. Chem., 9, 448, 10.2174/138955709787847921 Bhattacharyya, 2009, Modulation of mediotemporal and ventrostriatal function in humans by Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol: a neural basis for the effects of Cannabis sativa on learning and psychosis, Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 66, 442, 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2009.17 Bossong, 2010, Adolescent brain maturation, the endogenous cannabinoid system and the neurobiology of cannabis-induced schizophrenia, Prog. Neurobiol., 92, 370, 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2010.06.010 Bossong, 2009, Delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol induces dopamine release in the human striatum, Neuropsychopharmacology, 34, 759, 10.1038/npp.2008.138 Coulston, 2007, The neuropsychological correlates of cannabis use in schizophrenia: lifetime abuse/dependence, frequency of use, and recency of use, Schizophr. Res., 96, 169, 10.1016/j.schres.2007.08.006 Dekker, 2011, Cannabis use and callosal white matter structure and integrity in recent-onset schizophrenia, Psychiatry Res., 181, 51, 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2009.06.003 DeLisi, 2008, The effect of cannabis on the brain: can it cause brain anomalies that lead to increased risk for schizophrenia?, Curr. Opin. Psychiatry, 21, 140, 10.1097/YCO.0b013e3282f51266 Douaud, 2007, Anatomically related grey and white matter abnormalities in adolescent-onset schizophrenia, Brain, 130, 2375, 10.1093/brain/awm184 Douaud, 2009, Schizophrenia delays and alters maturation of the brain in adolescence, Brain, 132, 2437, 10.1093/brain/awp126 Fergusson, 2003, Cannabis dependence and psychotic symptoms in young people, Psychol. Med., 33, 15, 10.1017/S0033291702006402 Fernandez-Espejo, 2009, Role of cannabis and endocannabinoids in the genesis of schizophrenia, Psychopharmacology (Berl.), 206, 531, 10.1007/s00213-009-1612-6 Fride, 2008, Multiple roles for the endocannabinoid system during the earliest stages of life: pre- and postnatal development, J. Neuroendocrinol., 20, 75, 10.1111/j.1365-2826.2008.01670.x Genovese, 2002, Thresholding of statistical maps in functional neuroimaging using the false discovery rate, Neuroimage, 15, 870, 10.1006/nimg.2001.1037 Giedd, 2008, The teen brain: insights from neuroimaging, J. Adolesc. Health, 42, 335, 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2008.01.007 Gogtay, 2008, Cortical brain development in schizophrenia: insights from neuroimaging studies in childhood-onset schizophrenia, Schizophr. Bull., 34, 30, 10.1093/schbul/sbm103 Gomez, 2007, The activation of cannabinoid receptors during early postnatal development reduces the expression of cell adhesion molecule L1 in the rat brain, Brain Res., 1145, 48, 10.1016/j.brainres.2007.01.102 Goncalves, 2008, A diacylglycerol lipase-CB2 cannabinoid pathway regulates adult subventricular zone neurogenesis in an age-dependent manner, Mol. Cell. Neurosci., 38, 526, 10.1016/j.mcn.2008.05.001 Good, 2001, A voxel-based morphometric study of ageing in 465 normal adult human brains, Neuroimage, 14, 21, 10.1006/nimg.2001.0786 Grant, 2003, Non-acute (residual) neurocognitive effects of cannabis use: a meta-analytic study, J. Int. Neuropsychol. Soc., 9, 679, 10.1017/S1355617703950016 Gruber, 2005, Neuroimaging of marijuana smokers during inhibitory processing: a pilot investigation, Brain Res. Cogn. Brain Res., 23, 107, 10.1016/j.cogbrainres.2005.02.016 Henquet, 2005, Prospective cohort study of cannabis use, predisposition for psychosis, and psychotic symptoms in young people, BMJ, 330, 11, 10.1136/bmj.38267.664086.63 Henquet, 2005, The environment and schizophrenia: the role of cannabis use, Schizophr. Bull., 31, 608, 10.1093/schbul/sbi027 Hollis, 2008, Different psychological effects of cannabis use in adolescents at genetic high risk for schizophrenia and with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), Schizophr. Res., 105, 216, 10.1016/j.schres.2008.07.010 Jacobus, 2009, White matter integrity in adolescents with histories of marijuana use and binge drinking, Neurotoxicol. Teratol., 31, 349, 10.1016/j.ntt.2009.07.006 Jager, 2007, Effects of frequent cannabis use on hippocampal activity during an associative memory task, Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol., 17, 289, 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2006.10.003 James, 2004, Cerebellar, prefrontal cortex, and thalamic volumes over two time points in adolescent-onset schizophrenia, Am. J. Psychiatry, 161, 1023, 10.1176/appi.ajp.161.6.1023 Jockers-Scherubl, 2007, Cannabis induces different cognitive changes in schizophrenic patients and in healthy controls, Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry, 31, 1054, 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2007.03.006 Kaufman, 1997, Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children-Present and Lifetime Version (K-SADS-PL): initial reliability and validity data, J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry, 36, 980, 10.1097/00004583-199707000-00021 Kay, 1989, The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS): rationale and standardisation, Br. J. Psychiatry Suppl., 59, 10.1192/S0007125000291514 Konings, 2008, Early exposure to cannabis and risk for psychosis in young adolescents in Trinidad, Acta Psychiatr. Scand., 118, 209, 10.1111/j.1600-0447.2008.01202.x Kuepper, 2010, Does dopamine mediate the psychosis-inducing effects of cannabis? A review and integration of findings across disciplines, Schizophr. Res., 121, 107, 10.1016/j.schres.2010.05.031 Kumra, 2005, Correlates of substance abuse in adolescents with treatment-refractory schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder, Schizophr. Res., 73, 369, 10.1016/j.schres.2004.08.006 Leweke, 1999, Elevated endogenous cannabinoids in schizophrenia, NeuroReport, 10, 1665, 10.1097/00001756-199906030-00008 Macleod, 2007, Cannabis use and symptom experience amongst people with mental illness: a commentary on Degenhardt et al, Psychol. Med., 37, 913, 10.1017/S0033291707000359 Malone, 2010, Adolescent cannabis use and psychosis: epidemiology and neurodevelopmental models, Br. J. Pharmacol., 160, 511, 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.00721.x Matochik, 2005, Altered brain tissue composition in heavy marijuana users, Drug Alcohol Depend., 77, 23, 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2004.06.011 Mauri, 2006, Substance abuse in first-episode schizophrenic patients: a retrospective study, Clin. Pract. Epidemiol. Ment. Health, 2, 4, 10.1186/1745-0179-2-4 Moore, 2007, Cannabis use and risk of psychotic or affective mental health outcomes: a systematic review, Lancet, 370, 319, 10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61162-3 Murray, 2008, Schizophrenia: from developmental deviance to dopamine dysregulation, Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol., 18, S129, 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2008.04.002 Nichols, 2002, Nonparametric permutation tests for functional neuroimaging: a primer with examples, Hum. Brain Mapp., 15, 1, 10.1002/hbm.1058 Oldfield, 1971, The assessment and analysis of handedness: the Edinburgh inventory, Neuropsychologia, 9, 97, 10.1016/0028-3932(71)90067-4 Patenaude, B., 2007, Bayesian Statistical Models of Shape and Appearance for Subcortical Brain Segmentation, Department of Neurology D.Phil. Thesis. University of Oxford. Peters, 2009, Recent-onset schizophrenia and adolescent cannabis use: MRI evidence for structural hyperconnectivity?, Psychopharmacol. Bull., 42, 75 Peters, 2010, Diffusion tensor imaging in the early phase of schizophrenia: what have we learned?, J. Psychiatr. Res., 44, 993, 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2010.05.003 Pistis, 2004, Adolescent exposure to cannabinoids induces long-lasting changes in the response to drugs of abuse of rat midbrain dopamine neurons, Biol. Psychiatry, 56, 86, 10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.05.006 Pope, 2003, Early-onset cannabis use and cognitive deficits: what is the nature of the association?, Drug Alcohol Depend., 69, 303, 10.1016/S0376-8716(02)00334-4 Rais, 2008, Excessive brain volume loss over time in cannabis-using first-episode schizophrenia patients, Am. J. Psychiatry, 165, 490, 10.1176/appi.ajp.2007.07071110 Rodriguez de Fonseca, 1993, Presence of cannabinoid binding sites in the brain from early postnatal ages, NeuroReport, 4, 135, 10.1097/00001756-199302000-00005 Rodriguez-Sanchez, 2010, Cannabis use and cognitive functioning in first-episode schizophrenia patients, Schizophr. Res. Schneider, 2008, Puberty as a highly vulnerable developmental period for the consequences of cannabis exposure, Addict. Biol., 13, 253, 10.1111/j.1369-1600.2008.00110.x Semple, 2005, Cannabis as a risk factor for psychosis: systematic review, J. Psychopharmacol., 19, 187, 10.1177/0269881105049040 Smith, 2009, Threshold-free cluster enhancement: addressing problems of smoothing, threshold dependence and localisation in cluster inference, Neuroimage, 44, 83, 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.03.061 Smith, 2004, Advances in functional and structural MR image analysis and implementation as FSL, Neuroimage, 23, S208, 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.07.051 Smith, 2006, Tract-based spatial statistics: voxelwise analysis of multi-subject diffusion data, Neuroimage, 31, 1487, 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.02.024 Sporn, 2003, Progressive brain volume loss during adolescence in childhood-onset schizophrenia, Am. J. Psychiatry, 160, 2181, 10.1176/appi.ajp.160.12.2181 Stefanis, 2004, Early adolescent cannabis exposure and positive and negative dimensions of psychosis, Addiction, 99, 1333, 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2004.00806.x Szeszko, 2007, Anterior cingulate grey-matter deficits and cannabis use in first-episode schizophrenia, Br. J. Psychiatry, 190, 230, 10.1192/bjp.bp.106.024521 Tamnes, 2010, Intellectual abilities and white matter microstructure in development: A diffusion tensor imaging study, Hum. Brain Mapp., 10.1002/hbm.20962 Thompson, 2005, Structural MRI and brain development, Int. Rev. Neurobiol., 67, 285, 10.1016/S0074-7742(05)67009-2 Tzavara, 2006, Endocannabinoids activate transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 receptors to reduce hyperdopaminergia-related hyperactivity: therapeutic implications, Biol. Psychiatry, 59, 508, 10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.08.019 Tzilos, 2005, Lack of hippocampal volume change in long-term heavy cannabis users, Am. J. Addict., 14, 64, 10.1080/10550490590899862 van Os, 2002, Cannabis use and psychosis: a longitudinal population-based study, Am. J. Epidemiol., 156, 319, 10.1093/aje/kwf043 van Os, 2008, Gene–environment interactions in schizophrenia: review of epidemiological findings and future directions, Schizophr. Bull., 34, 1066, 10.1093/schbul/sbn117 Veen, 2004, Cannabis use and age at onset of schizophrenia, Am. J. Psychiatry, 161, 501, 10.1176/appi.ajp.161.3.501 Veling, 2008, Cannabis use and genetic predisposition for schizophrenia: a case-control study, Psychol. Med., 38, 1251, 10.1017/S0033291708003474 Wechsler, 1999 Wenger, 2002, The hypothalamic levels of the endocannabinoid, anandamide, peak immediately before the onset of puberty in female rats, Life Sci., 70, 1407, 10.1016/S0024-3205(01)01516-8 Whalley, 2004, fMRI correlates of state and trait effects in subjects at genetically enhanced risk of schizophrenia, Brain, 127, 478, 10.1093/brain/awh070 White, 2006, Neuropsychological performance in first-episode adolescents with schizophrenia: a comparison with first-episode adults and adolescent control subjects, Biol. Psychiatry, 60, 463, 10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.01.002 Yucel, 2008, Regional brain abnormalities associated with long-term heavy cannabis use, Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 65, 694, 10.1001/archpsyc.65.6.694 Yucel, 2010, The Impact of Cannabis Use on Cognitive Functioning in Patients With Schizophrenia: A Meta-analysis of Existing Findings and New Data in a First-Episode Sample, Schizophr Bull. Yucel, 2010, White-matter abnormalities in adolescents with long-term inhalant and cannabis use: a diffusion magnetic resonance imaging study, J. Psychiatry Neurosci., 35, 409, 10.1503/jpn.090177 Zammit, 2004, A longitudinal study of premorbid IQ Score and risk of developing schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, severe depression, and other nonaffective psychoses, Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 61, 354, 10.1001/archpsyc.61.4.354