The epidemiology of antibiotic resistance in Campylobacter

Carattoli, 2001, Importance of integrons in diffusion of resistance, Vet. Res., 32, 243, 10.1051/vetres:2001122 Altekruse, 1999, Campylobacter jejuni – an emerging foodborne pathogen, Emerg. Infect. Dis., 5, 28, 10.3201/eid0501.990104 Engberg, 2001, Quinolone and macrolide resistance in Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli: resistance mechanisms and trends in human isolates, Emerg. Infect. Dis., 7, 24, 10.3201/eid0701.010104 Lucey, 2002, Trends in antimicrobial susceptibility among isolates of Campylobacter species in Ireland and the emergence of resistance to ciprofloxacin, Vet. Rec., 151, 317, 10.1136/vr.151.11.317 Moore, 2005, Campylobacter, Vet. Res., 36, 351, 10.1051/vetres:2005012 Aerestrup, 2001, Antimicrobial resistance of thermophilic Campylobacter, Vet. Res., 32, 311, 10.1051/vetres:2001127 Smith, 1999, Quinolone-resistant Campylobacter jejuni infections in Minnesota, 1992–1998, N. Engl. J. Med., 340, 1525, 10.1056/NEJM199905203402001 Gupta, 2004, Antimicrobial resistance among Campylobacter strains, United States, 1997–2001, Emerg. Infect. Dis., 10, 1102, 10.3201/eid1006.030635 Nelson, 2004, Prolonged diarrhoea due to ciprofloxacin-resistant Campylobacter infection, J. Infect. Dis., 190, 1150, 10.1086/423282 Cox, 2005, Ciprofloxacin resistance does not affect duration of domestically acquired campylobacteriosis, J. Infect. Dis., 191, 1565, 10.1086/428506 Engberg, 2004, Quinolone-resistant Campylobacter infections: risk factors and clinical consequences, Emerg. Infect. Dis., 10, 1056, 10.3201/eid1006.030669 Helms, 2005, Adverse health events associated with antimicrobial drug resistance in Campylobacter species: a registry-based cohort study, J. Infect. Dis., 191, 1050, 10.1086/428453 Gaudreau, 1997, Comparison of disc diffusion and agar dilution methods for antibiotic susceptibility testing of Campylobacter jejuni subsp. jejuni and Campylobacter coli, J. Antimicrob. Chemother., 39, 707, 10.1093/jac/39.6.707 Engberg, 1999, Comparison of two agar dilution methods and three agar dilution methods including the E test for antibiotic susceptibility testing of thermophilic Campylobacter spp, Clin. Microbiol. Infect., 5, 580, 10.1111/j.1469-0691.1999.tb00440.x Ge, 2002, Comparison of E-test and agar dilution for in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility testing of Campylobacter, J. Antimicrob. Chemother., 50, 487, 10.1093/jac/dkf162 Luber, 2003, Comparison of broth microdilution, Etest, and agar dilution methods for antibiotic susceptibility testing of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli, J. Clin. Microbiol., 41, 1062, 10.1128/JCM.41.3.1062-1068.2003 Oncul, 2003, Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of Campylobacter jejuni: a comparison between Etest and agar dilution method, Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis., 45, 69, 10.1016/S0732-8893(02)00496-0 Frediani-Wolf, 2003, Resistance patterns of Campylobacter spp. strains isolated from poultry carcasses in a big Swiss poultry slaughterhouse, Int. J. Food Microbiol., 89, 233, 10.1016/S0168-1605(03)00152-1 Zirnstein, 1999, Ciprofloxacin resistance in Campylobacter jejuni isolates: detection of gyrA resistance mutations by mismatch amplification mutation assay PCR and DNA sequence analysis, J. Clin. Microbiol., 37, 3276, 10.1128/JCM.37.10.3276-3280.1999 Dionisi, 2004, Identification of ciprofloxacin-resistant Campylobacter jejuni and analysis of the gyrA gene by the lightcycler mutation assay, Mol. Cell. Probes, 18, 255, 10.1016/j.mcp.2004.02.001 Niwa, 2003, Simultaneous detection of mutations associated with resistance to macrolides and quinolones in Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli using a PCR-line probe assay, Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents, 22, 374, 10.1016/S0924-8579(03)00178-X Cockerill, 1999, Genetic methods for assessing antimicrobial resistance, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 43, 199, 10.1128/AAC.43.2.199 Nachamkin, 2000, Diagnosis and antimicrobial susceptibility of Campylobacter species, 45 2004 Dowling, 1998, Antimicrobial susceptibility of Campylobacter and Yersinia enterocolitica isolates, N. Z. Med. J., 111, 28 Goodchild, 2001, Antimicrobial susceptibility of Campylobacter species, N. Z. Med. J., 114, 560 Harrow, 2004, Characterization of erythromycin resistance in Campylobacter coli and Campylobacter jejuni isolated from pig offal, J. Appl. Microbiol., 97, 141, 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2004.02278.x Miller, 2005, Australia's notifiable disease status, 2003. Annual Report of the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System, Commun. Dis. Intell., 29, 1 Korolik, 1996, Variation in antimicrobial resistance in Campylobacter spp isolated in Australia from humans and animals in the last five years, 393 Huysman, 1997, Disc susceptibility testing for thermophilic campylobacters, Pathology, 29, 209, 10.1080/00313029700169884 Sharma, 2003, Antibiotic resistance in Campylobacter jejuni isolated from humans in the Hunter Region, New South Wales, Commun. Dis. Intell., 27, S80 Unicombe, 2003, Fluoroquinolone resistance in Campylobacter absent from Australia, Emerg. Infect. Dis., 9, 1482, 10.3201/eid0911.030336 Binotto, 2000, Ciprofloxacin-resistant Campylobacter jejuni infections, Med. J. Aust., 172, 244, 10.5694/j.1326-5377.2000.tb123929.x M.D. Barton, J. Wilkins, Antibiotic resistance in bacteria isolated from poultry. Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation Publication No 1/105 Report of RIRDC Project No USA-9A, 2001. Hart, 2004, Antimicrobial resistance in Campylobacter spp, Escherichia coli and enterococci associated with pigs in Australia, J. Vet. Med., 51, 216, 10.1111/j.1439-0450.2004.00760.x Moalla, 1994, Etiology of acute diarrhea in children, Tunis. Med., 72, 25 Sixl, 1987, Investigations in the problem of diarrhoea in the Melut district, South Sudan (1981–1982), J. Hyg. Epidemiol. Microbiol. Immunol., 31, 486 Uysal, 1997, Campylobacter gastroenteritis in Turkish children, Infection, 25, 159, 10.1007/BF02113604 Putnam, 2003, Antimicrobial susceptibility trends in Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli isolated from a rural Egyptian pediatric population with diarrhea, Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis., 47, 601, 10.1016/S0732-8893(03)00154-8 Wasfy, 2000, Isolation and antibiotic susceptibility of Salmonella, Shigella and Campylobacter from acute enteric infections in Egypt, J. Health Popul. Nutr., 18, 33 Talhouk, 1998, Prevalence, antimicrobial susceptibility and molecular characterization of Campylobacter isolates recovered from humans and poultry in Lebanon, J. Med. Liban., 46, 310 Battikhi, 2002, Epidemiological study on Jordanian patients suffering from diarrhoea, New Microbiol., 25, 405 The Harvard Study Team, 1991, The effect of the Gulf crisis on the children of Iraq, N. Engl. J. Med., 325, 977, 10.1056/NEJM199109263251330 S.M.A. Abdulameer, J.M. Sharif, M.N. Khasru, J.A. Rashid, Isolation and identification of Campylobacter from diarreal cases in children of Sulaimany region and the sensitivity tests of the discovered isolates, in: Proceedings in Journal of Dohuk University (JDU), vol. 2, 1999. Memish, 2003, Travel epidemiology: the Saudi perspective, Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents, 21, 96, 10.1016/S0924-8579(02)00364-3 Zaman, 1992, Campylobacter enteritis in Saudi Arabia, Epidemiol. Infect., 108, 51, 10.1017/S0950268800049499 Banajeh, 2001, Bacterial aetiology and antimicrobial resistance of childhood diarrhoea in Yemen, J. Trop. Pediatr., 47, 301, 10.1093/tropej/47.5.301 Albert, 2005, Ciprofloxacin resistance and its molecular mechanism in Campylobacter spp. Isolated in Kuwait, Microb. Drug Resist., 11, 266, 10.1089/mdr.2005.11.266 Schwartz, 1993, Plasmid profiles and antimicrobial susceptibility of Campylobacter jejuni isolated from Israeli children with diarrhea, Zentralbl. Bakteriol., 279, 368, 10.1016/S0934-8840(11)80369-5 Itoh, 1984, Antimicrobial susceptibility of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli isolated from human and animals in Japan, J. Jpn. Assoc. Infect. Dis., 58, 1206 Sagara, 1987, Antimicrobial resistance of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli with special reference to plasmid profiles of Japanese clinical isolates, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 31, 713, 10.1128/AAC.31.5.713 Iwami, 1987, Campylobacter enteritis in childhood, J UOEH, 9, 61, 10.7888/juoeh.9.61 Tadano, 1996, Evolution of susceptibilities of Campylobacter jejuni isolated from diarrhoeal cases to fluoroquinolones in Tokyo, Kansenshogaku Zasshi., 70, 1227, 10.11150/kansenshogakuzasshi1970.70.1227 Chuma, 2001, Antimicrobial susceptibilities of Campylobacter strains isolated from broilers in the southern part of Japan from 1995 to 1999, J. Vet. Med. Sci., 63, 1027, 10.1292/jvms.63.1027 Ishihara, 2004, Antimicrobial susceptibilities of Campylobacter isolated from food-producing animals on farms (1999–2001): results from the Japanese Veterinary Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring Program, Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents, 24, 261, 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2004.03.017 Niwa, 2004, Antimicrobial resistance of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli isolates in Japan, Vet. Rec., 25, 395, 10.1136/vr.155.13.395 Avrain, 2004, Antimicrobial resistance in Campylobacter isolated from pigs in French slaughterhouses, Revue de Medecine Vétérinaire, 155, 156 Avrain, 2003, Antimicrobial resistance in Campylobacter from broilers: association with production type and antimicrobial use, Vet. Microbiol., 96, 267, 10.1016/j.vetmic.2003.07.001 Desmonts, 2004, Antimicrobial resistance in Campylobacter strains isolated from French broilers before and after antimicrobial growth promoter bans, J. Antimicrob. Chemother., 54, 1025, 10.1093/jac/dkh473 Friedman, 2004, Risk factors for sporadic Campylobacter infection in the United States: a case–control study in FoodNet sites, Clin. Infect. Dis., 15, S285, 10.1086/381598 Stern, 1988, Colonization characteristics of Campylobacter jejuni in chick ceca, Avian Dis., 32, 330, 10.2307/1590822 Stern, 2004, Distribution and characterization of Campylobacter spp. from Russian poultry, J. Food Prot., 67, 239, 10.4315/0362-028X-67.2.239 Stern, 2003, Enumeration of Campylobacter spp. in broiler feces and in corresponding processed carcasses, J. Food Prot., 66, 1557, 10.4315/0362-028X-66.9.1557 Siragusa, 2004, Serological methods and selective agars to enumerate Campylobacter from broiler carcasses: data from inter- and intralaboratory analyses, J. Food Prot., 67, 901, 10.4315/0362-028X-67.5.901 Newell, 2003, Sources of Campylobacter colonization in broiler chickens, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 69, 4343, 10.1128/AEM.69.8.4343-4351.2003 Effler, 2001, Sporadic Campylobacter jejuni infections in Hawaii: associations with prior antibiotic use and commercially prepared chicken, J. Infect. Dis., 183, 1152, 10.1086/319292 Endtz, 1991, Quinolone resistance in Campylobacter isolated from man and poultry following the introduction of fluoroquinolones in veterinary medicine, J. Antimicrob. Chemother., 27, 199, 10.1093/jac/27.2.199 Nachamkin, 2002, Increasing fluoroquinolone resistance in Campylobacter jejuni, Pennsylvania, USA, 1982–2001, Emerg. Infect. Dis., 8, 1501, 10.3201/eid0812.020115 McDermott, 2002, Ciprofloxacin resistance in Campylobacter jejuni evolves rapidly in chickens treated with fluoroquinolones, J. Infect. Dis., 185, 837, 10.1086/339195 Bren, 2001, Antibiotic resistance from down on the chicken farm, FDA Consum., 35, 10 Federal Register, 2001, Animal drugs, feeds and related products; sarafloxacin for poultry; withdrawal of approval of NADAs, Fed. Regist., 66, 21282 Kelley, 1998, Antibiotic resistance of bacterial litter isolates, Poult. Sci., 77, 243, 10.1093/ps/77.2.243 Ge, 2003, Antimicrobial-resistant Campylobacter species from retail raw meats, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 69, 3005, 10.1128/AEM.69.5.3005-3007.2003 Lee, 2005, Strain persistence and fluctuation of multiple-antibiotic resistant Campylobacter coli colonizing turkeys over successive production cycles, Foodborne Pathog. Dis., 2, 103, 10.1089/fpd.2005.2.103 Sato, 2004, Comparison of prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibilities of Campylobacter spp. isolates from organic and conventional dairy herds in Wisconsin, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 70, 1442, 10.1128/AEM.70.3.1442-1447.2004 Cui, 2005, Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Campylobacter spp. and Salmonella serovars in organic chickens from Maryland retail stores, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 71, 4108, 10.1128/AEM.71.7.4108-4111.2005 Price, 2005, Fluoroquinolone-resistant Campylobacter isolates from conventional and antibiotic-free chicken products, Environ. Health Perspect., 113, 557, 10.1289/ehp.7647 Wang, 1993, Cloning and nucleotide sequence of the Campylobacter jejuni gyrA gene and characterization of quinolone resistance mutations, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 37, 457, 10.1128/AAC.37.3.457 Lee, 2002, Class 1 integron-associated tobramycin–gentamicin resistance in Campylobacter jejuni isolated from the broiler chicken house environment, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 46, 3660, 10.1128/AAC.46.11.3660-3664.2002 Zuccato, 2000, Presence of therapeutic drugs in the environment, Lancet, 335, 1789, 10.1016/S0140-6736(00)02270-4 Kummerer, 2004, Resistance in the environment, J. Antimicrob. Chemother., 54, 311, 10.1093/jac/dkh325 Rao, 2003, Biohazards and ecotoxicological considerations of landspreading of spent compost wastes, Commun. Agric. Appl. Biol. Sci., 68, 885 Hutchison, 2004, Effect of length of time before incorporation on survival of pathogenic bacteria present in livestock wastes applied to agricultural soil, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 70, 5111, 10.1128/AEM.70.9.5111-5118.2004 Watabe, 2004, Identification of novel eubacteria from spent mushroom compost (smc) by rDNA sequence typing: ecological considerations of disposal on agricultural land, Int. J. Waste Manag. Sci. Techn., 24, 81 Watabe, 2003, Prevalence of bacterial faecal pathogens in separated and unseparated stored pig slurry, Lett. Appl. Microbiol., 36, 208, 10.1046/j.1472-765X.2003.01293.x Moore, 2004, Fluoroquinolone resistance in environmental urease-positive campylobacters: why we don't see it, J. Antimicrob. Chemother., 53, 891, 10.1093/jac/dkh188 Moore, 2001, Antibiotic resistance in Campylobacter spp. isolated from human faeces (1980–2000) and foods (1997–2000) in Northern Ireland: an update, J. Antimicrob. Chemother., 48, 455, 10.1093/jac/48.3.455 Rao, 2004, Increased erythromycin resistance in clinical Campylobacter in Northern Ireland – an update, J Antimicrob. Chemother., 55, 395, 10.1093/jac/dkh552 Baserisalehi, 2004, A novel method for isolation of Campylobacter spp. from environmental samples, involving sample processing, and blood- and antibiotic-free medium, J. Appl. Microbiol., 97, 853, 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2004.02375.x Baserisalehi, 2005, Antimicrobial susceptibility of thermophilic Campylobacter spp. isolated from environmental samples, Indian J. Med. Microbiol., 23, 48, 10.1016/S0255-0857(21)02713-4 Waldenstrom, 2005, Antimicrobial resistance profiles of Campylobacter jejuni isolates from wild birds in Sweden, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 71, 2438, 10.1128/AEM.71.5.2438-2441.2005 Griggs, 2005, Incidence and mechanism of ciprofloxacin resistance in Campylobacter spp. isolated from commercial poultry flocks in the United Kingdom before, during, and after fluoroquinolone treatment, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 49, 699, 10.1128/AAC.49.2.699-707.2005 J.R. Rao, M. Watabe, T.A. Stewart, B.C. Millar, J.E. Moore, . Production of organo-mineral pelleted fertilisers from mixtures of composted pig slurry solids, spent mushroom substrate and other biodegradable wastes, Intern. J. Waste Manag. Sci. Technol., in press. Santamaria, 2003, Enteric pathogens in soil: a short review, Int. Microbiol., 6, 5, 10.1007/s10123-003-0096-1 Hutchison, 2005, Analyses of livestock production, waste storage, and pathogen levels and prevalence in farm manures, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 71, 231, 10.1128/AEM.71.3.1231-1236.2005 Shea, 2004, Nontherapeutic use of antimicrobial agents in animal agriculture: implications for pediatrics, Pediatrics, 114, 862, 10.1542/peds.2004-1233 Sharma, 2003, Emerging water-borne pathogens, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 61, 424, 10.1007/s00253-003-1302-y Percival, 1999, Potable Water and Biofilms: a review of the public health implications, Biofouling, 14, 99, 10.1080/08927019909378402 Altekruse, 1998, Campylobacter jejuni, Vet. Clin. North Am. Food Anim. Pract., 14, 31, 10.1016/S0749-0720(15)30277-2 Ford, 1999, Microbiological safety of drinking water: United States and global perspectives, Environ. Health Perspect., 107, 191 World Health Organisation (WHO), 1996, vol. 2 Westrell, 2003, A theoretical approach to assess microbial risks due to failures in drinking water systems, Int. J. Environ. Health Res., 13, 181, 10.1080/0960312031000098080 Avrain, 2003, Disinfectant susceptibility testing of avian and swine Campylobacter isolates by a filtration method, Vet Microbiol., 96, 35, 10.1016/S0378-1135(03)00180-9 Wang, 1983, Effects of disinfectants on Campylobacter jejuni, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 45, 1202, 10.1128/aem.45.4.1202-1205.1983 King, 1988, Survival of coliforms and bacterial pathogens within protozoa during chlorination, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 54, 3023, 10.1128/aem.54.12.3023-3033.1988 W.J. Snelling, J.P. McKenna, D.M. Lecky, J.S.G. Dooley, Survival of Campylobacter from intensively reared poultry in water-borne protozoa, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71 (2005) 5560–5571. Stern, 2002, Effect of drinking water chlorination on Campylobacter spp. colonization of broilers, Avian Dis., 46, 401, 10.1637/0005-2086(2002)046[0401:EODWCO]2.0.CO;2 Thomas, 1999, Campylobacter epidemiology: an aquatic perspective, J. Appl. Microbiol., 85, 168S, 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1998.tb05296.x Buswell, 1998, Extended survival and persistence of Campylobacter spp. in water and aquatic biofilms and their detection by immunofluorescent-antibody and -rRNA staining, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 64, 733, 10.1128/AEM.64.2.733-741.1998 Codony, 2005, Role of discontinuous chlorination on microbial production by drinking water biofilms, Water Res., 39, 1896, 10.1016/j.watres.2005.02.016