Asymmetric carabid beetle spillover between calcareous grasslands and coniferous forests
Tóm tắt
Central European calcareous grasslands are considered biodiversity hotspots, but are severely threatened by the change in land-use and by habitat fragmentation. Coniferous forests are typical adjacent habitats to calcareous grasslands, as abandoned calcareous grasslands are often afforested or develop into coniferous forests by succession. To investigate spillover between calcareous grasslands and coniferous forests, a total of 144 pitfall traps for carabid beetles were placed at three different distances (1, 5, 20 m) from the edge in both habitats at eight locations from April to late August. We found that both habitats had a distinct species assemblage and a decrease in spillover with increasing distance from the habitat edge into the adjacent habitat. Calcareous grasslands were more affected by spillover from the adjacent coniferous forests than vice versa because more forest specialists penetrated into calcareous grasslands than grassland specialists penetrated into coniferous forests. We conclude that spillover into small and isolated habitats can severely change species assemblages, which has to be considered in conservation measures. The protection of large sites with small edge-interior ratios can reduce negative effects on species assemblages in endangered calcareous grasslands.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Anderson MJ (2001) A new method for non-parametric multivariate analysis of variance. Austral Ecol 26:32–46. doi:10.1111/j.1442-9993.2001.01070
Baker SC, Barmuta LA (2006) Evaluating spatial autocorrelation and depletion in pitfall-trap studies of environmental gradients. J Insect Conserv 10:269–276. doi:10.1007/s10841-006-0016-8
Bedford SE, Usher MB (1994) Distribution of arthropod species across the margins of farm woodlands. Agric Ecosyst Environ 48:295–305. doi:10.1016/0167-8809(94)90111-2
Bieringer G, Zulka KP, Milasowszky N, Sauberer N (2013) Edge effect of a pine plantation reduces dry grassland invertebrate species richness. Biodivers Conserv 22:2269–2283. doi:10.1007/s10531-013-0435-2
Blitzer EJ, Dormann CF, Holzschuh A, Klein AM, Rand TA, Tscharntke T (2012) Spillover of functionally important organisms between managed and natural habitats. Agric Ecosyst Environ 146:34–43. doi:10.1016/j.agee.2011.09.005
Böhmer HJ (1994) Die Halbtrockenrasen der Fränkischen Alb—Strukturen, Prozesse, Erhaltung. Mitt Fränk Geogr Ges 41:323–343
Cremene C et al (2005) Alterations of steppe-like grasslands in Eastern Europe: a threat to regional biodiversity hotspots. Conserv Biol 19:1606–1618. doi:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2005.00084.x
Dengler J, Janisova M, Torok P, Wellstein C (2014) Biodiversity of Palaearctic grasslands: a synthesis. Agric Ecosyst Environ 182:1–14. doi:10.1016/j.agee.2013.12.015
Diacon-Bolli J, Dalang T, Holderegger R, Burgi M (2012) Heterogeneity fosters biodiversity: linking history and ecology of dry calcareous grasslands. Basic Appl Ecol 13:641–653. doi:10.1016/j.baae.2012.10.004
Ellis EC, Goldewijk KK, Siebert S, Lightman D, Ramankutty N (2010) Anthropogenic transformation of the biomes, 1700 to 2000. Glob Ecol Biogeogr 19:589–606. doi:10.1111/j.1466-8238.2010.00540.x
Ewers RM, Didham RK (2008) Pervasive impact of large-scale edge effects on a beetle community. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105:5426–5429. doi:10.1073/pnas.0800460105
Fischer J, Lindenmayer DB (2007) Landscape modification and habitat fragmentation: a synthesis. Glob Ecol Biogeogr 16:265–280. doi:10.1111/j.1466-8238.2007.00287
Fischer C et al (2013) The impact of hedge-forest connectivity and microhabitat conditions on spider and carabid beetle assemblages in agricultural landscapes. J Insect Conserv 17:1027–1038. doi:10.1007/s10841-013-9586-4
Garcia-Tejero S, Taboada A, Tarrega R, Salgado JM (2013) Land use changes and ground dwelling beetle conservation in extensive grazing dehesa systems of north-west Spain. Biol Conserv 161:58–66. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2013.02.017
Gaublomme E, Eggermont H, Hendrickx F (2014) Local extinction processes rather than edge effects affect ground beetle assemblages from fragmented and urbanised old beech forests. Insect Conserv Divers 7:82–90. doi:10.1111/icad.12036
Gesellschaft für Angewandte Carabidologie (2009) Lebensraumpräferenzen der Laufkäfer Deutschlands -Wissensbasierter Katalog. vol V. Angewandte Carabidologie Supplement, p 48
Halme E, Niemelä J (1993) Carabid beetles in fragments of coniferous forest. Ann Zool Fenn 30:17–30
Holzschuh A, Dormann CF, Tscharntke T, Steffan-Dewenter I (2011) Expansion of mass-flowering crops leads to transient pollinator dilution and reduced wild plant pollination. Proc R Soc B Biol Sci 278:3444–3451. doi:10.1098/rspb.2011.0268
Hothorn T, Bretz F, Westfall P (2008) Simultaneous inference in general parametric models. Biom J 50:346–363
Jost L (2006) Entropy and diversity. Oikos 113:363–375. doi:10.1111/j.2006.0030-1299.14714.x
Kaltsas D, Trichas A, Kougioumoutzis K, Chatzaki M (2013) Ground beetles respond to grazing at assemblage level, rather than species-specifically: the case of Cretan shrublands. J Insect Conserv 17:681–697. doi:10.1007/s10841-013-9553-0
Koivula MJ (2011) Useful model organisms, indicators, or both? Ground beetles (Coleoptera, Carabidae) reflecting environmental conditions. ZooKeys. doi:10.3897/zookeys.100.1533
Kotze DJ, Samways MJ (2001) No general edge effects for invertebrates at Afromontane forest/grassland ecotones. Biodivers Conserv 10:443–466. doi:10.1023/a:1016606209906
Kotze DJ et al (2011) Forty years of carabid beetle research in Europe—from taxonomy, biology, ecology and population studies to bioindication, habitat assessment and conservation. ZooKeys. doi:10.3897/zookeys.100.1523
Krauss J et al (2010) Habitat fragmentation causes immediate and time-delayed biodiversity loss at different trophic levels. Ecol Lett 13:597–605. doi:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2010.01457.x
Laurance WF (2008) Theory meets reality: how habitat fragmentation research has transcended island biogeographic theory. Biol Conserv 141:1731–1744. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2008.05.011
Laurance WF, Yensen E (1991) Predicting the impacts of edge effects in fragmented habitats. Biol Conserv 55:77–92. doi:10.1016/0006-3207(91)90006-u
Loreau M (1992) Species abundance patterns and the structure of ground-beetle-communities. Ann Zool Fenn 28:49–56
Magura T (2002) Carabids and forest edge: spatial pattern and edge effect. For Ecol Manage 157:23–37. doi:10.1016/s0378-1127(00)00654-x
Magura T, Tothmeresz B, Molnar T (2001) Forest edge and diversity: carabids along forest-grassland transects. Biodivers Conserv 10:287–300. doi:10.1023/a:1008967230493
Martay B, Hughes F, Doberski J (2012) A comparison of created and ancient fenland using ground beetles as a measure of conservation value. Insect Conserv Divers 5:251–263. doi:10.1111/j.1752-4598.2011.00159.x
Máthé I (2006) Forest edge and carabid diversity in a Carpathian beech forest. Community Ecol 7:91–97. doi:10.1556/ComEc.7.2006.1.9
Müller-Motzfeld G (2006) Band 2: Adephaga 1: Carabidae (Laufkäfer). In: Freude H, Harde KW, Lohse GA, Klausnitzer B (eds) Die Käfer Mitteleuropas. Spektrum-Verlag, Berlin/Heidelberg, p 521
Murcia C (1995) Edge effects in fragmented forests—implications for conservation. Trends Ecol Evol 10:58–62. doi:10.1016/s0169-5347(00)88977-6
Oksanen J et al (2013) Vegan: community ecology package, R package version 2.0–10
Pinheiro J, Bates D, Debroy S, Sarkar D, Team TRDC (2013) nlme: Linear and Nonlinear Mixed Effects Models, R package version 3.1–111
Poschlod P, Wallis De Vries MF (2002) The historical and socioeconomic perspective of calcareous grasslands—lessons from the distant and recent past. Biol Conserv 104:361–376. doi:10.1016/s0006-3207(01)00201-4
Pryke JS, Samways MJ (2012) Ecological networks act as extensions of protected areas for arthropod biodiversity conservation. J Appl Ecol 49:591–600. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2664.2012.02142.x
R Development Core Team (2013) R: a language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna
Rand TA, Louda SA (2006) Spillover of agriculturally subsidized predators as a potential threat to native insect herbivores in fragmented landscapes. Conserv Biol 20:1720–1729. doi:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2006.00507.x
Rand TA, Tylianakis JM, Tscharntke T (2006) Spillover edge effects: the dispersal of agriculturally subsidized insect natural enemies into adjacent natural habitats. Ecol Lett 9:603–614. doi:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2006.00911.x
Ries L, Sisk TD (2004) A predictive model of edge effects. Ecology 85:2917–2926. doi:10.1890/03-8021
Roume A, Deconchat M, Raison L, Balent G, Ouin A (2011) Edge effects on ground beetles at the woodlot-field interface are short-range and asymmetrical. Agric For Entomol 13:395–403. doi:10.1111/j.1461-9563.2011.00534.x
Saunders DA, Hobbs RJ, Margules CR (1991) Biological consequences of ecosystem fragmentation—a review. Conserv Biol 5:18–32. doi:10.1111/j.1523-1739.1991.tb00384.x
Schmidt MH, Clough Y, Schulz W, Westphalen A, Tscharntke T (2006) Capture efficiency and preservation attributes of different fluids in pitfall traps. J Arachnol 34:159–162. doi:10.1636/t04-95.1
Schneider G, Krauss J, Steffan-Dewenter I (2013) Predation rates on semi-natural grasslands depend on adjacent habitat type. Basic Appl Ecol 14:614–621. doi:10.1016/j.baae.2013.08.008
Schrautzer J, Jansen D, Breuer M, Nelle O (2009) Succession and management of calcareous dry grasslands in the Northern Franconian Jura. Tuexenia 29:339–351
Spence JR, Langor DW, Niemelä J, Carcamo HA, Currie CR (1996) Northern forestry and carabids: the case for concern about old-growth species. Ann Zool Fenn 33:173–184
Wallis De Vries MF, Poschlod P, Willems JH (2002) Challenges for the conservation of calcareous grasslands in northwestern Europe: integrating the requirements of flora and fauna. Biol Conserv 104:265–273. doi:10.1016/s0006-3207(01)00191-4