A unique Mo deposit associated with carbonatites in the Qinling orogenic belt, central China

Audétat, 2008, The composition of magmatic–hydrothermal fluids in barren and mineralized intrusions, Economic Geology, 103, 877, 10.2113/gsecongeo.103.5.877 Berzina, 2008, Porphyry Cu–Mo mineralization and mantle plumes, Doklady Earth Sciences, 423, 1240, 10.1134/S1028334X08080126 Berzina, 2005, Distribution of rhenium in molybdenite from porphyry Cu–Mo and Mo–Cu deposits of Russia (Siberia) and Mongolia, Ore Geology Reviews, 26, 91, 10.1016/j.oregeorev.2004.12.002 Bühn, 1999, Composition of natural, volatile-rich Na–Ca–REE–Sr carbonatitic fluids trapped in fluid inclusions, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 63, 3781, 10.1016/S0016-7037(99)00180-5 Burnham, 1997, Magmas and hydrothermal fluids, 63 Carten, 1993, High-grade granite-related molybdenum systems: classification and origin, 40, 521 Chakhmouradian, 2006, High-field-strength elements in carbonatitic rocks: geochemistry, crystal chemistry and significance for constraining the sources of carbonatites, Chemical Geology, 235, 138, 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2006.06.008 Chakhmouradian, 1998, Lueshite, pyrochlore and monazite-(Ce) from apatite–dolomite carbonatite, Lesnaya Varaka complex, Kola Peninsula, Russia, Mineralogical Magazine, 62, 769, 10.1180/002646198548151 Chakhmouradian, 1999, Niobian ilmenite, hydroxylapatite and sulfatian monazite: alternative hosts for incompatible elements in calcite kimberlite at Internatsional'naya, Yakutia, The Canadian Mineralogist, 37, 1177 Chakhmouradian, 2008, Postorogenic carbonatites at Eden Lake, Trans-Hudson Orogen (northern Manitoba, Canada): geological setting, mineralogy and geochemistry, Lithos, 103, 503, 10.1016/j.lithos.2007.11.004 Chen, 2000, Sr and O isotopic characteristics of porphyries in the Qinling molybdenum deposit belt and their implication to genetic mechanism and type, Science in China (Series D), 43, 82, 10.1007/BF02911935 Costanzo, 2006, Fluid inclusions in apatite from Jacupiranga calcite carbonatites: evidence for a fluid-stratified carbonatite magma chamber, Lithos, 91, 208, 10.1016/j.lithos.2006.03.047 Demény, 1998, Crustal contamination and fluid/rock interaction in the carbonatites of Fuerteventura Canary Islands, Spain: a C, O, H isotope study, Lithos, 44, 101, 10.1016/S0024-4937(98)00050-4 Demény, 2004, Stable C and O isotope compositions of carbonatite complexes of the Kola Alkaline Province: phoscorite–carbonatite relationships and source compositions, 407 Doroshkevich, 2008, The Arshan REE carbonatites, southwestern Transbaikalia, Russia: mineralogy, paragenesis and evolution, The Canadian Mineralogist, 46, 807, 10.3749/canmin.46.4.807 Eby, 1975, Abundance and distribution of the rare-earth elements and yttrium in the rocks and minerals of the Oka carbonatite complex, Quebec, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 39, 597, 10.1016/0016-7037(75)90005-8 Gao, 1996, Geochemical evidence for Proterozoic tectonic evolution of the Qinling Orogenic Belt and its adjacent margins of North China and Yangtze Cratons, Precambrian Research, 80, 23, 10.1016/0301-9268(95)00100-X Gao, 1998, Chemical composition of the continental crust as revealed by studies in East China, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 62, 1959, 10.1016/S0016-7037(98)00121-5 Geological Team no. 13 of the Shanxi Geological Bureau, 1989 Hacker, 2004, Subduction, collision and exhumation in the ultrahigh-pressure Qinling–Dabie orogen, Geological Society (London) Special Publications, 226, 157, 10.1144/GSL.SP.2004.226.01.09 Hornig-Kjarsgaard, 1998, Rare earth elements in sovitic carbonatites and their mineral phases, Journal of Petrology, 39, 2105, 10.1093/petrology/39.11.2105 Hu, 1988 Huang, 1995, Re–Os isotope ages of molybdenum deposits in East Qinling and their significance, Chinese Journal of Geochemistry, 14, 313, 10.1007/BF02872630 Keller, 1995, Stable isotope characteristics of recent natrocarbonatites from Oldoinyo Lengai, 113 Klemm, 2008, Fluid and source magma evolution of the Questa porphyry Mo deposit, New Mexico, USA, Mineralium Deposita, 43, 533, 10.1007/s00126-008-0181-7 Kretz, 1983, Symbols for rock-forming minerals, American Mineralogist, 68, 277 Kröner, 1988, Age and tectonic setting of Late Archean greenstone-gneiss terrain in Henan Province, China, as revealed by single-grain zircon dating, Geology, 16, 211, 10.1130/0091-7613(1988)016<0211:AATSOL>2.3.CO;2 Landtwing, 2005, Copper deposition during quartz dissolution by cooling magmatic–hydrothermal fluids: the Bingham porphyry, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 235, 229, 10.1016/j.epsl.2005.02.046 Le Bas, 2004, The carbonatite–marble dykes of Abyan Province, Yemen Republic: the mixing of mantle and crustal carbonate materials revealed by isotope and trace element analysis, Mineralogy and Petrology, 82, 105, 10.1007/s00710-004-0056-2 Lehmann, 1987, Molybdenum distribution in Precambrian rocks of the Colorado Mineral Belt, Mineralium Deposita, 22, 47, 10.1007/BF00204243 Lehmann, 1988, Reply on the comment by Holly J. Stein and Judith L. Hannah on: Molybdenum distribution in Precambrian rocks of the Colorado Mineral Belt, Mineralium Deposita, 23, 224 Li, 2007, Molybdenum deposits in East Qinling, Earth Science Frontiers, 14, 186 Liang, 2000, Determination of trace elements in granites by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, Talanta, 51, 507, 10.1016/S0039-9140(99)00318-5 Mao, 1999, Re–Os isotopic dating of molybdenites in the Xiaoliugou W–(Mo) deposit in the northern Qulian Mountains and its geological significance, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 63, 1815, 10.1016/S0016-7037(99)00165-9 Mao, 2008, Tectonic implications from Re–Os dating of Mesozoic molybdenum deposits in the East Qinling–Dabie orogenic belt, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 72, 4607, 10.1016/j.gca.2008.06.027 McDonough, 1995, The composition of the Earth, Chemical Geology, 120, 223, 10.1016/0009-2541(94)00140-4 Meng, 2000, Geologic framework and tectonic evolution of the Qinling orogen, central China, Tectonophysics, 323, 183, 10.1016/S0040-1951(00)00106-2 Misra, 1999 Nelson, 1988, Geochemical and isotopic systematic in carbonatites and implications for the evolution of ocean–island sources, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 52, 1, 10.1016/0016-7037(88)90051-8 Pouchou, 1984, A new model for quantitative analysis. I. Application to the analysis of homogeneous samples, La Récherche Aérospatiale, 3, 13 Ratschbacher, 2003, Tectonic of the Qinling (Central China): tectonostratigraphy, geochronology, and deformation history, Tectonophysics, 366, 1, 10.1016/S0040-1951(03)00053-2 Reguir, E.P., 2001. Aspects of the Mineralogy of the Murun Alkaline Complex, Yakutia, Russia. Unpublished MSc Thesis, Lakehead University, Canada, 193pp. Reguir, 2000, The mineralogy of carbonatites and related potassic syenites from the Rocky Boy stock, Bearpaw Mountains, north-central Montana Rusk, 2002, Scanning electron microscope-cathodoluminescence of quartz reveals complex growth histories in veins from the Butte porphyry copper deposit, Montana, Geology, 30, 727, 10.1130/0091-7613(2002)030<0727:SEMCAO>2.0.CO;2 Rusk, 2004, Compositions of magmatic hydrothermal fluids determined by LA–ICP–MS of fluid inclusions from the porphyry copper–molybdenum deposit at Butte, Montana, Chemical Geology, 210, 173, 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2004.06.011 Rusk, 2008, Fluid inclusion evidence for agmatic–hydrothermal fluid evolution in the porphyry copper–molybdenite deposit at Butte, Montana, Economic Geology, 103, 307, 10.2113/gsecongeo.103.2.307 Seedorff, 2004, Henderson porphyry molybdenum system, Colorado: II. Decoupling of introduction and deposition of metals during geochemical evolution of hydrothermal fluids, Economic Geology, 99, 37, 10.2113/99.1.39 Seedorff, 2004, Henderson porphyry molybdenum system, Colorado: I. Sequence and abundance of hydrothermal mineral assemblages, flow paths of evolving fluids, and evolutionary style, Economic Geology, 99, 3, 10.2113/99.1.3 Seedorff, 2005, 251 Seedorff, 2008, Root zones of porphyry systems: extending the porphyry model to depth, Economic Geology, 103, 939, 10.2113/gsecongeo.103.5.939 Simon, 2006, Copper partitioning in a melt–vapor–brine–magnetite–pyrrhotite assemblage, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 70, 5583, 10.1016/j.gca.2006.08.045 Smith, 2000, Fractionation of the REE during hydrothermal processes: constraints from the Bayan Obo Fe–REE–Nb deposit, Inner Mongolia, China, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 64, 3141, 10.1016/S0016-7037(00)00416-6 Stein, 1988, Comment on the paper by Bernd Lehmann: molybdenum distribution in Precambrian rocks of the Colorado Mineral Belt, Mineralium Deposita, 23, 222, 10.1007/BF00204305 Stein, 1997, Highly precise and accurate Re–Os ages for molybdenite from the East Qinling–Dabie molybdenum belt, Shanxi province, China., Economic Geology, 92, 827, 10.2113/gsecongeo.92.7-8.827 Stein, 2001, The remarkable Re–Os chronometer in molybdenite: how and why it works, Terra Nova, 13, 479, 10.1046/j.1365-3121.2001.00395.x Sun, 1991, Precambrian geochronology, chronotectonic framework and model of chronocrustal structure of the Zhongtiao Mountains, Acta Geology Sinica, 3, 216 Sun, 2003, Evidence for rhenium enrichment in the mantle wedge from submarine arc-like volcanic glasses (Papua New Guinea), Geology, 31, 845, 10.1130/G19832.1 Tucker, 1990 Ulrich, 2008, An experimental study of the solubility of molybdenum in H2O and KCl–H2O solutions from 500°C to 800°C, and 150 to 300MPa, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 72, 2316, 10.1016/j.gca.2008.02.014 Veizer, 1992, Geochemistry of Precambrian carbonates: V. Late Paleoproterozoic seawater, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 56, 2487, 10.1016/0016-7037(92)90204-V Verwoerd, 1995, Rare metal mineralization at the Salpeterkop carbonatite complex, Western Cape Province, South Africa, Journal of African Earth Sciences, 21, 171, 10.1016/0899-5362(95)00085-8 Villeneuve, 2001, The Endako batholiths: episodic plutonism culminating in the formation of the Endako porphyry molybdenite deposit, north-central British Columbia, Economic Geology, 96, 171, 10.2113/96.1.171 Wall, 2004, Rare earth minerals in Kola carbonatites, 341 Wall, 2008, Xenotime-(Y) from carbonatite dykes at Lofdal, Namibia: unusually low LREE:HREE ratio in carbonatite, and the first dating of xenotime overgrowths on zircon, Canadian Mineralogist, 46, 861, 10.3749/canmin.46.4.861 Wedepohl, 1995, The composition of the continental crust, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 59, 1217, 10.1016/0016-7037(95)00038-2 Westra, 1981, Classification and genesis of stockwork molybdenum deposits, Economic Geology, 76, 844, 10.2113/gsecongeo.76.4.844 Williams-Jones, 2002, The evolution of aqueous-carbonic fluids in the Amba Dongar carbonatite, India: implications for fenitisation, Chemical Geology, 185, 283, 10.1016/S0009-2541(01)00409-0 Woolley, 1989, Carbonatites: nomenclature, average chemical composition, 1 Xu, 1998, Study on the ore-forming fluid of the Jinduicheng porphyry molybdenum deposit. Shanxi Province, Geological Journal of China Universities, 4, 423 Xu, 2007, Flat rare earth element patterns as an indicator of cumulate processes in the Lesser Qinling carbonatites, China, Lithos, 95, 267, 10.1016/j.lithos.2006.07.016 Xu, 2008, Comparison of the Daluxiang and Maoniuping carbonatitic REE deposits with Bayan Obo REE deposit, China, Lithos, 106, 12, 10.1016/j.lithos.2008.06.005 Xue, 1996, Tectonic evolution of the East Qinling Mountains, China, in the Paleozoic: a review and new tectonic model, Tectonophysics, 253, 271, 10.1016/0040-1951(95)00060-7 Yang, 2004, Chemical compositions of carbonate minerals from Bayan Obo, Inner Mongolia, China: implications for petrogenesis, Lithos, 72, 97, 10.1016/j.lithos.2003.09.002 Zhang, 1994 Zhang, Z.W., Yang, X.Y., Dong, Y., Zhu, B.Q., Chen, D.F., in press. Molybdenum deposits in the eastern Qinling, central China: constraints on the geodynamics. International Geology Review. doi:10.1080/00206810903053902