Quantitative evaluation of maxillary alveolar cortical bone thickness and density using computed tomography imaging

Buschang, 2008, 2008 survey of AAO members on miniscrew usage, J Clin Orthod, 42, 513 Farnsworth, 2011, Cortical bone thickness at common miniscrew implant placement sites, Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop, 139, 495, 10.1016/j.ajodo.2009.03.057 Motoyoshi, 2010, Factors affecting the long-term stability of orthodontic mini-implants, Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop, 137, 588.e1, 10.1016/j.ajodo.2009.05.019 Crismani, 2010, Miniscrews in orthodontic treatment: review and analysis of published clinical trials, Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop, 137, 108, 10.1016/j.ajodo.2008.01.027 Kravitz, 2007, Risks and complications of orthodontic miniscrews, Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop, 131, S43, 10.1016/j.ajodo.2006.04.027 Iijima, 2013, Effect of the quantity and quality of cortical bone on the failure force of a miniscrew implant, Eur J Orthod, 35, 583, 10.1093/ejo/cjs066 Fayed, 2010, Optimal sites for orthodontic mini-implant placement assessed by cone beam computed tomography, Angle Orthod, 80, 939, 10.2319/121009-709.1 Ballrick, 2008, Image distortion and spatial resolution of a commercially available cone-beam computed tomography machine, Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop, 134, 573, 10.1016/j.ajodo.2007.11.025 Loubele, 2007, A comparison of jaw dimensional and quality assessments of bone characteristics with cone-beam CT, spiral tomography, and multi-slice spiral CT, Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants, 22, 446 Li, 2013, Feasibility of improving cone-beam CT number consistency using a scatter correction algorithm, J Appl Clin Med Phys, 14, 4346, 10.1120/jacmp.v14i6.4346 Molteni, 2013, Prospects and challenges of rendering tissue density in Hounsfield units for cone beam computed tomography, Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol, 116, 105, 10.1016/j.oooo.2013.04.013 Arctander, 2005, Computed tomography of alveolar bone grafts 20 years after repair of unilateral cleft lip and palate, Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg Hand Surg, 39, 11, 10.1080/02844310410021749 Viera, 2005, Understanding interobserver agreement: the kappa statistic, Fam Med, 37, 360 Cassetta, 2014, How accurate is CBCT in measuring bone density? A comparative CBCT-CT in vitro study, Clin Implant Dent Relat Res, 16, 471, 10.1111/cid.12027 Mah, 2010, Deriving Hounsfield units using grey levels in cone beam computed tomography, Dentomaxillofac Radiol, 39, 323, 10.1259/dmfr/19603304 Silva, 2012, Bone density: comparative evaluation of Hounsfield units in multislice and cone-beam computed tomography, Braz Oral Res, 26, 550, 10.1590/S1806-83242012000600011 Flanagan, 2008, A comparison of facial and lingual cortical thicknesses in edentulous maxillary and mandibular sites measured on computerized tomograms, J Oral Implantol, 34, 256, 10.1563/0.915.1 Deguchi, 2006, Quantitative evaluation of cortical bone thickness with computed tomographic scanning for orthodontic implants, Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop, 129, 721.e7, 10.1016/j.ajodo.2006.02.026 Palumbo P. The Anatomy and physiology of the healthy periodontium. In Panagakos FS, editor. Gingival Diseases: Their Aetiology, Prevention and Treatment. Rijeka, Croatia: InTech; 2011, p. 1-22. Available at: http://www.intechopen.com/books/gingival-diseases-their-aetiology-prevention-and-treatment/the-anatomy-and-physiology-of-the-healthy-periodontium. Accessed November 14, 2016. Kuroda, 2007, Clinical use of miniscrew implants as orthodontic anchorage: success rates and postoperative discomfort, Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop, 131, 9, 10.1016/j.ajodo.2005.02.032 Tenenbaum, 1986, A clinical study of the width of the attached gingiva in the deciduous, transitional and permanent dentitions, J Clin Periodontol, 13, 270, 10.1111/j.1600-051X.1986.tb02221.x Baumgaertel, 2009, Buccal cortical bone thickness for mini-implant placement, Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop, 136, 230, 10.1016/j.ajodo.2007.10.045 Kim, 2006, Soft-tissue and cortical-bone thickness at orthodontic implant sites, Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop, 130, 177, 10.1016/j.ajodo.2004.12.024 Misch, 2008 Mondina, 2013, Anatomo-radiological study of the superior semicircular canal dehiscence of 37 cadaver temporal bones, Surg Radiol Anat, 35, 55, 10.1007/s00276-012-0992-1 Avdagic, 2009, Differences in peak bone density between male and female students, Arh Hig Rada Toksikol, 60, 79, 10.2478/10004-1254-60-2009-1886 Moon, 2010, Palatal bone density in adult subjects: implications for mini-implant placement, Angle Orthod, 80, 137, 10.2319/011909-40.1 Ozdemir, 2014, Quantitative evaluation of alveolar cortical bone density in adults with different vertical facial types using cone-beam computed tomography, Korean J Orthod, 44, 36, 10.4041/kjod.2014.44.1.36 Warming, 2002, Changes in bone mineral density with age in men and women: a longitudinal study, Osteoporos Int, 13, 105, 10.1007/s001980200001 AlSamak, 2012, Assessment of potential orthodontic mini-implant insertion sites based on anatomical hard tissue parameters: a systematic review, Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants, 27, 875 Felson, 1993, Effects of weight and body mass index on bone mineral density in men and women: the Framingham study, J Bone Miner Res, 8, 567, 10.1002/jbmr.5650080507 Nguyen, 2000, Osteoporosis in elderly men and women: effects of dietary calcium, physical activity, and body mass index, J Bone Miner Res, 15, 322, 10.1359/jbmr.2000.15.2.322 Ravn, 1999, Low body mass index is an important risk factor for low bone mass and increased bone loss in early postmenopausal women. Early Postmenopausal Intervention Cohort (EPIC) study group, J Bone Miner Res, 14, 1622, 10.1359/jbmr.1999.14.9.1622 Salamat, 2013, Relationship between weight, body mass index, and bone mineral density in men referred for dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry scan in Isfahan, Iran. J Osteoporos, 2013, 205963 Zlataric, 2002, Relationship between body mass index and local quality of mandibular bone structure in elderly individuals, J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci, 57, M588, 10.1093/gerona/57.9.M588 Matkovic, 1994, Timing of peak bone mass in Caucasian females and its implication for the prevention of osteoporosis. Inference from a cross-sectional model, J Clin Invest, 93, 799, 10.1172/JCI117034 Theintz, 1992, Longitudinal monitoring of bone mass accumulation in healthy adolescents: evidence for a marked reduction after 16 years of age at the levels of lumbar spine and femoral neck in female subjects, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 75, 1060