Role and Function of the 26S Proteasome in Proliferation and Apoptosis

Laboratory Investigation - Tập 82 - Trang 965-980 - 2002
Cord Naujokat1, Stephan Hoffmann2
1Department of Transplantation Immunology, Institute of Immunology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
2Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Kiel, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany

Tài liệu tham khảo

Aberle, 1997, β-catenin is a target for the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway, EMBO J, 16, 3797, 10.1093/emboj/16.13.3797 Adams, 1999, Proteasome inhibitors: A novel class of potent and effective antitumor agents, Cancer Res, 59, 2615 Adams, 1998, The Bcl-2 protein family: Arbiters of cell survival, Science, 281, 1322, 10.1126/science.281.5381.1322 Agarwal, 1998, The p53 network, J Biol Chem, 273, 1, 10.1074/jbc.273.1.1 Baldassarre, 2000, Retinoic acid induces neuronal differentiation of embryonal carcinoma cells by reducing proteasome-dependent proteolysis of the cyclin-dependent inhibitor p27, Cell Growth Differ, 11, 517 Bastians, 1999, Cell cycle-regulated proteolysis of mitotic target proteins, Mol Cell Biol, 10, 3927, 10.1091/mbc.10.11.3927 Baumeister, 1998, The proteasome: Paradigm of a self-compartmentalizing protease, Cell, 92, 367, 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80929-0 Bech-Otschir, 2001, COP9 signalosome-specific phosphorylation targets p53 to degradation by the ubiquitin system, EMBO J, 20, 1630, 10.1093/emboj/20.7.1630 Bennett, 1999, Degradation of α-synuclein by proteasome, J Biol Chem, 274, 33855, 10.1074/jbc.274.48.33855 Bernardi, 2000, Cdc25A stability is controlled by the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway during cell cycle progresssion and terminal differentiation, Oncogene, 19, 2447, 10.1038/sj.onc.1203564 Besancon, 1998, Evidence for a role of NF-κB in the survival of hematopoietic cells mediated by interleukin 3 and the oncogenic TEL/platelet-derived growth factor receptor β fusion protein, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 95, 8081, 10.1073/pnas.95.14.8081 Blagosklonny, 1996, Proteasome-dependent regulation of p21WAF1/CIP1 expression, Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 227, 564, 10.1006/bbrc.1996.1546 Braun, 1999, The base of the proteasome regulatory particle exhibits chaperone-like activity, Nat Cell Biol, 1, 221, 10.1038/12043 Breitschopf, 2000, Posttranslational modification of Bcl-2 facilitates its proteasome-dependent degradation: Molecular characterization of the involved signaling pathways, Mol Cell Biol, 20, 1886, 10.1128/MCB.20.5.1886-1896.2000 Breitschopf, 2000, Ubiquitin-mediated degradation of the proapoptotic form of Bid, J Biol Chem, 275, 21648, 10.1074/jbc.M001083200 Campanero, 1997, Regulation of E2F through ubuquitin-proteasome-dependent degradation: Stabilization by the pRB tumor suppressor protein, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 94, 2221, 10.1073/pnas.94.6.2221 Canu, 2000, Proteasome involvement and accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins in cerebellar granule neurons undergoing apoptosis, J Neurosci, 15, 589, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.20-02-00589.2000 Catzavelos, 1997, Decreased levels of the cell cycle inhibitor p27Kip1 protein: Prognostic implications in primary breast cancer, Nat Med, 3, 227, 10.1038/nm0297-227 Catzavelos, 1999, Reduced expression of the cell cycle inhibitor p27Kip1 in non-small cell lung carcinoma: A potential prognostic factor independent of ras, Cancer Res, 59, 684 Chai, 1999, Evidence for proteasome involvement in polyglutamine disease: Localization to nuclear inclusions in SCA3/MJD and suppression of polyglutamine aggregation in vitro, Hum Mol Genet, 8, 673, 10.1093/hmg/8.4.673 Chang, 1998, Mdm2 and bax, downstream mediators of the p53 response, are degraded by the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway, Cell Growth Diff, 9, 79 Checler, 2000, Role of proteasome in Alzheimer's disease, Biochim Biophys Acta, 1502, 133, 10.1016/S0925-4439(00)00039-9 Chen, 2000, Human THP-1 monocytic leukemic cells induced to undergo monocytic differentiation by bryostatin 1 are refractory to proteasome inhibitor-induced apoptosis, Cancer Res, 60, 4377 Chen, 1995, Signal-induced site-specific phosphorylation targets IκBα to the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway, Genes Dev, 9, 1586, 10.1101/gad.9.13.1586 Cheng, 1999, The p21Cip1 and p27Kip1 CDK inhibitors are essential activators of cyclin D-dependent kinases in murine fibroblasts, EMBO J, 18, 1571, 10.1093/emboj/18.6.1571 Chiarle, 2000, Increased proteasome degradation of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27 is associated with a decreased overall survival in mantle cell lymphoma, Blood, 95, 619, 10.1182/blood.V95.2.619 Chowdary, 1994, Accumulation of p53 in a mutant cell line defective in the ubiquitin pathway, Mol Cell Biol, 14, 1997 Ciechanover, 1998, The ubiquitin-proteasome pathway: On protein death and cell life, EMBO J, 17, 7151, 10.1093/emboj/17.24.7151 Ciechanover, 1998, The ubiquitin-proteasome pathway: The complexity and myriad function of proteins death, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 95, 2727, 10.1073/pnas.95.6.2727 Ciechanover, 2000, Ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis: Biological regulation via destruction, BioEssays, 22, 442, 10.1002/(SICI)1521-1878(200005)22:5<442::AID-BIES6>3.0.CO;2-Q Coats, 1996, Requirement of p27Kip1 for restriction point control of the fibroblast cell cycle, Science, 272, 877, 10.1126/science.272.5263.877 Cummings, 1998, Chaperone suppression of aggregation and altered subcellular proteasome localization imply protein misfolding in SCA1, Nat Genet, 19, 148, 10.1038/502 Dallaporta, 2000, Proteasome activation as a critical event of thymocyte apoptosis, Cell Death Diff, 7, 368, 10.1038/sj.cdd.4400661 Dawson, 1995, Developmental changes of the 26S proteasome in abdominal intersegmental muscles of Manduca sexta during programmed cell death, J Biol Chem, 270, 1850, 10.1074/jbc.270.4.1850 DePamphilis, 2000, Nuclear structure and DNA replication, J Struct Biol, 129, 186, 10.1006/jsbi.2000.4219 Devereaux, 1998, IAPs block apoptotic events induced by caspase-8 and cytochrome c by direct inhibition of distinct caspases, EMBO J, 17, 2215, 10.1093/emboj/17.8.2215 Devereaux, 1997, X-linked IAP is a direct inhibitor of cell-death proteases, Nature, 388, 300, 10.1038/40901 Di Cunto, 1998, Inhibitory function of p21Cip1/WAF1 in differentiation of primary mouse keratinocytes independent of cell cycle control, Science, 280, 1069, 10.1126/science.280.5366.1069 Diehl, 1997, Inhibition of cyclin D1 phosphorylation on threonine-286 prevents its rapid degradation via the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway, Genes Dev, 11, 957, 10.1101/gad.11.8.957 Dimmeler, 1999, Dephosphorylation targets Bcl-2 for ubiquitin-dependent degradation: A link between the apoptosome and the proteasome pathway, J Exp Med, 189, 1815, 10.1084/jem.189.11.1815 Drexler, 1997, Activation of the cell death program by inhibition of proteasome function, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 94, 855, 10.1073/pnas.94.3.855 Drexler, 2000, Inhibition of proteasome function induces cell death in proliferating endothelial cells, FASEB J, 14, 65, 10.1096/fasebj.14.1.65 Duckett, 1996, A conserved family of cellular genes related to the baculovirus iap gene and encoding apoptosis inhibitors, EMBO J, 15, 2685, 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1996.tb00629.x Durand, 1997, Accumulation of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27/Kip1 and the timing of oligodendrocyte differentiation, EMBO J, 16, 306, 10.1093/emboj/16.2.306 El-Deiry, 1994, WAF1/CIP1 is induced in p53-mediated G1 arrest and apoptosis, Cancer Res, 54, 1169 Esposito, 1997, Prognostic role of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27 in non-small cell lung cancer, Cancer Res, 57, 3381 Evert, 2000, Cell death in polyglutamine diseases, Cell Tissue Res, 301, 189, 10.1007/s004410000228 Fenteany, 1998, Lactacystin, proteasome function, and cell fate, J Biol Chem, 273, 8545, 10.1074/jbc.273.15.8545 Fenteany, 1995, Inhibition of proteasome activities and subunit-specific amino-terminal threonine modification by lactacystin, Science, 268, 726, 10.1126/science.7732382 Fenteany, 1994, A β-lactone related to lactacystin induces neurite outgrowth in a neuroblastoma cell line and inhibits cell cycle progression in an osteosarcoma cell line, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 91, 3358, 10.1073/pnas.91.8.3358 Fergusson, 1996, Pathological leasons of Alzheimer's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies brains exhibit immunoreactivity to an ATPase that is a regulatory subunit of the 26S proteasome, Neurosci Lett, 219, 167, 10.1016/S0304-3940(96)13192-X Ferrell, 2000, Regulatory subunit interactions of the 26S proteasome, a complex problem, Trends Biochem Sci, 25, 83, 10.1016/S0968-0004(99)01529-7 Fujiwara, 1990, Proteasomes are essential for yeast proliferation, J Biol Chem, 265, 16604, 10.1016/S0021-9258(17)46265-X Ghee, 2000, Rat α-synuclein interacts with Tat binding protein 1, a component of the 26S proteasomal complex, J Neurochem, 75, 2221, 10.1046/j.1471-4159.2000.0752221.x Glickman, 1998, A subcomplex of the proteasome regulatory particle required for ubiquitin-conjugate degradation and related to the COP9-signalosome and elF3, Cell, 94, 615, 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81603-7 Gregori, 1995, Amyloid β-protein inhibits ubiquitin-dependent protein degradation in vitro, J Biol Chem, 270, 19702, 10.1074/jbc.270.34.19702 Gregori, 1997, Binding of amyloid β to the 20S proteasome, J Biol Chem, 272, 58, 10.1074/jbc.272.1.58 Gregory, 2000, c-Myc proteolysis by the ubiquitin-proteasome pathay: Stabilization of c-Myc in Burkitt's lymphoma cells, Mol Cell Biol, 20, 2423, 10.1128/MCB.20.7.2423-2435.2000 Grimm, 2000, The role of the proteasome in apoptotsis, Proteasomes: The world of regulatory proteolysis, 315 Grimm, 1996, Proteasomes play an essential role in thymocyte apoptosis, EMBO J, 15, 3835, 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1996.tb00757.x Groll, 1997, Structure of 20S proteasome from yeast at 2.4 Å resolution, Nature, 386, 463, 10.1038/386463a0 Guzman, 2001, Nuclear factor-kappa B is constitutively activated in primitive human acute myelogenous leukemia cells, Blood, 98, 2301, 10.1182/blood.V98.8.2301 Hara, 2001, Degradation of p27Kip1 at the G0-G1 transition mediated by a Skp2-independent ubiquitination pathway, J Biol Chem, 276, 48937, 10.1074/jbc.M107274200 Harper, 1999, Skipping into the E2F1-destruction pathway, Nat Cell Biol, 1, E5, 10.1038/8952 Hasselgren, 2002, Molecular regulation of muscle cachexia: It may be more than the proteasome, Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 290, 1, 10.1006/bbrc.2001.5849 Hattori, 2000, Autosomal recessive juvenile parkinsonism: A key to understanding nigral degeneration in sporadic Parkinson's disease, Neuropathol, 20, 85, 10.1046/j.1440-1789.2000.00312.x Heinemeyer, 1991, Proteinase yscE, the yeast proteasome/multicatalytic multifunctional proteinase: Mutants unravel its function in stress induced proteolysis and uncover its necessity for cell survival, EMBO J, 10, 555, 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1991.tb07982.x Hengartner, 2000, The biochemistry of apoptosis, Nature, 407, 770, 10.1038/35037710 Hengstermann, 2001, Complete switch from Mdm2 to human papillomavirus E6-mediated degradation of p53 in cervical cancer cells, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 98, 1218, 10.1073/pnas.98.3.1218 Henke, 1999, Comparison of human COP9 signalosome and 26S proteasome lid, Mol Biol Rep, 26, 29, 10.1023/A:1006991419464 Herrmann, 1998, Prostate carcinoma cell death resulting from inhibition of proteasome activity is independent of functional Bcl-2 and p53, Oncogene, 17, 2889, 10.1038/sj.onc.1202221 Herschko, 2000, The ubiquitin system, Nat Med, 6, 1073, 10.1038/80384 Hirsch, 1998, Proteasome activation occurs at an early, premitochondrial step of thymocyte apoptosis, J Immunol, 161, 35, 10.4049/jimmunol.161.1.35 Ichihara, 1995, Roles of proteasomes in cell growth, Mol Biol Rep, 21, 49, 10.1007/BF00990970 Ichihara, 1993, Regulation of proteasome expression in developing and transformed cells, Adv Enzyme Regul, 33, 173, 10.1016/0065-2571(93)90016-7 Ii, 1997, Immunocytochemical co-localization of the proteasome in ubiquitinated structures in neurodegenerative diseases and the elderly, J Neuropathol Exp Neurol, 56, 125, 10.1097/00005072-199702000-00002 Imai, 2001, An unfolded putative polypeptide, which can lead to endoplasmic reticulum stress, is a substrate of parkin, Cell, 105, 891, 10.1016/S0092-8674(01)00407-X Inomata, 1996, Alteration of β-catenin expression in colonic epithelial cells of familial adenomatous polyposis patients, Cancer Res, 56, 2213 Izban, 2001, Characterization of NF-κB expression in Hodgkin's disease: Inhibition of constitutively expressed NF-κB results in spontaneous caspase-independent apoptosis in Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg cells, Mod Pathol, 14, 297, 10.1038/modpathol.3880306 Jones, 1995, Changes in the structure and function of the multicatalytic proteinase (proteasome) during programmed cell death in the intersegmental muscles of the hawkmoth, Manduca sexta, Dev Biol, 169, 436, 10.1006/dbio.1995.1159 Josefsberg, 2000, The proteasome is involved in the first metaphase-to-anaphase transition of miosis in rat oocytes, Biol Reprod, 62, 1270, 10.1095/biolreprod62.5.1270 Josefsberg, 2001, Inactivation of M-phase promoting factor at exit from first embryonic mitosis in the rat is independent of cyclin B1 degradation, Biol Reprod, 64, 871, 10.1095/biolreprod64.3.871 Kanayama, 1991, Changes in expression of proteasome and ubiquitin genes in human renal cancer cells, Cancer Res, 51, 6677 Katayose, 1997, Promoting apoptosis: A novel activity associated with the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27, Cancer Res, 57, 5441 Katayose, 1995, Effects of a recombinant adenovirus expressing WAF1/Cip1 on cell growth, cell cycle and apoptosis, Cell Growth Diff, 6, 1207 Kawahara, 2000, Developmentally regulated, alternative splicing of the Rpn10 gene generates multiple forms of 26S proteasomes, EMBO J, 19, 4144, 10.1093/emboj/19.15.4144 Kawahara, 2000, Inhibiting proteasome activity causes overreplication of DNA and blocks entry into mitosis in sea urchin embryos, J Cell Sci, 113, 2659, 10.1242/jcs.113.15.2659 Kawana, 1998, Role of p27Kip1 and cyclin-dependent kinase 2 in the proliferation of non-small cell lung cancer, Am J Pathol, 153, 505, 10.1016/S0002-9440(10)65593-9 Keller, 2000, Impaired proteasome function in Alzheimer's disease, J Neurochem, 75, 436, 10.1046/j.1471-4159.2000.0750436.x Kitada, 2000, Progress in the clinical and molecular genetics of familial parkinsonism, Neurogenet, 2, 207, 10.1007/s100489900083 Kitada, 1998, Mutations in the parkin gene cause autosomal recessive juvenile parkinsonism, Nature, 392, 605, 10.1038/33416 Kitagawa, 1999, Proteasome inhibitors induce mitochondria-independent apoptosis in human glioma cells, FEBS Lett, 443, 181, 10.1016/S0014-5793(98)01709-8 Klein, 1990, Cell-specific accumulation of Drosophila proteasomes (MCP) during early embryonal development, J Cell Biol, 111, 2275, 10.1083/jcb.111.6.2275 Koepp, 1999, How the cyclin became a cyclin: Regulated proteolysis in the cell cycle, Cell, 97, 431, 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80753-9 Kordes, 2000, Transcription factor NF-κB is constitutively activated in acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells, Leukemia, 14, 399, 10.1038/sj.leu.2401705 Korink, 1997, Constitutive transcriptional activation by a β-catenin-Tcf complex in APC−/− colon carcinoma, Science, 275, 1784, 10.1126/science.275.5307.1784 Kudo, 2000, P27(Kip1) accumulation by inhibition of proteasome function induces apoptosis in oral squamous cell carcinoma cells, Clin Cancer Res, 6, 916 Kumamoto, 2000, Proteasome expression in the skeletal muscles of patients with muscular dystrophy, Acta Neuropathol, 100, 595, 10.1007/s004010000229 Kumatori, 1990, Abnormally high expression of proteasomes in human leukemic cells, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 87, 7071, 10.1073/pnas.87.18.7071 Lam, 2000, Inhibition of the ubiquitin-proteasome system in Alzheimer's disease, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 97, 9902, 10.1073/pnas.170173897 Lee, 1998, Proteasome inhibitors: Valuable new tools for cell biologists, Trends Cell Biol, 8, 397, 10.1016/S0962-8924(98)01346-4 Levine, 1997, p53, the cellular gatekeeper for growth and division, Cell, 88, 323, 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81871-1 Li, 2000, Bax degradation by the ubiquitin/proteasome-dependent pathway: Involvement in tumor survival and progression, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 97, 3850, 10.1073/pnas.070047997 Lin, 1998, Cotranslational biogenesis of NF-κB p50 by the 26S proteasome, Cell, 92, 819, 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81409-9 Loda, 1997, Increased proteasome-dependent degradation of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27 in aggressive colorectal carcinomas, Nat Med, 3, 231, 10.1038/nm0297-231 Lopes, 1997, p53-dependent induction of apoptosis by proteasome inhibitors, J Biol Chem, 272, 12893, 10.1074/jbc.272.20.12893 Löw, 1997, Expression of a 26S proteasome ATP-ase subunit, MS73, in muscles that undergo developmentally programmed cell death, and its control by ecdysteroid hormones in the insect Manduca sexta, FEBS Lett, 400, 345, 10.1016/S0014-5793(96)01413-5 Löwe, 1995, Crystal structure of the 20S proteasome from the archeon T. acidophilum at 3.4 Å resolution, Science, 268, 533, 10.1126/science.7725097 Luo, 1995, Cell cycle inhibition by independent CDK and PCNA binding domains in p21Cip1, Nature, 375, 159, 10.1038/375159a0 Maki, 1996, In vivo ubiquitination and proteasome-mediated degradation of p53, Cancer Res, 56, 2649 Mann, 2000, The ubiquitin-proteasome sytem in cell cycle control, Proteasomes: The world of regulatory proteolysis, 264 Marambaud, 1998, Proteasome inhibitors prevent the degradation of familial Alzheimer's disease-linked presenilin 1 and potentiate Aβ42 recovery from human cells, Mol Med, 4, 147, 10.1007/BF03401912 Marambaud, 1997, Proteasome contributes to the α-secretase pathway of amyloid precursor protein in human cells, J Neurochem, 68, 698, 10.1046/j.1471-4159.1997.68020698.x Marti, 1999, Interaction between ubiquitin-protein ligase SCFSKP2 and E2F-1 underlies the regulation of E2F-1 degradation, Nat Cell Biol, 1, 14, 10.1038/8984 Martin-Aparicio, 2001, Proteasomal-dependent aggregate reversal and absence of cell death in a conditional mouse model of Huntington's disease, J Neurosci, 21, 8772, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.21-22-08772.2001 Masdehors, 2000, Deregulation of the ubiquitin system and p53 proteolysis modify the apoptotic response in B-CLL lymphocytes, Blood, 96, 269, 10.1182/blood.V96.1.269 Matilla, 2001, Association of ataxin-7 with the proteasome subunit S4 of the 19S regulatory complex, Hum Mol Genet, 10, 2821, 10.1093/hmg/10.24.2821 Mayo, 1997, Requirement of NF-κB activation to suppress p53-independent apoptosis induced by oncogenic Ras, Science, 278, 1812, 10.1126/science.278.5344.1812 McGarry, 1998, Geminin, an inhibitor of DNA replication, is degraded during mitosis, Cell, 93, 1043, 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81209-X McGhee, 1995, Cell fate decisions in the early embryo of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, Dev Genet, 17, 155, 10.1002/dvg.1020170207 McNaught, 2001, Proteasomal function is impaired in substantia nigra in Parkinson's disease, Neurosci Lett, 297, 191, 10.1016/S0304-3940(00)01701-8 Miyashita, 1995, Tumor suppressor p53 is a direct transcriptional activator of the human bax gene, Cell, 80, 293, 10.1016/0092-8674(95)90412-3 Monney, 1998, Defects in the ubiquitin pathway induce caspase-independent apoptosis blocked by Bcl-2, J Biol Chem, 273, 6121, 10.1074/jbc.273.11.6121 Morin, 1997, Activation of β-catenin Tcf-signaling in colon cancer by mutations in β-catenin and APC, Science, 275, 1787, 10.1126/science.275.5307.1787 Morisato, 1995, Signaling pathways that establish the dorsal-ventral pattern of the Drosophila embryo, Annu Rev Genet, 29, 371, 10.1146/annurev.ge.29.120195.002103 Naujokat, 2000, Proteasome inhibitors induce caspase-dependent apoptosis and accumulation of p21WAF1/Cip1 in human immature leukemic cells, Eur J Haematol, 65, 221, 10.1034/j.1600-0609.2000.065004221.x Navon, 2001, Proteins are unfolded on the surface of the ATPase ring before transport into the proteasome, Mol Cell, 8, 1339, 10.1016/S1097-2765(01)00407-5 Negishi, 2001, p21Cip-1/SDI-1/WAF-1 gene is involved in chondrogenic differentiation of ATDC5 cells in vitro, J Biol Chem, 276, 33249, 10.1074/jbc.M010127200 Ni, 2001, Analysis of expresssion of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) in multiple myeloma: Downregulation of NF-κB induces apoptosis, Br J Haematol, 115, 279, 10.1046/j.1365-2141.2001.03102.x Ohtsubo, 1995, Human cyclin E, a nuclear protein essential for the G1-to-S phase transition, Mol Cell Biol, 15, 2612, 10.1128/MCB.15.5.2612 Orlowski, 1999, The role of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway in apoptosis, Cell Death Diff, 6, 303, 10.1038/sj.cdd.4400505 Pagano, 1995, Role of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway in regulating abundance of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27, Science, 269, 682, 10.1126/science.7624798 Pahl, 1996, Control of gene expression by proteolysis, Curr Opin Cell Biol, 8, 340, 10.1016/S0955-0674(96)80007-X Palombella, 1994, The ubiquitin-proteasome pathway is required for processing the NF-kappa B1 precursor protein and the activation of NF-kappa B, Cell, 78, 773, 10.1016/S0092-8674(94)90482-0 Peterson, 2000, Cell cycle- and cell growth-regulated proteolysis of mammalian Cdc6 is dependent on APC-Cdh1, Genes Dev, 14, 2330, 10.1101/gad.832500 Piva, 1999, Proteasome-dependent degradation of p27/kip1 in gliomas, J Neuropathol Exp Neurol, 58, 691, 10.1097/00005072-199907000-00002 Porter, 1997, Expression of cell cycle regulators p27Kip1 and cyclin E, alone or in combination, correlate with survival in young breast cancer patients, Nat Med, 3, 222, 10.1038/nm0297-222 Powell, 1992, APC mutations occur during colorectal tumorigenesis, Nature, 359, 235, 10.1038/359235a0 Qiu, 2000, Proteasome inhibitors induce cytochrome c-caspase-3-like protease-mediated apoptosis in cultured cortical neurons, J Neurosci, 20, 259, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.20-01-00259.2000 Reverte, 2001, CPEB degradation during oocyte maturation requires a PEST domain and the 26S proteasome, Dev Biol, 231, 447, 10.1006/dbio.2001.0153 Rideout, 2001, Proteasomal inhibition leads to formation of ubiquitin/α-synuclein-immunoreactive inclusions in PC12 cells, J Neurochem, 78, 899, 10.1046/j.1471-4159.2001.00474.x Rieber, 2000, Apoptosis-inducing levels of UV radiation and proteasome inhibitors produce opposite effects on p21WAF1 in human melanoma cells, Int J Cancer, 86, 462, 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0215(20000515)86:4<462::AID-IJC3>3.0.CO;2-B Russel, 1999, Cyclin D1 and D3 associate with the SCF complex and are coordinately elevated in breast cancer, Oncogene, 18, 1983, 10.1038/sj.onc.1202511 Sadoul, 1996, Involvement of the proteasome in the programmed cell death of NGF-deprived sympathetic neurons, EMBO J, 15, 3845, 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1996.tb00758.x Saito, 1989, The neurite-initiation effect of a tripeptide aldehyde protease inhibitor on PC12h cells, J Biochem, 106, 1035, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a122960 Salon, 2000, Defective ubiquitination of cerebral proteins in Alzheimer's disease, J Neurosci Res, 62, 302, 10.1002/1097-4547(20001015)62:2<302::AID-JNR15>3.0.CO;2-L Sawada, 1999, The 26S assembly is regulated by a maturation-induced hormone in starfish oocytes, Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 254, 338, 10.1006/bbrc.1998.9948 Scheffner, 1990, The E6 oncoprotein encoded by human papilloma virus types 16 and 18 promotes the degradation of p53, Cell, 63, 1129, 10.1016/0092-8674(90)90409-8 Schreiber, 1999, Comparison of the effectiveness of adenovirus vectors expressing cyclin kinase inhibitors p16INK4A, p18INK4B, p96INK4C, p21WAF1/Cip1, p27Kip1, in inducing cell cycle arrest, apoptosis and inhibition of tumorigenicity, Oncogene, 18, 1663, 10.1038/sj.onc.1202466 Schwartz, 1983, Hormonal control of rates of metamorphic development in the tobacco hornworm Manduca sexta, Dev Biol, 99, 103, 10.1016/0012-1606(83)90257-9 Seeger, 1998, A novel protein complex involved in signal transduction possessing similarities to 26S proteasome subunits, FASEB J, 12, 469, 10.1096/fasebj.12.6.469 Sellin, 2001, Increased β-catenin expression and nuclear translocation accompany cellular hyperproliferation in vivo, Cancer Res, 61, 2899 Sgambato, 2000, Multiple functions of p27Kip1 and its alteration in tumor cells: A review, J Cell Phisiol, 183, 18, 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4652(200004)183:1<18::AID-JCP3>3.0.CO;2-S Sheaff, 2000, Proteasomal turnover of p21Cip1 does not require p21Cip1 ubiquitination, Mol Cell, 5, 403, 10.1016/S1097-2765(00)80435-9 Sheikh, 1995, Overexpression of p21WAF1/Cip1 induces growth arrest, giant cell formation and apoptosis in human breast carcinoma cell lines, Oncogene, 11, 1899 Sherr, 1999, CDK inhibitors: Positive and negative regulators of G1-phase progression, Genes Dev, 13, 1501, 10.1101/gad.13.12.1501 Shimbara, 1992, Regulation of gene expression of proteasomes (multi-protease complexes) during growth and differentiation of human hematopoietic cells, J Biol Chem, 267, 18100, 10.1016/S0021-9258(19)37158-3 Shimura, 2000, Familial Parkinson disease gene product, parkin, is a ubiquitin-protein ligase, Nat Genet, 25, 302, 10.1038/77060 Shinohara, 1996, Apoptosis induction resulting from proteasome inhibition, Biochem J, 317, 385, 10.1042/bj3170385 Shirane, 1999, Down-regulation of p27Kip1 by two mechanisms, ubiquitin-mediated degradation and proteolytic processing, J Biol Chem, 274, 13886, 10.1074/jbc.274.20.13886 Singer, 1999, Cullin-3 targtes cyclin E for ubiquitination and controls S-phase in mammalian cells, Genes Dev, 13, 2375, 10.1101/gad.13.18.2375 Sionov, 1999, The cellular response to p53: The decision between life and death, Oncogene, 18, 6145, 10.1038/sj.onc.1203130 Slingerland, 2000, Regulation of the Cdk inhibitor p27 and its deregulation in cancer, J Cell Physiol, 183, 10, 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4652(200004)183:1<10::AID-JCP2>3.0.CO;2-I Spataro, 1998, The ubiquitin-proteasome pathway in cancer, Brit J Cancer, 77, 448, 10.1038/bjc.1998.71 Spinella, 1999, Retinoid acid promotes ubiquitination and proteolysis of cyclin D1 during induced tumor cell differentiation, J Biol Chem, 274, 22013, 10.1074/jbc.274.31.22013 Stefanelli, 1998, Inhibition of etoposide-induced apoptosis with peptide aldehyde inhibitors of proteasome, Biochem J, 332, 661, 10.1042/bj3320661 Sutterluty, 1999, p45SKP2 promotes p27Kip1 degradation and induces S phase in quiescent cells, Nat Cell Biol, 1, 207, 10.1038/12027 Suzuki, 2001, Ubiquitin-protein ligase activity of X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein promotes proteasomal degradation of caspase-3 and enhances its anti-apoptotic effect in Fas-induced cell death, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 98, 8662, 10.1073/pnas.161506698 Tamura, 2001, Tricorn protease in bacteria: Characterization of the enzyme from Streptomyces coelicor, Biol Chem, 382, 449, 10.1515/BC.2001.055 Tanaka, 2001, Parkin is linked to the ubiquitin pathway, J Mol Med, 79, 482, 10.1007/s001090100242 Tanaka, 2001, Inducible expression of mutant α-synuclein decreases proteasome activity and increases sensitivity to mitochondria-dependent apoptosis, Hum Mol Genet, 10, 919, 10.1093/hmg/10.9.919 Tanimoto, 1997, Peptidyl aldehyde inhibitors of proteasome induce apoptosis rapidly in mouse lymphoma RVC cells, J Biochem, 121, 542, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a021620 Tatebe, 2000, Cut8, essential for anaphase, controls localization of 26S proteasome, facilitating destruction of cyclin and Cut2, Curr Biol, 10, 1329, 10.1016/S0960-9822(00)00773-9 Thullberg, 2000, Ubiquitin/proteasome-mediated degradation of p19(INK 4d) determines its periodic expression during the cell cycle, Oncogene, 19, 2870, 10.1038/sj.onc.1203579 Tofaris, 2001, α-synuclein metabolism and aggregation is linked to ubiquitin-independent degradation by the proteasome, FEBS Lett, 509, 22, 10.1016/S0014-5793(01)03115-5 Tokumoto, 1999, Disappearance of a novel protein component of the 26S proteasome during Xenopous oocyte maturation, Exp Cell Res, 247, 313, 10.1006/excr.1998.4357 Tomoda, 1999, Degradation of the cyclin-dependent-kinase inhibitor p27Kip1 is instigated by Jab1, Nature, 398, 160, 10.1038/18230 Tsubuki, 1993, Purification and characterization of a Z-Leu-Leu-Leu-MCA degrading protease expected to regulate neurite formation: A novel catalytic activity in proteasome, Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 196, 1195, 10.1006/bbrc.1993.2378 Tsubuki, 1996, Differential Inhibition of calpain and proteasome activities by aldehydes of di-leucine and tri-leucine, J Biochem, 119, 572, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a021280 Tyers, 2000, Proteolysis and the cell cycle: With this RING I do thee destroy, Curr Opin Genet Dev, 10, 54, 10.1016/S0959-437X(99)00049-0 Urano, 1999, p57Kip2 is degraded through the proteasome in osteoblasts stimulated to proliferation by transforming growth factor β1, J Biol Chem, 274, 12197, 10.1074/jbc.274.18.12197 Verma, 1995, Rel/NK-κB/IκB family: Intimate tales of association and dissociation, Genes Dev, 9, 2723, 10.1101/gad.9.22.2723 Voges, 1999, The 26S proteasome: A molecular machine designed for controlled proteolysis, Annu Rev Biochem, 68, 1015, 10.1146/annurev.biochem.68.1.1015 Wang, 1998, NF-kappaB antiapoptosis: Induction of TRAF1 and TRAF2 and c-IAP1 and c-IAP2 to suppress caspase-8 activation, Science, 281, 1680, 10.1126/science.281.5383.1680 Wang, 1996, Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27 as a mediator of the G1-S phase block induced by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in HL-60 cells, Cancer Res, 56, 264 Wang, 1997, p27Kip1 overexpression causes apoptotic death of mammalian cells, Oncogene, 15, 2991, 10.1038/sj.onc.1201450 Wei, 1998, The COP9 complex is conserved between plants and mammals and is related to the 26S proteasome regulatory complex, Curr Biol, 8, 919, 10.1016/S0960-9822(07)00372-7 Williams, 1999, The expression of genes in the ubiquitin-proteasome proteolytic pathway is increased in skeletal muscle from patients with cancer, Surgery, 126, 744, 10.1016/S0039-6060(99)70131-5 Winston, 1999, Culprits in the degradation of cyclin E apprehended, Genes Dev, 13, 2751, 10.1101/gad.13.21.2751 Xie, 2000, Physical association of ubiquitin ligases and the 26S proteasome, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 97, 2497, 10.1073/pnas.060025497 Yang, 2000, Ubiquitin protein ligase of IAPs and their degradation in proteasomes in response to apoptotic stimuli, Science, 288, 874, 10.1126/science.288.5467.874 Yew, 2001, Ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis of vertebrate G1- and S-phase regulators, J Cell Physiol, 187, 1, 10.1002/1097-4652(2001)9999:9999<1::AID-JCP1049>3.0.CO;2-O Zavitz, 1997, Controlling cell proliferation in differentiation: Genetic analysis of negative regulators of G1- → S-phase progression, Curr Opin Cell Biol, 9, 773, 10.1016/S0955-0674(97)80077-4 Zhang, 1998, The role of maternal VegT in establishing the primary germ layers in Xenopus embryos, Cell, 94, 515, 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81592-5