Consequences of catalyst deactivation for process design and operation

Sadana, 1971, Effect of catalyst fouling in fixed-, moving-, and fluid-bed reactors, J. Catal., 23, 147, 10.1016/0021-9517(71)90036-4 Douglas, 1980, Process design with catalyst deactivation, Chem. Eng. Sci., 35, 322, 10.1016/0009-2509(80)80103-5 W.H.J. Stork, Molecules, catalysts and reactors in hydroprocessing of oil fractions, in: G.F. Froment, B. Delmon, P. Grange (Eds.), Hydrotreatment and Hydrocracking of Oil Fractions, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1997, pp. 41–67. J.W. Gosselink, J.A.R. Van Veen, Coping with catalyst deactivation in hydrocarbon processing, in: Proceedings of the 8th International Symposium on Catalyst Deactivation, Brugge, Belgium, 10–13 October 1999. B.W. Burbidge, P. Watson, A.H. Richardson, BP’s isomerisation process takes on a new look, in: Proceedings of the NPRA Annual Meeting, San Antonio, Texas, 23–25 March 1975. N.Y. Chen, R.L Gorring, H.R. Ireland, T.R. Stein, New process cuts pour point of distillates, Oil Gas J. June, 6 (1977) 165–170. R.C. Robinson, L.A. Fredrickson, R.L. Jacobson, Cat-reforming pressure drops again, Oil Gas J. May, 15 (1972) 124–136. W. Lee, S. Yurchak, N. Daviduk, J. Maziuk, A fixed-bed process for the conversion of methanol-to-gasoline, in: Proceedings of the NPRA Annual Meeting, New Orleans, LA, 23–25 March 1980. D.E. Krohn, M.G. Melconian, in: D.M. Bibby, C.D. Chang, R.F. Howe, S. Yurchak (Eds.), Methane Conversion, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1988, p. 679. J.E. Penick, W. Lee, J. Maziuk, Development of the methanol-to-gasoline process, in: Proceedings of the International Symposium on Chemical Reactor Engineering (ISCRE-7), Boston, MA, 4 October 1982. Barbier, 1988, Appl. Catal., 36, 277, 10.1016/S0166-9834(00)80121-9 Royal Dutch/Shell Group of Companies, The Petroleum Handbook, 6th Edition, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1983. E.A. Sutton, A.R. Greenwood, F.H. Adams, A new promising concept: continuous platforming, Oil Gas J. May, 22 (1972) 52–56. S.T. Sie, Catalyst deactivation by poisoning and pore plugging in petroleum processing, in: B. Delmon, G.F. Froment (Eds.), Catalyst Deactivation, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1980, pp. 545–569. W.C. Van Zijll Langhout, C. Ouwerkerk, K.M.A. Pronk, New process hydrotreats metal-rich feedstocks, Oil Gas J. December, 1 (1980) 120–126. Eccles, 1993, Residue processing using ebullated-bed reactors, Fuel Process. Technol., 35, 21, 10.1016/0378-3820(93)90083-G A.J.J. Van Ginneken, M.M. Van Kessel, K.M.A. Pronk, G. Renstrom, Shell process desulfurizes resids, Oil Gas J. April, 28 (1975) 59–63. Scheuerman, 1993, Advances in Chevron RDS technology for heavy oil upgrading flexibility, Fuel Process. Technol., 35, 39, 10.1016/0378-3820(93)90084-H P.B. Kwant, W.C. Van Zijll Langhout, The development of Shell’s residue hydroconversion process, in: Proceedings of the Conference on the Complete Upgrading of Crude Oil, Siofok, 25–27 September 1985. A. Hennico, G. Cohen, T. Des Courières, M. Espeillac, Hydroconversion process for high metal residues, Hydrocarbon Int. (1993) 33–37. Euzen, 1991, Moving-bed process for residue hydrotreating, Rev. Inst. Franc. du Pétrole, 46, 517, 10.2516/ogst:1991025