Platelets and platelet alloantigens: Lessons from human patients and animal models of fetal and neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia

Junt, 2007, Dynamic visualization of thrombopoiesis within bone marrow, Science, 317, 1767, 10.1126/science.1146304 Wang, 2012, Platelets in thrombosis and hemostasis: old topic with new mechanisms, Cardiovasc Hematol Disord Drug Targets, 12, 126, 10.2174/1871529X11202020126 Ruggeri, 2002, Platelets in atherothrombosis, Nat Med, 8, 1227, 10.1038/nm1102-1227 Ni, 2003, Platelets in hemostasis and thrombosis: role of integrins and their ligands, Transfus Apher Sci, 28, 257, 10.1016/S1473-0502(03)00044-2 Jackson, 2007, The growing complexity of platelet aggregation, Blood, 109, 5087, 10.1182/blood-2006-12-027698 Roberts, 2006, A cell-based model of thrombin generation, Semin Thromb Hemost, 32, 32, 10.1055/s-2006-939552 Reheman, 2014, Targeting activated platelets and fibrinolysis: hitting two birds with one stone, Circ Res, 114, 1070, 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.114.303600 Clemetson, 2012, Platelets and primary haemostasis, Thromb Res, 129, 220, 10.1016/j.thromres.2011.11.036 Ni, 2003, Plasma fibronectin promotes thrombus growth and stability in injured arterioles, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 100, 2415, 10.1073/pnas.2628067100 Ni, 2006, Unveiling the new face of fibronectin in thrombosis and hemostasis, J Thromb Haemost, 4, 940, 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2006.01899.x Wang, 2014, Plasma fibronectin supports hemostasis and regulates thrombosis, J Clin Invest, 124, 4281, 10.1172/JCI74630 Ni, 2000, Persistence of platelet thrombus formation in arterioles of mice lacking both von Willebrand factor and fibrinogen, J Clin Invest, 106, 385, 10.1172/JCI9896 Ni, 2003, Control of thrombus embolization and fibronectin internalization by integrin alpha IIb beta 3 engagement of the fibrinogen gamma chain, Blood, 102, 3609, 10.1182/blood-2003-03-0850 Xu, 2006, A novel fibrinogen Bbeta chain frameshift mutation in a patient with severe congenital hypofibrinogenaemia, Thromb Haemost, 95, 931, 10.1160/TH06-01-0020 Zhai, 2007, Fibrinogen controls human platelet fibronectin internalization and cell-surface retention, J Thromb Haemost, 5, 1740, 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2007.02625.x Harrington, 1951, Demonstration of a thrombocytopenic factor in the blood of patients with thrombocytopenic purpura, J Lab Clin Med, 38, 1 2014, Heart attack and stroke: men vs. women. For both men and women, cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death. But their risks and symptoms can differ, Harv Heart Lett: from Harvard Medical School, 24, 1 Yang, 2012, Plant food delphinidin-3-glucoside significantly inhibits platelet activation and thrombosis: novel protective roles against cardiovascular diseases, PloS One, 7, e37323, 10.1371/journal.pone.0037323 Li, 2011, The maternal immune response to fetal platelet GPIbalpha causes frequent miscarriage in mice that can be prevented by intravenous IgG and anti-FcRn therapies, J Clin Invest, 121, 4537, 10.1172/JCI57850 Murphy, 2013, Cholesterol efflux in megakaryocyte progenitors suppresses platelet production and thrombocytosis, Nat Med, 19, 586, 10.1038/nm.3150 Podrez, 2013, Bad versus good cholesterol in the bone marrow, Nat Med, 19, 541, 10.1038/nm.3188 Ni, 2012, The platelet “sugar high” in diabetes, Blood, 119, 5949, 10.1182/blood-2012-04-420794 Hess, 2014, Platelets mediate lymphovenous hemostasis to maintain blood-lymphatic separation throughout life, J Clin Invest, 124, 273, 10.1172/JCI70422 Bertozzi, 2010, Platelets regulate lymphatic vascular development through CLEC-2-SLP-76 signaling, Blood, 116, 661, 10.1182/blood-2010-02-270876 Herzog, 2013, Podoplanin maintains high endothelial venule integrity by interacting with platelet CLEC-2, Nature, 502, 105, 10.1038/nature12501 Coupland, 2014, Platelets, selectins, and the control of tumor metastasis, Semin Oncol, 41, 422, 10.1053/j.seminoncol.2014.04.003 Clark, 2007, Platelet TLR4 activates neutrophil extracellular traps to ensnare bacteria in septic blood, Nat Med, 13, 463, 10.1038/nm1565 Youssefian, 2002, Host defense role of platelets: engulfment of HIV and Staphylococcus aureus occurs in a specific subcellular compartment and is enhanced by platelet activation, Blood, 99, 4021, 10.1182/blood-2001-12-0191 McMorran, 2012, Platelet factor 4 and duffy antigen required for platelet killing of Plasmodium falciparum, Science, 338, 1348, 10.1126/science.1228892 Yeaman, 2014, Platelets: at the nexus of antimicrobial defence, Nat Rev Microbiol, 12, 426, 10.1038/nrmicro3269 Semple, 2011, Platelets and the immune continuum, Nat Rev Immunol, 11, 264, 10.1038/nri2956 Mantovani, 2013, Platelet-macrophage partnership in innate immunity and inflammation, Nat Immunol, 14, 768, 10.1038/ni.2666 Li, 2012, Crosstalk between platelets and the immune system: old systems with new discoveries, Adv Hematol, 2012, 384685, 10.1155/2012/384685 Yang, 2009, Fibrinogen is required for maintenance of platelet intracellular and cell-surface P-selectin expression, Blood, 114, 425, 10.1182/blood-2008-03-145821 Ruggeri, 1997, Mechanisms initiating platelet thrombus formation, Thromb Haemost, 78, 611, 10.1055/s-0038-1657598 Jackson, 2011, Arterial thrombosis – insidious, unpredictable and deadly, Nat Med, 17, 1423, 10.1038/nm.2515 Lei, 2014, Anfibatide, a novel GPIb complex antagonist, inhibits platelet adhesion and thrombus formation in vitro and in vivo in murine models of thrombosis, Thromb Haemost, 111, 279, 10.1160/TH13-06-0490 Ni, 2001, Increased thrombogenesis and embolus formation in mice lacking glycoprotein V, Blood, 98, 368, 10.1182/blood.V98.2.368 Xiao, 2004, Structural basis for allostery in integrins and binding to fibrinogen-mimetic therapeutics, Nature, 432, 59, 10.1038/nature02976 Shattil, 1985, Changes in the platelet membrane glycoprotein IIb.IIIa complex during platelet activation, J Biol Chem, 260, 11107, 10.1016/S0021-9258(17)39154-8 Reheman, 2009, Plasma fibronectin depletion enhances platelet aggregation and thrombus formation in mice lacking fibrinogen and von Willebrand factor, Blood, 113, 1809, 10.1182/blood-2008-04-148361 Yang, 2006, Fibrinogen and von Willebrand factor-independent platelet aggregation in vitro and in vivo, J Thromb Haemost, 4, 2230, 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2006.02116.x Dunne, 2012, Cadherin 6 has a functional role in platelet aggregation and thrombus formation, Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 32, 1724, 10.1161/ATVBAHA.112.250464 Reheman, 2010, Mice with deleted multimerin 1 and alpha-synuclein genes have impaired platelet adhesion and impaired thrombus formation that is corrected by multimerin 1, Thromb Res, 125, e177, 10.1016/j.thromres.2010.01.009 Reheman, 2005, Vitronectin stabilizes thrombi and vessel occlusion but plays a dual role in platelet aggregation, J Thromb Haemost, 3, 875, 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2005.01217.x Modderman, 1992, Glycoproteins V and Ib-IX form a noncovalent complex in the platelet membrane, J Biol Chem, 267, 364, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)48503-1 Wagner, 1996, Analysis of GPIIb/IIIa receptor number by quantification of 7E3 binding to human platelets, Blood, 88, 907, 10.1182/blood.V88.3.907.907 Brooks, 1994, Requirement of vascular integrin alpha v beta 3 for angiogenesis, Science, 264, 569, 10.1126/science.7512751 Brooks, 1994, Integrin alpha v beta 3 antagonists promote tumor regression by inducing apoptosis of angiogenic blood vessels, Cell, 79, 1157, 10.1016/0092-8674(94)90007-8 Welser-Alves, 2011, Microglia use multiple mechanisms to mediate interactions with vitronectin; non-essential roles for the highly-expressed alphavbeta3 and alphavbeta5 integrins, J Neuroinflammation, 8, 157, 10.1186/1742-2094-8-157 Hermosilla, 2008, Direct Thy-1/alphaVbeta3 integrin interaction mediates neuron to astrocyte communication, Biochim Biophys Acta, 1783, 1111, 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2008.01.034 Fusi, 1996, The expression of alpha v, alpha 5, beta 1, and beta 3 integrin chains on ejaculated human spermatozoa varies with their functional state, Mol Hum Reprod, 2, 169, 10.1093/molehr/2.3.169 Kumpel, 2008, Ultrastructural localization of glycoprotein IIIa (GPIIIa, beta 3 integrin) on placental syncytiotrophoblast microvilli: implications for platelet alloimmunization during pregnancy, Transfusion, 48, 2077, 10.1111/j.1537-2995.2008.01832.x Konkle, 1990, Cytokine-enhanced expression of glycoprotein Ib alpha in human endothelium, J Biol Chem, 265, 19833, 10.1016/S0021-9258(17)45448-2 Wu, 1997, Human endothelial cells in culture and in vivo express on their surface all four components of the glycoprotein Ib/IX/V complex, Blood, 90, 2660, 10.1182/blood.V90.7.2660 Ware, 1998, Molecular analyses of the platelet glycoprotein Ib-IX-V receptor, Thromb Haemost, 79, 466, 10.1055/s-0037-1614928 Snir, 2010, Presence of integrin alpha(IIb)beta 3 in early gestation human trophoblasts: possible involvement of fibrin as a matrix ligand, Thromb Res, 125, 253, 10.1016/j.thromres.2009.11.022 Berlanga, 2005, GPIIb (CD41) integrin is expressed on mast cells and influences their adhesion properties, Exp Hematol, 33, 403, 10.1016/j.exphem.2005.01.011 Zhou, 2012, Fibroblastic potential of CD41+ cells in the mouse aorta-gonad-mesonephros region and yolk sac, Stem Cells Dev, 21, 2592, 10.1089/scd.2011.0572 Corbel, 2005, (alpha)IIb Integrin, a novel marker for hemopoietic progenitor cells, Int J Dev Biol, 49, 279, 10.1387/ijdb.041936cc Boisset, 2013, Integrin alphaIIb (CD41) plays a role in the maintenance of hematopoietic stem cell activity in the mouse embryonic aorta, Biol Open, 2, 525, 10.1242/bio.20133715 Rodeghiero, 2014, ITP and international guidelines: what do we know, what do we need?, Presse Med, 43, e61, 10.1016/j.lpm.2014.02.004 Bussel, 2013, Pathophysiology and management of fetal and neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia (FNAIT), Blood Lo, 2014, Diagnosis and classification of immune-mediated thrombocytopenia, Autoimmun Rev, 13, 577, 10.1016/j.autrev.2014.01.026 Liebman, 2007, Other immune thrombocytopenias, Semin Hematol, 44, S24, 10.1053/j.seminhematol.2007.11.004 Cines, 2009, The ITP syndrome: pathogenic and clinical diversity, Blood, 113, 6511, 10.1182/blood-2009-01-129155 Cines, 2002, Immune thrombocytopenic purpura, N Engl J Med, 346, 995, 10.1056/NEJMra010501 Abrahamson, 2009, The incidence of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura among adults: a population-based study and literature review, Eur J Haematol, 83, 83, 10.1111/j.1600-0609.2009.01247.x Semple, 2010, Recent progress in understanding the pathogenesis of immune thrombocytopenia, Curr Opin Hematol, 17, 590, 10.1097/MOH.0b013e32833eaef3 Beardsley, 1998, Platelet autoantibodies in immune thrombocytopenic purpura, Transfus Sci, 19, 237, 10.1016/S0955-3886(98)00037-X Olsson, 2003, T-cell-mediated cytotoxicity toward platelets in chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, Nat Med, 9, 1123, 10.1038/nm921 Sayeh, 2004, IgG antiplatelet immunity is dependent on an early innate natural killer cell-derived interferon-gamma response that is regulated by CD8+ T cells, Blood, 103, 2705, 10.1182/blood-2003-10-3552 Chow, 2010, A murine model of severe immune thrombocytopenia is induced by antibody- and CD8+ T cell-mediated responses that are differentially sensitive to therapy, Blood, 115, 1247, 10.1182/blood-2009-09-244772 Allen, 2013, Sensitivity of assays for the detection of HPA-1a antibodies: results of an international workshop demonstrating the impact of cation chelation from integrin alphaIIbbeta3 on three widely used assays, Vox Sang, 105, 167, 10.1111/vox.12043 Ni, 1998, Integrin activation by dithiothreitol or Mn2+ induces a ligand-occupied conformation and exposure of a novel NH2-terminal regulatory site on the beta1 integrin chain, J Biol Chem, 273, 7981, 10.1074/jbc.273.14.7981 Ni, 1998, Localisation of a novel adhesion blocking epitope on the human beta 1 integrin chain, Cell Adhes Commun, 5, 257, 10.3109/15419069809040296 Luo, 2007, Structural basis of integrin regulation and signaling, Ann Rev Immunol, 25, 619, 10.1146/annurev.immunol.25.022106.141618 Hynes, 2002, Integrins: bidirectional, allosteric signaling machines, Cell, 110, 673, 10.1016/S0092-8674(02)00971-6 Wilkins, 1996, Control of beta1 integrin function. Localization of stimulatory epitopes, J Biol Chem, 271, 3046, 10.1074/jbc.271.6.3046 Zeng, 2012, Relative efficacy of steroid therapy in immune thrombocytopenia mediated by anti-platelet GPIIbIIIa versus GPIbalpha antibodies, Am J Hematol, 87, 206, 10.1002/ajh.22211 Peng, 2014, Association of autoantibody specificity and response to intravenous immunoglobulin G therapy in immune thrombocytopenia: a multicenter cohort study, J Thromb Haemost, 12, 497, 10.1111/jth.12524 Webster, 2006, Relative efficacy of intravenous immunoglobulin G in ameliorating thrombocytopenia induced by antiplatelet GPIIbIIIa versus GPIbalpha antibodies, Blood, 108, 943, 10.1182/blood-2005-06-009761 Chang, 2003, Immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) plasma and purified ITP monoclonal autoantibodies inhibit megakaryocytopoiesis in vitro, Blood, 102, 887, 10.1182/blood-2002-05-1475 Nieswandt, 2000, Identification of critical antigen-specific mechanisms in the development of immune thrombocytopenic purpura in mice, Blood, 96, 2520, 10.1182/blood.V96.7.2520 Webster, 2008, Fc-independent phagocytosis: implications for intravenous IgG therapy in immune thrombocytopenia, Cardiovasc Hematol Disord Drug Targets, 8, 278, 10.2174/187152908786786223 Li, 2013, Fc-independent phagocytosis: implications for IVIG and other therapies in immune-mediated thrombocytopenia, Cardiovasc Hematol Disord Drug Targets, 13, 50, 10.2174/1871529X11313010006 Jansen, 2015, Sialidase inhibition to increase platelet counts: a new treatment option for thrombocytopenia, Am J Hematol, 90, E94, 10.1002/ajh.23953 Li J, van der Wal DE, Zhu G, et al. Platelet desialylation: a novel mechanism of Fc-independent platelet clearance and a potential diagnostic biomarker and therapeutic target in immune thrombocytopenia. Paper presented at: 56th ASH Annual Meeting; December 4–6, 2014; San Francisco, CA. Li, 2014, Severe platelet desialylation in a patient with glycoprotein Ib/IX antibody-mediated immune thrombocytopenia and fatal pulmonary hemorrhage, Haematologica, 99, e61, 10.3324/haematol.2013.102897 Shao, 2014, Successful treatment with oseltamivir phosphate in a patient with chronic immune thrombocytopenia positive for anti-GPIb/IX autoantibody, Platelets, 1, 10.3109/09537104.2014.948838 Kaplan, 2001, Immune thrombocytopenia in the foetus and the newborn: diagnosis and therapy, Transfus Clin Biol, 8, 311, 10.1016/S1246-7820(01)00114-8 Bussel, 1997, Immune thrombocytopenia in pregnancy: autoimmune and alloimmune, J Reprod Immunol, 37, 35, 10.1016/S0165-0378(97)00072-7 Hachisuga, 2014, Can we predict neonatal thrombocytopenia in offspring of women with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura?, Blood Res, 49, 259, 10.5045/br.2014.49.4.259 Webert, 2003, A retrospective 11-year analysis of obstetric patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, Blood, 102, 4306, 10.1182/blood-2002-10-3317 Kutuk, 2014, Fetal intracranial hemorrhage related to maternal autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura, Childs Nerv Syst, 30, 2147, 10.1007/s00381-014-2473-9 Roberts, 2008, Thrombocytopenia in the neonate, Blood Rev, 22, 173, 10.1016/j.blre.2008.03.004 Murray, 1996, Circulating megakaryocytes and their progenitors in early thrombocytopenia in preterm neonates, Pediatr Res, 40, 112, 10.1203/00006450-199607000-00020 Watts, 1999, Thrombopoietin has a primary role in the regulation of platelet production in preterm babies, Pediatr Res, 46, 28, 10.1203/00006450-199907000-00005 Kaplan, 2013, Alloimmune Thrombocytopenia (CHAPTER 46), 953 Bussel, 2008, Fetal and neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia: progress and ongoing debates, Blood Rev, 22, 33, 10.1016/j.blre.2007.09.002 Mueller-Eckhardt, 1989, 348 cases of suspected neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia, Lancet, 1, 363, 10.1016/S0140-6736(89)91733-9 Bussel, 1997, Fetal alloimmune thrombocytopenia, N Engl J Med, 337, 22, 10.1056/NEJM199707033370104 Kaplan, 2006, Foetal and neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopaenia, Orphanet J Rare Dis, 1, 39, 10.1186/1750-1172-1-39 Harrington, 1953, Immunologic mechanisms in idiopathic and neonatal thrombocytopenic purpura, Ann Intern Med, 38, 433, 10.7326/0003-4819-38-3-433 Shulman, 1962, Immunoreactions involving platelet. VI. Reactions of maternal isoantibodies responsible for neonatal purpura. Differentiation of a second platelet antigen system, J Clin Invest, 41, 1059, 10.1172/JCI104556 Dreyfus, 1997, Frequency of immune thrombocytopenia in newborns: a prospective study. Immune Thrombocytopenia Working Group, Blood, 89, 4402, 10.1182/blood.V89.12.4402 Chakravorty, 2012, How I manage neonatal thrombocytopenia, Br J Haematol, 156, 155, 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2011.08892.x Herman, 1986, In utero cerebral hemorrhage in alloimmune thrombocytopenia, Am J Pediatr Hematol Oncol, 8, 312, 10.1097/00043426-198624000-00008 Tiller, 2013, Fetal intracranial haemorrhages caused by fetal and neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia: an observational cohort study of 43 cases from an international multicentre registry, BMJ Open, 3, e002490, 10.1136/bmjopen-2012-002490 Silva, 2011, Severe intracranial haemorrhage in neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia, BMJ Case Rep, 2011, 10.1136/bcr.07.2011.4563 Murphy, 1999, Neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia, Haematologica, 84, 110 Giovangrandi, 1990, Very early intracranial haemorrhage in alloimmune fetal thrombocytopenia, Lancet, 336, 310, 10.1016/0140-6736(90)91842-X Bussel, 2010, Intracranial hemorrhage in alloimmune thrombocytopenia: stratified management to prevent recurrence in the subsequent affected fetus, Am J Obstet Gynecol, 203, 10.1016/j.ajog.2010.03.011 Butros, 2003, Intracranial hemorrhage in immune thrombocytopenic purpura: a retrospective analysis, J Pediatr Hematol Oncol, 25, 660, 10.1097/00043426-200308000-00017 von Lindern, 2011, Thrombocytopenia in neonates and the risk of intraventricular hemorrhage: a retrospective cohort study, BMC Pediatr, 11, 16, 10.1186/1471-2431-11-16 Kjeldsen-Kragh, 2007, A screening and intervention program aimed to reduce mortality and serious morbidity associated with severe neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia, Blood, 110, 833, 10.1182/blood-2006-08-040121 Davoren, 2002, Neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia in the Irish population: a discrepancy between observed and expected cases, J Clin Pathol, 55, 289, 10.1136/jcp.55.4.289 Bertrand, 2014, Prediction of IVIG treatment efficiency in fetal/neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia, Blood, 124, 654, 10.1182/blood-2014-04-569541 Murphy, 1996, Severe fetomaternal alloimmune thrombocytopenia presenting with fetal hydrocephalus, Prenat Diagn, 16, 1152, 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0223(199612)16:12<1152::AID-PD8>3.0.CO;2-J Bertrand, 2011, Prediction of the fetal status in non-invasive management of alloimmune thrombocytopenia, Blood, 117, 3209, 10.1182/blood-2010-08-302463 Forestier, 1986, Hematological values of 163 normal fetuses between 18 and 30 weeks of gestation, Pediatr Res, 20, 342, 10.1203/00006450-198604000-00017 Chen, 2010, Animal model of fetal and neonatal immune thrombocytopenia: role of neonatal Fc receptor in the pathogenesis and therapy, Blood, 116, 3660, 10.1182/blood-2010-05-284919 Roopenian, 2007, FcRn: the neonatal Fc receptor comes of age, Nat Rev Immunol, 7, 715, 10.1038/nri2155 McMillan, 1974, In vitro platelet phagocytosis by splenic leukocytes in idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, N Engl J Med, 290, 249, 10.1056/NEJM197401312900505 von dem Borne, 1990, ICSH/ISBT working party on platelet serology. Nomenclature of platelet-specific antigens, Vox Sang, 58, 176, 10.1111/j.1423-0410.1990.tb02085.x Metcalfe, 2003, Nomenclature of human platelet antigens, Vox Sang, 85, 240, 10.1046/j.1423-0410.2003.00331.x Santoso, 2002, A functional platelet fibrinogen receptor with a deletion in the cysteine-rich repeat region of the beta(3) integrin: the Oe(a) alloantigen in neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia, Blood, 99, 1205, 10.1182/blood.V99.4.1205 Curtis, 2014, Human platelet antigens – 2013, Vox Sang, 106, 93, 10.1111/vox.12085 Salomon, 2013, Predicting risk severity and response of fetal neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia, Br J Haematol, 162, 304, 10.1111/bjh.12372 Newman, 1989, The human platelet alloantigens, PlA1 and PlA2, are associated with a leucine33/proline33 amino acid polymorphism in membrane glycoprotein IIIa, and are distinguishable by DNA typing, J Clin Invest, 83, 1778, 10.1172/JCI114082 Knight, 2011, The incidence and outcomes of fetomaternal alloimmune thrombocytopenia: a UK national study using three data sources, Br J Haematol, 152, 460, 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2010.08540.x Ramsey, 1986, Frequency of PLA1 in blacks, Transfusion, 26, 531, 10.1046/j.1537-2995.1986.26687043619.x Brouk, 2010, Human platelet antigen allele frequencies in different Algerian populations, Tissue Antigens, 75, 673, 10.1111/j.1399-0039.2009.01429.x Mueller-Eckhardt, 1994, Platelet alloantigens – molecular, genetic, and clinical aspects, Vox Sang, 67, 89, 10.1111/j.1423-0410.1994.tb04551.x Santoso, 1993, Frequency of platelet-specific antigens among Indonesians, Transfusion, 33, 739, 10.1046/j.1537-2995.1993.33994025024.x Smaoui, 2013, Allelic polymorphisms of human platelets-specific alloantigens in South Tunisian population, Hematology, 18, 365, 10.1179/1607845413Y.0000000087 Koh, 2012, The first two cases of neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia associated with the low-frequency platelet antigen HPA-21bw (Nos) in Japan, Transfusion, 52, 1468, 10.1111/j.1537-2995.2011.03491.x Ghevaert, 2009, Alloantibodies against low-frequency human platelet antigens do not account for a significant proportion of cases of fetomaternal alloimmune thrombocytopenia: evidence from 1054 cases, Transfusion, 49, 2084, 10.1111/j.1537-2995.2009.02246.x Rousseau, 2004, HPA-5b (Bra) neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia in Quebec: incidence and clinical outcome in 31 cases, Transfusion, 44, 844, 10.1111/j.1537-2995.2004.03304.x Goldman, 2003, Neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia due to anti-HPA-2b (anti-Koa), Immunohematology/American Red Cross., 19, 43 Al-Sheikh, 1998, A rare case of neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia due to ANTI-HPA-2b, Ann Saudi Med, 18, 547, 10.5144/0256-4947.1998.547 Kaplan, 2005, Anti-HPA-9bw (Maxa) fetomaternal alloimmunization, a clinically severe neonatal thrombocytopenia: difficulties in diagnosis and therapy and report on eight families, Transfusion, 45, 1799, 10.1111/j.1537-2995.2005.00606.x Glade-Bender, 2001, Anti-HPA-3A induces severe neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia, J Pediatr, 138, 862, 10.1067/mpd.2001.114029 Peterson, 2012, New platelet glycoprotein polymorphisms causing maternal immunization and neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia, Transfusion, 52, 1117, 10.1111/j.1537-2995.2011.03428.x Sachs, 2010, A new low-frequency polymorphism on platelet glycoprotein IIIa (sec) is associated with neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia and with impaired GP IIb/IIIa function, Vox Sang, 99, 19 Gerhardt, 2014, Elevated lipoprotein(a) levels and homozygous human platelet antigen 1b (HPA-1b) genotype are risk factors for intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), J Thromb Thrombolysis, 37, 107, 10.1007/s11239-013-0902-3 Bray, 1999, Integrin polymorphisms as risk factors for thrombosis, Thromb Haemost, 82, 337, 10.1055/s-0037-1615851 Curtis, 2002, Isoimmunization against CD36 (glycoprotein IV): description of four cases of neonatal isoimmune thrombocytopenia and brief review of the literature, Transfusion, 42, 1173, 10.1046/j.1537-2995.2002.00176.x Xu, 2013, Studies on CD36 deficiency in South China: two cases demonstrating the clinical impact of anti-CD36 antibodies, Thromb Haemost, 110, 1199, 10.1160/TH13-05-0435 Ikeda, 1989, A new platelet-specific antigen, Naka, involved in the refractoriness of HLA-matched platelet transfusion, Vox Sang, 57, 213, 10.1111/j.1423-0410.1989.tb00826.x Kjeldsen-Kragh, 2012, Towards a prophylactic treatment of HPA-related foetal and neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia, Curr Opin Hematol, 19, 469, 10.1097/MOH.0b013e328358f86c Chakraborty, 2002, Regulation of human trophoblast migration and invasiveness, Can J Physiol Pharmacol, 80, 116, 10.1139/y02-016 Ni, 2006, A novel murine model of fetal and neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia: response to intravenous IgG therapy, Blood, 107, 2976, 10.1182/blood-2005-06-2562 Wu, 1997, An integrin polymorphism that defines reactivity with alloantibodies generates an anchor for MHC class II peptide binding: a model for unidirectional alloimmune responses, J Immunol, 158, 3221, 10.4049/jimmunol.158.7.3221 Loewenthal, 2013, Compound heterozygosity of HLA-DRB3*01:01 and HLA-DRB4*01:01 as a potential predictor of fetal neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia, Transfusion, 53, 344, 10.1111/j.1537-2995.2012.03734.x Li, 2013, Co-stimulation with LPS or Poly I: C markedly enhances the anti-platelet immune response and severity of fetal and neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia, Thromb Haemost, 110, 1250, 10.1160/TH13-04-0354 Mohapatra, 1995, In pursuit of the “holy grail”: recombinant allergens and peptides as catalysts for the allergen-specific immunotherapy, Allergy, 50, 37, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1995.tb04275.x Xu, 2014, The antigen presenting cells instruct plasma cell differentiation, Front Immunol, 4, 504, 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00504 Blanchette, 1990, Alloimmunization to the PlA1 platelet antigen: results of a prospective study, Br J Haematol, 74, 209, 10.1111/j.1365-2141.1990.tb02567.x Williamson, 1998, The natural history of fetomaternal alloimmunization to the platelet-specific antigen HPA-1a (PlA1, Zwa) as determined by antenatal screening, Blood, 92, 2280, 10.1182/blood.V92.7.2280 Kamphuis, 2011, Fetal and neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia: prenatal interventions, Prenat Diagn, 31, 712, 10.1002/pd.2779 Bussel, 2009, Diagnosis and management of the fetus and neonate with alloimmune thrombocytopenia, J Thromb Haemost, 7, 253, 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2009.03380.x Vinograd, 2010, Antenatal treatment of fetal alloimmune thrombocytopenia: a current perspective, Haematologica, 95, 1807, 10.3324/haematol.2010.030148 Paidas, 1995, Alloimmune thrombocytopenia: fetal and neonatal losses related to cordocentesis, Am J Obstet Gynecol, 172, 475, 10.1016/0002-9378(95)90559-6 Shivdasani, 1995, Transcription factor NF-E2 is required for platelet formation independent of the actions of thrombopoietin/MGDF in megakaryocyte development, Cell, 81, 695, 10.1016/0092-8674(95)90531-6 Palumbo, 2004, Role of fibrinogen- and platelet-mediated hemostasis in mouse embryogenesis and reproduction, J Thromb Haemost, 2, 1368, 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2004.00788.x Kiefel, 2006, Antigen-positive platelet transfusion in neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia (NAIT), Blood, 107, 3761, 10.1182/blood-2005-06-2235 Kaplan, 1998, Feto-maternal alloimmune thrombocytopenia: antenatal therapy with IvIgG and steroids–more questions than answers. European Working Group on FMAIT, Br J Haematol, 100, 62, 10.1046/j.1365-2141.1998.00533.x Pacheco, 2011, Fetal and neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia: a management algorithm based on risk stratification, Obstet Gynecol, 118, 1157, 10.1097/AOG.0b013e31823403f4 Bertrand, 2014, How do we treat fetal and neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia?, Transfusion, 54, 1698, 10.1111/trf.12671 Bussel, 2005, Clinical and diagnostic comparison of neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia to non-immune cases of thrombocytopenia, Pediatr Blood Cancer, 45, 176, 10.1002/pbc.20282 Nishimoto, 2013, Predominant autoantibody response to GPIb/IX in a regulatory T-cell-deficient mouse model for immune thrombocytopenia, J Thromb Haemost, 11, 369, 10.1111/jth.12079 Oyaizu, 1988, (NZW x BXSB)F1 mouse. A new animal model of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, J Exp Med, 167, 2017, 10.1084/jem.167.6.2017 Dekel, 1998, Human/BALB radiation chimera engrafted with splenocytes from patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura produce human platelet antibodies, Immunology, 94, 410, 10.1046/j.1365-2567.1998.00516.x Hansen, 2001, Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and platelet binding of an anti-glycoprotein IIb/IIIa monoclonal antibody (7E3) in the rat: a quantitative rat model of immune thrombocytopenic purpura, J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 298, 165 Hosono, 1995, Kinetics of platelets in dogs with thrombocytopenia induced by antiglycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor monoclonal antibody, Nucl Med Biol, 22, 71, 10.1016/0969-8051(94)00072-R Coetzee, 2000, The effect of monoclonal anti-human-platelet antibodies on platelet kinetics in a baboon model: IgG subclass dependency, Thromb Haemost, 83, 148, 10.1055/s-0037-1613771 Leytin, 2006, Intravenous immunoglobulin inhibits anti-glycoprotein IIb-induced platelet apoptosis in a murine model of immune thrombocytopenia, Br J Haematol, 133, 78 Crow, 2001, IVIg inhibits reticuloendothelial system function and ameliorates murine passive-immune thrombocytopenia independent of anti-idiotype reactivity, Br J Haematol, 115, 679, 10.1046/j.1365-2141.2001.03136.x Ghevaert, 2008, Developing recombinant HPA-1a-specific antibodies with abrogated Fcgamma receptor binding for the treatment of fetomaternal alloimmune thrombocytopenia, J Clin Invest, 118, 2929 Bakchoul, 2009, Blockade of maternal anti-HPA-1a-mediated platelet clearance by an HPA-1a epitope-specific F(ab') in an in vivo mouse model of alloimmune thrombocytopenia, Transfusion, 49, 265, 10.1111/j.1537-2995.2008.01972.x Lang, 2011, Impaired angiogenesis contributes to pathogenesis of fetal and neonatal immune thrombocytopenia, J Thromb Haemost Yougbaré, 2015, Maternal anti-platelet β3 integrins impair angiogenesis and cause intracranial hemorrhage, J Clin Invest, 10.1172/JCI77820 Firan, 2001, The MHC class I-related receptor, FcRn, plays an essential role in the maternofetal transfer of gamma-globulin in humans, Int Immunol, 13, 993, 10.1093/intimm/13.8.993 Killie, 2008, A prospective study of maternal anti-HPA 1a antibody level as a potential predictor of alloimmune thrombocytopenia in the newborn, Haematologica, 93, 870, 10.3324/haematol.12515 Kjeldsen-Kragh, 2013, Mechanisms and prevention of alloimmunization in pregnancy, Obstet Gynecol Surv, 68, 526, 10.1097/OGX.0b013e3182947ce4 Tiller, 2012, Toward a prophylaxis against fetal and neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia: induction of antibody-mediated immune suppression and prevention of severe clinical complications in a murine model, Transfusion, 52, 1446, 10.1111/j.1537-2995.2011.03480.x