The anatomy of mood disorders—review of structural neuroimaging studies
Tóm tắt
Từ khóa
Tài liệu tham khảo
Aasly, 1993, Minor structural brain changes in young drug abusers, Acta Neurol Scand, 87, 210, 10.1111/j.1600-0404.1993.tb04103.x
Abas, 1990, Neuropsychological deficits and CT scan changes in elderly depressives, Psychol Med, 20, 507, 10.1017/S0033291700017025
Agrell, 1994, Depression in stroke patients with left and right hemisphere lesions, Aging Clin Exp Res, 6, 49, 10.1007/BF03324213
Alexander, 1986, Parallel organization of functionally segregated circuits linking basal ganglia and cortex, Ann Rev Neurosci, 9, 357, 10.1146/annurev.ne.09.030186.002041
Alexander, 1990, Basal ganglia-thalamocortical circuits: Parallel substrates for motor, oculomotor, “prefrontal” and “limbic” functions, Prog Brain Res, 85, 119, 10.1016/S0079-6123(08)62678-3
Alexopoulos, 1992, Brain computed tomography findings in geriatric depression and primary degenerative dementia, Biol Psychiatry, 31, 591, 10.1016/0006-3223(92)90245-U
Allen, 1990, Sex difference in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis of the human brain, J Comp Neurol, 302, 697, 10.1002/cne.903020402
Allen, 1991, Sex differences in the corpus callosum of the living human brain, J Neurosci, 11, 933, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.11-04-00933.1991
Altshuler, 1991, Reduction of temporal lobe volume in bipolar disorder: A preliminary report of magnetic resonance imaging, Arch Gen Psychiatry, 48, 482, 10.1001/archpsyc.1991.01810290094018
Altshuler, 1995, T2 hyperintensities in bipolar disorder: Magnetic resonance imaging comparison and literature meta-analysis, Am J Psychiatry, 152, 1139, 10.1176/ajp.152.8.1139
Ames, 1990, The distinction between depression and dementia in the very old, Int J Geriat Psychiatry, 5, 193, 10.1002/gps.930050308
Amsterdam, 1987, Assessment of adrenal gland volume by computed tomography in depressed patients and healthy volunteers: A pilot study, Psychiatry Res, 21, 189, 10.1016/0165-1781(87)90022-9
Andersen, 1995, Risk factors for post-stroke depression, Acta Psychiatr Scand, 92, 193, 10.1111/j.1600-0447.1995.tb09567.x
Andreasen, 1990, Ventricular abnormalities in affective disorder: Clinical and demographic correlates, Am J Psychiatry, 147, 893, 10.1176/ajp.147.7.893
Astrom, 1993, Major depression in stroke patients—A 3-year longitudinal study, Stroke, 24, 976, 10.1161/01.STR.24.7.976
Austin, 1995, Editorial—The anatomy of melancholia: Does frontal-subcortical pathophysiology underpin its psychomotor and cognitive manifestations?, Psychol Med, 25, 665, 10.1017/S0033291700034929
Axelson, 1992, In vivo assessment of pituitary volume with magnetic resonance imaging and systematic stereology: Relationship to dexamethasone suppression test results in patients, Psychiatry Res, 44, 63, 10.1016/0165-1781(92)90070-J
Axelson, 1993, Hypercortisolemia and hippocampal changes in depression, Psychiatry Res, 47, 163, 10.1016/0165-1781(93)90046-J
Aylward, 1994, Basal ganglia volumes and white matter hyperintensities in patients with bipolar disorder, Am J Psychiatry, 151, 687, 10.1176/ajp.151.5.687
Awad, 1986, Incidental subcortical lesions identified on magnetic resonance imaging in the elderly: I. Correlation with age and cerebrovascular risk factors, Stroke, 17, 1084, 10.1161/01.STR.17.6.1084
Awad, 1986, Incidental subcortical lesions identified on magnetic resonance imaging in the elderly: II. Postmortem pathologic correlations, Stroke, 17, 1090, 10.1161/01.STR.17.6.1090
Bachneff, 1991, Positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance imaging: A review and a local circuit neurons hypo(dys)function hypothesis of schizophrenia, Biol Psychiatry, 30, 857, 10.1016/0006-3223(91)90002-4
Baxter, 1991, PET studies of cerebral function in major depression and obsessive-compulsive disorder—The emerging prefrontal cortex consensus, Ann Clin Psychiatry, 3, 103, 10.3109/10401239109147977
Beats, 1991, Structural imaging in affective disorder, Int J Geriat Psychiatry, 6, 419, 10.1002/gps.930060614
Beats, 1991, Ventricular enlargement and caudate hyperdensity in elderly depressives, Biol Psychiatry, 30, 452, 10.1016/0006-3223(91)90306-7
Becker, 1995, Some methodological issues in neuroradiological research in psychiatry, J Neural Transm, 99, 7, 10.1007/BF01271468
Berton, 1982, The paleocerebellum and the integration of behavioral function, Physiol Psychol, 10, 1
Bolla-Wilson, 1989, Lateralization of dementia of depression in stroke patients, Am J Psychiatry, 146, 627, 10.1176/ajp.146.5.627
Botteron, 1992, MRI abnormalities in adolescent bipolar affective disorder, J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 31, 258, 10.1097/00004583-199203000-00012
Brady, 1995, The relationship between substance abuse and bipolar disorder, J Clin Psychiatry, 56, 19
Brown, 1992, White matter hyperintensity signals in psychiatric and nonpsychiatric subjects, Am J Psychiatry, 149, 620, 10.1176/ajp.149.5.620
Brun, 1986, A white matter disorder in dementia of the Alzheimer's type: A pathoanatomical study, Ann Neurol, 19, 253, 10.1002/ana.410190306
Buchsbaum, 1986, Brain imaging in the search for biological markers in affective disorder, J Clin Psychiatry, 47, 7
Caine, 1983, Psychiatric syndrome in Huntington's disease, Am J Psychiatry, 140, 728, 10.1176/ajp.140.6.728
Charnes, 1993, Brain lesions in alcoholics, Alcohol Clin Exp Res, 17, 2, 10.1111/j.1530-0277.1993.tb00718.x
Chimowitz, 1992, Further observations on the pathology of subcortical lesions identified on magnetic resonance imaging, Arch Neurol, 49, 747, 10.1001/archneur.1992.00530310095018
Churchill, 1991, Occult subcortical magnetic resonance findings in elderly depressives, Int J Geriat Psychiatry, 6, 213, 10.1002/gps.930060405
Cleghorn, 1991, Structural and functional brain imaging in schizophrenia, J Psychiatry Neurosci, 16, 53
Coffey, 1987, Electroconvulsive therapy of depression in patients with white matter hyperintensity, Biol Psychiatry, 122, 629, 10.1016/0006-3223(87)90190-9
Coffey, 1988, Leukoencephalopathy in elderly depressed patients referred for ECT, Biol Psychiatry, 24, 143, 10.1016/0006-3223(88)90270-3
Coffey, 1989, White matter hyperintensity on magnetic resonance imaging: Clinical and neuroanatomic correlates in the depressed elderly, J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci, 1, 135, 10.1176/jnp.1.2.135
Coffey, 1990, Subcortical hyperintensity on magnetic resonance imaging: A comparison of normal and depressed elderly subjects, Am J Psychiatry, 147, 187, 10.1176/ajp.147.2.187
Coffey, 1993, Quantitative cerebral anatomy in depression, Arch Gen Psychiatry, 50, 7, 10.1001/archpsyc.1993.01820130009002
Coffey, 1993, The dexamethasone suppression test and quantitative cerebral anatomy in depression, Biol Psychiatry, 33, 442, 10.1016/0006-3223(93)90172-A
Coffman, 1990, Cognitive impairment and cerebral structure by MRI in bipolar disorder, Biol Psychiatry, 27, 1188, 10.1016/0006-3223(90)90416-Y
Cohen, 1992, Segmentation techniques for the classification of brain tissue using magnetic resonance imaging, Psychiatry Res: Neuroimaging, 45, 33, 10.1016/0925-4927(92)90012-S
Conlon, 1987, Magnetic resonance imaging in psychiatry, Can J Psychiatry, 32, 702, 10.1177/070674378703200815
Cummings, 1993, The neuroanatomy of depression, J Clin Psychiatry, 54, 14
Cummings, 1984, Secondary mania with focal cerebrovascular lesions, Am J Psychiatry, 141, 1084, 10.1176/ajp.141.9.1084
DeLisi, 1992, The timing of brain morphological changes in schizophrenia and their relationship to clinical outcome, Biol Psychiatry, 31, 241, 10.1016/0006-3223(92)90047-4
Dewan, 1988, Bipolar affective disorder: I. Comprehensive quantitative computed tomography, Acta Psychiatr Scand, 77, 670, 10.1111/j.1600-0447.1988.tb05186.x
Dewan, 1988, Bipolar affective disorder: II. EEG, neuropsychological, and clinical correlates of CT abnormality, Acta Psychiatr Scand, 77, 677, 10.1111/j.1600-0447.1988.tb05187.x
Dewan, 1988, Is CT ventriculomegaly related to hypercortisolemia?, Acta Psychiatr Scand, 77, 230, 10.1111/j.1600-0447.1988.tb05107.x
Dolan, 1985, Cerebral ventricular size in depressed subjects, Psychol Med, 15, 873, 10.1017/S0033291700005110
Dolan, 1986, The cerebral cortical appearance in depressed subjects, Psychol Med, 16, 775, 10.1017/S0033291700011788
Dolan, 1990, Altered magnetic resonance white-matter T1 values in patients with affective disorder, Br J Psychiatr, 157, 107, 10.1192/bjp.157.1.107
Drevets, 1992, A functional anatomical study of unipolar depression, J Neurosci, 12, 3628, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.12-09-03628.1992
Dupont, 1987, Subcortical signal hyperintensities in bipolar patients detected by MRI, Psychiatry Res, 21, 357, 10.1016/0165-1781(87)90020-5
Dupont, 1990, Subcortical abnormalities detected in bipolar affective disorder using magnetic resonance imaging, Arch Gen Psychiatry, 47, 55, 10.1001/archpsyc.1990.01810130057008
Dupont, 1995, Magnetic resonance imaging and mood disorders—Localization of white matter and other subcortical abnormalities, Arch Gen Psychiatry, 52, 747, 10.1001/archpsyc.1995.03950210041009
Eastwood, 1989, Mood disorder following cerebrovascular accident, Br J Psychiatry, 154, 195, 10.1192/bjp.154.2.195
El-Guebaly, 1975, Manic-depressive psychosis and drug abuse, Can J Psychiatry, 20, 595
Elkis, 1995, Meta-analyses of studies of ventricular enlargement and cortical sulcal prominence in mood disorders—Comparisons with controls or patients with schizophrenia, Arch Gen Psychiatry, 52, 735, 10.1001/archpsyc.1995.03950210029008
Englund, 1987, Correlations between histopathologic white matter changes and proton MR relaxation times in dementia, Alzheimer's Dis Assoc Disord, 1, 156, 10.1097/00002093-198701030-00008
Erkinjuntti, 1984, Cerebral NMR and CT imaging in dementia, J Comput Assist Tomogr, 8, 614, 10.1097/00004728-198408000-00006
Escalona, 1991, In vivo stereological assessment of human cerebellar volume: Effects of gender and age, Am J Neuroradiol, 12, 927
Escalona, 1993, Reduction of cerebellar volume in major depression: A controlled MRI study, Depression, 1, 156, 10.1002/depr.3050010307
Figiel, 1989, Brain magnetic resonance imaging in elderly depressed patients receiving electroconvulsive therapy, Convuls Ther, 5, 26
Figiel, 1989, Radiologic correlates of antidepressant-induced delirium: The possible significance of basal-ganglia lesions, J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci, 1, 188, 10.1176/jnp.1.2.188
Figiel, 1990, Subcortical structural changes in ECT-induced delirium, J Geriat Psychiatry Neurol, 3, 172, 10.1177/089198879000300309
Figiel, 1990, Brain magnetic resonance imaging findings in ECT-induced delirium, J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci, 2, 53, 10.1176/jnp.2.1.53
Figiel, 1991, Subcortical hyperintensities on brain magnetic resonance imaging: A comparison between late age onset and early onset elderly depressed subjects, Neurobiol Aging, 26, 245, 10.1016/0197-4580(91)90104-R
Figiel, 1991, Subcortical hyperintensities on brain magnetic resonance imaging: A comparison of normal and bipolar subjects, J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci, 3, 18, 10.1176/jnp.3.1.18
Figiel, 1991, Caudate hyperintensities in elderly depressed patients with neuroleptic-induced parkinsonism, J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol, 4, 86, 10.1177/089198879100400206
Filipek, 1989, Magnetic resonance imaging-based brain morphometry: Development and application to normal subjects, Ann Neurol, 25, 61, 10.1002/ana.410250110
Folstein, 1977, Mood disorder as a specific complication of stroke, J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 40, 1018, 10.1136/jnnp.40.10.1018
Forrest, 1982, Bipolar illness after right hemispherectomy, Arch Gen Psychiatry, 39, 817, 10.1001/archpsyc.1982.04290070051009
Fujikawa, 1993, Incidence of silent cerebral infarction in patients with major depression, Stroke, 24, 1631, 10.1161/01.STR.24.11.1631
George, 1994, Introduction: The emerging neuroanatomy of depression, Psychiatr Ann, 24, 635, 10.3928/0048-5713-19941201-06
George, 1986, Leukoencephalopathy in normal and pathological aging: 1. CT of brain lucencies, AJNR Am J Neuroradiol, 7, 561
George, 1993, SPECT and PET imaging in mood disorders, J Clin Psychiatry, 54, 6
George, 1994, Prefrontal cortex dysfunction in clinical depression, Depression, 2, 59, 10.1002/depr.3050020202
Grafton, 1991, Comparison of postmortem magnetic resonance imaging and neuropathologic findings in the cerebral white matter, Arch Neurol, 48, 293, 10.1001/archneur.1991.00530150061019
Gupta, 1988, Periventricular white matter changes and dementia: Clinical, neuropsychological, radiological, and pathological correlation, Arch Neurol, 45, 637, 10.1001/archneur.1988.00520300057019
Guze, 1994, the neuropathologic basis of major affective disorders: Neuroanatomic insights, J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci, 6, 114, 10.1176/jnp.6.2.114
Guze, 1992, Leukoencephalopathy and major depression: A preliminary report, Psychiatry Res, 45, 169, 10.1016/0925-4927(92)90024-X
Harrel, 1991, The relationship of high-intensity signals on magnetic resonance images to cognitive and psychiatric state in Alzheimer's disease, Arch Neurol, 48, 1136, 10.1001/archneur.1991.00530230044019
Harvey, 1994, Volumetric MRI measurements in bipolars compared with schizophrenics and healthy controls, Psychol Med, 24, 689, 10.1017/S0033291700027847
Hasin, 1985, Alcohol and drug abuse in patients with affective syndromes, Compr Psychiatry, 26, 283, 10.1016/0010-440X(85)90073-2
Hauser, 1989, Temporal lobe measurement in primary affective disorder by magnetic resonance imaging, J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci, 1, 128, 10.1176/jnp.1.2.128
Hauser, 1989, Corpus callosum dimensions measured by magnetic resonance imaging in bipolar affective disorder and schizophrenia, Biol Psychiatry, 26, 659, 10.1016/0006-3223(89)90100-5
Herrmann, 1993, Depression in acute and chronic aphasia: Symptoms, pathoanatomical-clinical correlations and functional implications, J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 56, 672, 10.1136/jnnp.56.6.672
Hickie, 1995, Subcortical hyperintensities on magnetic resonance imaging: Clinical correlates and prognostic significance in patients with severe depression, Biol Psychiatry, 37, 151, 10.1016/0006-3223(94)00174-2
House, 1990, Mood disorders after stroke and their relation to lesion location, Brain, 113, 1113, 10.1093/brain/113.4.1113
Howard, 1993, White matter changes in late onset depression: A magnetic resonance imaging study, Int J Geriat Psychiatry, 8, 183, 10.1002/gps.930080213
Husain, 1991, A magnetic resonance imaging study of putamen nuclei in major depression, Psychiatry Res, 40, 95, 10.1016/0925-4927(91)90001-7
Husain, 1991, Platelet [3H]-imipramine binding and leukoencephalopathy in geriatric depression, Biol Psychiatry, 29, 665, 10.1016/0006-3223(91)90136-A
Iacono, 1988, Ventricular and sulcal size at the onset of psychosis, Am J Psychiatry, 145, 820, 10.1176/ajp.145.7.820
Irle, 1994, Mood changes after surgery for tumors of the cerebral cortex, Arch Neurol, 51, 164, 10.1001/archneur.1994.00540140070017
Jacoby, 1980, Computed tomography in the elderly: 3. Affective disorder, Br J Psychiatry, 136, 270, 10.1192/bjp.136.3.270
Jacoby, 1981, Computed tomography and the outcome of affective disorder: A follow-up study of elderly patients, Br J Psychiatry, 139, 288, 10.1192/bjp.139.4.288
Jernigan, 1991, Reduced cerebral grey matter observed in alcoholics using magnetic resonance imaging, Alcohol Clin Exp Res, 15, 418, 10.1111/j.1530-0277.1991.tb00540.x
Jeste, 1988, Neuroanatomical studies of major affective disorders: A review and suggestions for further research, Br J Psychiatry, 153, 444, 10.1192/bjp.153.4.444
Johnson, 1990, Mood disorder, “pre-ictal” psychosis and temporal lobe damage, Br J Psychiatry, 157, 441, 10.1192/bjp.157.3.441
Johnstone, 1986, Hypothyroidism as a correlate of lateral ventricular enlargement in manic-depressive and neurotic illness, Br J Psychiatry, 148, 317, 10.1192/bjp.148.3.317
Johnstone, 1989, Temporal lobe structure as determined by nuclear magnetic resonance in schizophrenia and bipolar affective disorder, J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 52, 736, 10.1136/jnnp.52.6.736
Jones, 1991, The genetics of schizophrenia is the genetics of neurodevelopment, Br J Psychiatry, 158, 615, 10.1192/bjp.158.5.615
Jorge, 1993, Comparison between acute- and delayed-onset depression following traumatic brain injury, J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci, 5, 43, 10.1176/jnp.5.1.43
Junque, 1990, Leukoaraiosis on magnetic resonance imaging and speed of mental processing, Arch Neurol, 47, 151, 10.1001/archneur.1990.00530020047013
Jurjus, 1993, Cavum septum pellucidum in schizophrenia, affective disorder and healthy controls: A magnetic resonance imaging study, Psychol Med, 23, 319, 10.1017/S0033291700028403
Kaplan, 1990, Enlargement of cerebral third ventricle in psychotic patients with delayed response to neuroleptics, Biol Psychiatry, 27, 205, 10.1016/0006-3223(90)90650-Q
Kellner, 1983, Relationship of cortisol hypersecretion to brain CT scan alterations in depressed patients, Psychiatry Res, 8, 191, 10.1016/0165-1781(83)90062-8
Kemmerer, 1994, Increased hippocampal volume in bipolar disorder, Biol Psychiatry, 35, 626, 10.1016/0006-3223(94)90698-X
Keshavan, 1994, Is schizophrenia due to excessive synaptic pruning in the prefrontal cortex?, J Psychiatr Res, 28, 239, 10.1016/0022-3956(94)90009-4
Ketter, 1994, Primary mood disorders: Structural and resting functional studies, Psychiatr Ann, 24, 637, 10.3928/0048-5713-19941201-07
Kolbeinsson, 1986, Computed tomographic scans in ECT-patients, Acta Psychiatr Scand, 73, 28, 10.1111/j.1600-0447.1986.tb02661.x
Krieg, 1988, Endocrine, metabolic, and cranial computed tomographic findings in anorexia nervosa, Biol Psychiatry, 23, 377, 10.1016/0006-3223(88)90288-0
Krishnan, 1993, Pituitary and adrenal changes in depression, Psychiatr Ann, 23, 671, 10.3928/0048-5713-19931201-06
Krishnan, 1991, Hippocampal abnormalities in depression, J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci, 3, 387, 10.1176/jnp.3.4.387
Krishnan, 1991, Pituitary size in depression, J Clin Endocrinol Metabol, 72, 256, 10.1210/jcem-72-2-256
Krishnan, 1992, Magnetic resonance imaging of the caudate nuclei in depression, Arch Gen Psychiatry, 49, 553, 10.1001/archpsyc.1992.01820070047007
Krishnan, 1993, Magnetic-resonance morphometry: Image-analysis methodology development for affective disorder, Depression, 1, 159, 10.1002/depr.3050010308
Krishnan, 1993, Neuroanatomical substrates of depression in the elderly, Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci, 243, 41, 10.1007/BF02191522
Lader, 1984, Computed axial brain tomography in long-term benzodiazepine users, Psychol bled, 14, 203
Lammers, 1991, MRJ of the corpus callosum and septum pellucidum in depression, Biol Psychiatry, 29, 295, 10.1016/0006-3223(91)91297-5
Leifer, 1990, Clinicopathologic correlations of cranial magnetic resonance imaging of periventricular white matter, Neurology, 40, 911, 10.1212/WNL.40.6.911
Lesser, 1991, Brain injury and cognitive function in late-onset psychotic depression, J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci, 3, 33, 10.1176/jnp.3.1.33
Lesser, 1992, Late-onset psychotic disorder, not otherwise specified: Clinical and neuroimaging findings, Biol Psychiatry, 31, 419, 10.1016/0006-3223(92)90238-U
Lesser, 1993, Late-onset depression with white matter lesions, Psychosomatics, 34, 364, 10.1016/S0033-3182(93)71872-1
Leuchter, 1994, Effect of white matter disease on functional connections in the aging brain, J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 57, 1347, 10.1136/jnnp.57.11.1347
Lewine, 1991, Lateral ventriclebrain ratio and balance between CSF HVA and 5-HIAA in schizophrenia, Am J Psychiatry, 148, 1189, 10.1176/ajp.148.9.1189
Lippman, 1985, Cerebral cat scan imaging in schizophrenic and bipolar patients, J Kentucky Med Assoc, 13
Lipsey, 1983, Mood change following bilateral hemisphere brain injury, Br J Psychiatry, 143, 266, 10.1192/bjp.143.3.266
Luchins, 1984, Lateral ventricular size, psychopathology, and medication response in the psychosis, Biol Psychiatry, 19, 29
Mayberg, 1994, Frontal lobe dysfunction in secondary depression, J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci, 6, 428, 10.1176/jnp.6.4.428
Mayberg, 1994, Paralimbic hypoperfusion in unipolar depression, J Nucl Med, 35, 929
McDonald, 1992, Magnetic resonance in patients with affective illness, Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci, 241, 283, 10.1007/BF02195977
McDonald, 1991, Occurrence of subcortical hyperintensities in elderly subjects with mania, Psychiatry Res: Neuroimaging, 40, 211, 10.1016/0925-4927(91)90013-G
Mega, 1994, Frontal-subcortical circuits and neuropsychiatric disorders, J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci, 6, 358, 10.1176/jnp.6.4.358
Meltzer, 1984, Serum dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activity and lateral ventricular size in affective disorders and schizophrenia, Biol Psychiatry, 19, 1395
Mendez, 1989, Neurobehavioral changes with caudate lesions, Neurology, 39, 1410, 10.1212/WNL.39.3.349
Morris, 1990, Neuroimaging and affective disorder in late life: A review, Can J Psychiatry, 35, 347, 10.1177/070674379003500415
Nasrallah, 1991, Neurodevelopmental aspects of bipolar affective disorder, Biol Psychiatry, 29, 1, 10.1016/0006-3223(91)90205-Z
Nasrallah, 1982, Cerebral ventricular enlargement in young manic males—A controlled CT study, J Affect Disord, 4, 15, 10.1016/0165-0327(82)90014-3
Nasrallah, 1982, Cortical atrophy in schizophrenia and mania: A comparative CT study, J Clin Psychiatry, 43, 439
Nasrallah, 1989, Structural brain-imaging findings in affective disorders: An overview, J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci, 1, 21, 10.1176/jnp.1.1.21
Ng, 1995, A study of post-stroke depression in a rehabilitative center, Acta Psychiatr Scand, 92, 75, 10.1111/j.1600-0447.1995.tb09546.x
Pearlson, 1981, Computerized tomographic scan changes in manic-depressive illness, Lancet, 2, 470, 10.1016/S0140-6736(81)90798-4
Pearlson, 1984, Lateral ventricular enlargement associated with persistent unemployment and negative symptoms in both schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, Psychiatry Res, 12, 1, 10.1016/0165-1781(84)90133-1
Pearlson, 1984, Clinical correlates of lateral ventricular enlargement in bipolar affective disorder, Am J Psychiatry, 141, 253, 10.1176/ajp.141.2.253
Pearlson, 1989, Structural brain CT changes and cognitive deficits in elderly depressives with and without reversible dementia (“pseudodementia”), Psychol Med, 19, 573, 10.1017/S003329170002417X
Pfefferbaum, 1992, Brain gray and white matter volume loss accelerates with aging in chronic alcoholics: A quantitative MRI study, Alcohol Clin Exp Res, 16, 1078, 10.1111/j.1530-0277.1992.tb00702.x
Pfefferbaum, 1994, A quantitative magnetic resonance imaging study of changes in brain morphology from infancy to late adulthood, Arch Neurol, 51, 874, 10.1001/archneur.1994.00540210046012
Pilowsky, 1993, Schizophrenia: A neurodevelopmental perspective, Neuropsychopharmacology, 9, 83, 10.1038/npp.1993.46
Rabins, 1991, Cortical magnetic resonance imaging changes in elderly inpatients with major depression, Am J Psychiatry, 148, 617, 10.1176/ajp.148.5.617
Rangel-Guerra, 1983, Nuclear magnetic resonance in bipolar affective disorders, AJNR Am J Neuroradiol, 4, 229
Rao, 1989, Neuroanatomical changes and hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis abnormalities, Biol Psychiatry, 26, 729, 10.1016/0006-3223(89)90108-X
Raz, 1993, Structural cerebral pathology in schizophrenia: regional or diffuse?, J Abnorm Psychol, 102, 445, 10.1037/0021-843X.102.3.445
Raz, 1990, Structural brain abnormalities in the major psychoses: A quantitative review of the evidence from computerized imaging, Psychol Bull, 108, 93, 10.1037/0033-2909.108.1.93
Reich, 1974, Excessive alcohol use in manic-depressive illness, Am J Psychiatry, 131, 83, 10.1176/ajp.131.1.83
Rieder, 1983, Computed tomographic scans in patients with schizophrenia, schizoaffective, and bipolar affective disorder, Arch Gen Psychiatry, 40, 735, 10.1001/archpsyc.1983.01790060033004
Risch, 1992, Limbic-hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity and ventricular-to-brain ratio studies in affective illness and schizophrenia, Neuropsychopharmacology, 6, 95
Robinson, 1984, Mood disorders in stroke patients: Importance of location of lesion, Brain, 107, 81, 10.1093/brain/107.1.81
Robinson, 1984, A two-year longitudinal study of post-stroke mood disorders: Dynamic changes in associated variables over the first six months of follow-up, Stroke, 15, 510, 10.1161/01.STR.15.3.510
Robinson, 1988, Comparison of mania and depression after brain injury: Causal factors, Am J Psychiatry, 145, 172, 10.1176/ajp.145.2.172
Rogus, 1987, Bradyphrenia in Parkinson's disease and psychomotor illness, Brain, 110, 761, 10.1093/brain/110.3.761
Rossi, 1987, A computerized tomographic study in DSM-III affective disorders, J Affect Disord, 12, 259, 10.1016/0165-0327(87)90035-8
Rossi, 1989, A computerized tomographic study in patients with depressive disorder: A comparison with schizophrenic patients and controls, Acta Psychiatr Belg, 89, 56
Rossi, 1991, Temporal lobe structure by magnetic resonance in bipolar affective disorders and schizophrenia, J Affect Disord, 21, 19, 10.1016/0165-0327(91)90014-J
Rothschild, 1989, Relationships between brain CT scan findings and cortisol in psychotic and nonpsychotic depressed patients, Biol Psychiatry, 26, 565, 10.1016/0006-3223(89)90081-4
Roy-Byrne, 1988, Ventricular-brain ratio and life course of illness in patients with affective disorder, Psychiatry Res, 23, 277, 10.1016/0165-1781(88)90018-2
Rubin, 1995, Adrenal gland volume in major depression, Arch Gen Psychiatry, 52, 213, 10.1001/archpsyc.1995.03950150045009
Salloway, 1994, Subcortical disease and neuropsychiatric illness, J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci, 6, 93, 10.1176/jnp.6.2.93
Sapolsky, 1988, Why dexamethasone resistance?, 155
Scheltens, 1995, Histopathologic correlates of white matter changes on MRI in Alzheimer's disease and normal aging, Neurology, 45, 883, 10.1212/WNL.45.5.883
Schlaepfer, 1994, Decreased regional cortical gray matter volume in schizophrenia, Am J Psychiatry, 151, 842, 10.1176/ajp.151.6.842
Schlaepfer, 1995, Structural differences in the cerebral cortex of healthy female and male subjects: A magnetic resonance imaging study, Psychiatry Res: Neuroimaging, 61, 129, 10.1016/0925-4927(95)02634-A
Schlegel, 1987, Computed tomography in affective disorders: Part I. Ventricular and sulcal measurements, Biol Psychiatry, 22, 4, 10.1016/0006-3223(87)90124-7
Schlegel, 1989, Computed tomography in depression: Association between ventricular size and psychopathology, Psychiatry Res, 29, 221, 10.1016/0165-1781(89)90037-1
Schlegel, 1989, Computerized brain tomography measures compared with spontaneous and suppressed plasma cortisol levels in major depression, Psychoneuroendocrinology, 14, 209, 10.1016/0306-4530(89)90019-X
Schmidt, 1991, Magnetic resonance imaging white matter lesions and cognitive impairment in hypertensive individuals, Arch Neurol, 48, 417, 10.1001/archneur.1991.00530160087019
Scott, 1983, Ventricular enlargement in major depression, Psychiatry Res, 8, 91, 10.1016/0165-1781(83)90095-1
Shah, 1992, Posterior fossa abnormalities in major depression: A controlled magnetic resonance imaging study, Acta Psychiatr Scand, 85, 474, 10.1111/j.1600-0447.1992.tb03214.x
Sharpe, 1990, Mood disorders in long-term survivors of stroke: Associations with brain lesion location and volume, Psychol Med, 20, 815, 10.1017/S0033291700036503
Shear, 1994, Volumetric magnetic resonance imaging quantification of longitudinal brain changes in abstinent alcoholics, Alcohol Clin Exp Res, 18, 172, 10.1111/j.1530-0277.1994.tb00899.x
Shima, 1984, Depression and ventricular enlargement, Acta Psychiatr Scand, 70, 275, 10.1111/j.1600-0447.1984.tb01208.x
Shiraishi, 1992, A computerized tomographic study in patients with delusional and nondelusional depression, Jpn J Psychiatry Neurol, 46, 99
Snider, 1977, Alterations in forebrain catecholamine metabolism produced by cerebellar lesions in the rat, J Neural Transm, 40, 115, 10.1007/BF01250563
Sonne, 1994, Substance abuse and bipolar affective disorder, J Nerv Ment Dis, 182, 349, 10.1097/00005053-199406000-00007
Standish-Barry, 1985, Ventricular size, the dexamethasone suppression test and outcome of severe endogenous depression following psychosurgery, Acta Psychiatr Scand, 72, 166, 10.1111/j.1600-0447.1985.tb02590.x
Standish-Barry, 1986, Ventricular size and CSF transmitter metabolite concentrations in severe endogenous depression, Br J Psychiatry, 148, 386, 10.1192/bjp.148.4.386
Starkman, 1992, Hippocampal formation volume, memory dysfunction, and cortisol levels in patients with Cushing's syndrome, Biol Psychiatry, 32, 756, 10.1016/0006-3223(92)90079-F
Starkstein, 1989, Affective disorders and cerebral vascular disease, Br J Psychiatry, 154, 170, 10.1192/bjp.154.2.170
Starkstein, 1987, Comparison of cortical and subcortical lesions in the production of poststroke mood disorders, Brain, 110, 1045, 10.1093/brain/110.4.1045
Starkstein, 1988, Comparison of patients with and without poststroke major depression matched for size and location of lesion, Arch Gen Psychiatry, 45, 247, 10.1001/archpsyc.1988.01800270061007
Starkstein, 1990, Mania after brain injury: Neuroradiological and metabolic findings, Ann Neurol, 27, 652, 10.1002/ana.410270612
Starkstein, 1991, Manic-depressive and pure manic states after brain lesions, Biol Psychiatry, 29, 149, 10.1016/0006-3223(91)90043-L
Steiner, 1984, Clinical nuclear magnetic resonance imaging, 39
Steingart, 1986, The significance of white matter lucencies on CT scan in relation to cognitive impairment, Can J Neurol Sci, 13, 383, 10.1017/S0317167100036945
Steingart, 1987, Cognitive and neurologic findings in subjects with diffuse white matter lucencies on CT scan, Arch Neurol, 44, 36, 10.1001/archneur.1987.00520130028013
Strakowski, 1993, Structural brain abnormalities in first-episode mania, Biol Psychiatry, 33, 602, 10.1016/0006-3223(93)90098-X
Strakowski, 1993, MRI subcortical signal hyperintensities in mania at first hospitalization, Biol Psychiatry, 33, 204, 10.1016/0006-3223(93)90140-9
Swayze, 1990, Structural brain abnormalities in bipolar affective disorder, Arch Gen Psychiatry, 47, 1054, 10.1001/archpsyc.1990.01810230070011
Swayze, 1992, Subcortical and temporal structures in affective disorder and schizophrenia: A magnetic resonance imaging study, Biol Psychiatry, 31, 221, 10.1016/0006-3223(92)90046-3
Tanaka, 1982, Computerized tomography of the brain in manic-depressive patients—A controlled study, Folia Psychiatr Neurol Jpn, 36, 137
Targum, 1983, Cerebral ventricular size in major depressive disorder: Association with delusional symptoms, Biol Psychiatry, 18, 329
van den Bossche, 1991, Computed tomography of the brain in unipolar depression, J Affect Disord, 21, 67, 10.1016/0165-0327(91)90020-S
Weinberger, 1993, A connectionist approach to the prefrontal cortex, J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci, 5, 241, 10.1176/jnp.5.3.241
Weinberger, 1982, Computed tomography in schizophreniform disorder and other acute psychiatric disorders, Arch Gen Psychiatry, 39, 778, 10.1001/archpsyc.1982.04290070014004
Woods, 1990, Progressive ventricular enlargement in schizophrenia: Comparison to bipolar affective disorder and correlation with clinical course, Biol Psychiatry, 27, 341, 10.1016/0006-3223(90)90008-P
Wright, 1993, Schizophrenia: Genetics and the maternal imune response to viral infection, Am J Med Genet, 48, 40, 10.1002/ajmg.1320480110
Wu, 1993, Magnetic resonance and positron emission tomography imaging of the corpus callosum: Size, shape and metabolic rate in unipolar depression, J Affect Disord, 28, 15, 10.1016/0165-0327(93)90073-S
Wurthmann, 1995, Brain morphology assessed by computed tomography in patients with geriatric depression, patients with degenerative dementia, and normal control subjects, Psychiatry Res: Neuroimaging, 61, 103, 10.1016/0925-4927(95)02592-L
Yates, 1987, Cerebellar atrophy in schizophrenia and affective disorder, Am J Psychiatry, 144, 465, 10.1176/ajp.144.4.465