Factors controlling the seasonal development and distribution of the phytoplankton community in the lowland course of a large river in Northern Italy (River Adige)
Tóm tắt
The principal environmental factors influencing the seasonal dynamics of phytoplankton were examined from September 1997 to July 1998 in three stations along a 26-km stretch of the lowland course of River Adige (northeast Italy). Nutrient concentrations did not appear to be limiting for the phytoplankton growth. Annual minimum concentrations of reactive and total phosphorus, and dissolved inorganic nitrogen were 22 μg P l−1, 63 μg P l−1 and 0.9 mg N l−1, respectively. The most critical forcing factors were physical variables, mainly water discharge and other variables related to hydrology, i.e. suspended solids and turbidity, which acted negatively and synchronously by diluting phytoplankton cells and decreasing light availability. Higher algal biomass was recorded in early spring, in conditions of lower flow velocity and increasing water temperature. In late spring and summer, higher water discharge caused a decrease in phytoplankton biomass. Conversely, low algal biomass in late autumn and winter, during low discharge, was mainly related to low water temperatures and shorter photoperiod. Physical constraints had a significant and measurable effect not only on the development of total biomass, but also on the temporal dynamics of the phytoplankton community. Abiotic and biotic variables showed a comparable temporal development in the three sampling stations. The small number of instances of spatial differences in phytoplankton abundance during the period of lower flow velocity were related to the increasing importance of biological processes and accumulation of phytoplankton biomass.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Alpine AE, Cloern JE (1992) Trophic interactions and direct physical effects control phytoplankton biomass and production in an estuary. Limnol Oceanogr 37:946–955
Améziane T, Dauta A, Le Cohu R (2003) Origin and transport of phytoplankton in a large river: the Garonne, France. Arch Hydrobiol 156:385–404
APHA, AWWA, WEF (1995) Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater, 19th edn. American Public Health Association, Washington
Basu BK, Pick FR (1996) Factors regulating phytoplankton and zooplankton biomass in temperate rivers. Limnol Oceanogr 41:1572–1577
Bold HC, Wynne MJ (1985) Introduction to the Algae. Structure and reproduction. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J
Bormans M, Webster IT (1999) Modelling the spatial and temporal variability of diatoms in the River Murray. J Plank Res 21:581–598
Bright DI, Walsby AE (2000) The daily integral of growth by Planktothrix rubescens calculated from growth rate in culture and irradiance in Lake Zurich. New Phytol 146:301–316
Chan TU, Hamilton DP (2001) The effect of freshwater flow on biomass and succession of phytoplankton in a seasonal estuary. Mar Fresh Res 52:869–884
Chételat J, Pick FR, Hamilton PB (2006) Potamoplankton size structure and taxonomic composition: Influence of river size and nutrient concentrations. Limnol Oceanogr 51(1/2): 681–689
Chu ZS, Jin XC, Iwami N, Inamori YH (2007) The effect of temperature on growth characteristics and competitions of Microcystis aeruginosa and Oscillatoria mougeotii in a shallow, eutrophic lake simulator system. Hydrobiologia 581:217–223
Cloern JE, Alpine AE, Cole BE, Wong RLJ, Arthur JF, Ball MD (1983) River discharge controls phytoplankton dynamics in the Northern San Francisco Bay Estuary. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci 16:415–429
Costello JC, Chisholm SW (1981) The influence of cell size on the growth rate of Thalassiosira weissflogii. J Plankton Res 3:415–419
Desortová B, Prange A, Punčochář P (1996) Chlorophyll-a concentrations along the River Elbe. Arch Hydrobiol Suppl 113, Large Rivers 10:203–210
Egiatti G, Cremonese S (2006) Considerazioni sulla scala di deflusso del Fiume Adige a Boara Pisani. ARPAV—Agenzia Regionale per la Prevenzione e Protezione Ambientale del Veneto. U.O. Rete Idrografica Regionale 01/06
Faintuch BL, Sato S, Aquarone E (1991) Influence of the nutritional sources on the growth-rate of cyanobacteria. Arquivos de Biologia e Tecnologia 34:13–30
Ferrari I, Viglioli S, Viaroli P, Rossetti G (2006) The impact of the drought event of summer 2003 on the zooplankton of the Po River (Italy). Verh Internat Verein Limnol 29:2143–2149
Field JG, Clarke KR, Warwick RM (1982) A practical strategy for analysing multispecies distribution patterns. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 8:37–52
Gosselain V, Descy J-P (2001) Phytoplankton of the River Meuse (1994–1996): form and size structure analysis. Verh Internat Verein Limnol 27:1031
Gosselain V, Descy J-P, Viroux L, Joaquim-Justo C, Hammer A, Métens A, Schweitzer S. 1998a. Grazing by large river zooplankton: a key to summer potamoplankton decline? The case of the Meuse and Moselle rivers in 1994 and 1995 Hydrobiologia 369/370:199–216
Gosselain V, Viroux L, Descy J-P. 1998b. Can a community of small-bodied grazers control phytoplankton in rivers? Freshwat Biol 39:9–24
Hach (1989) Hach water analysis handbook. Hach Company. Loveland, Colorado
Håkanson L, Malmaeus JM, Bodemer U, Gerhardt V (2003) Coefficients of variation for chlorophyll, green algae, diatoms, cryptophytes and blue-greens in rivers as a basis for predictive modelling and aquatic management. Ecol Model 169:179–196
Harris GP (1986) Phytoplankton ecology: structure, function and fluctuation. Chapman and Hall, London
Hatch LK (2002) Factors influencing chlorophyll in an agriculturally-impacted river. Arch Hydrobiol Suppl 141/1–2, Large Rivers 13:85–98
Heiskary S, Markus H (2001) Establishing relationships among nutrient concentrations, phytoplankton abundance, and biochemical oxygen demand in Minnesota, USA, rivers. J Lake Reserv Manag 17:251–267
Ietswaart Th., Breebart L, van Zanten B, Bijkerk R (1999) Plankton dynamics in the River Rhine during downstream transport as influenced by biotic interactions and hydrological conditions. Hydrobiologia 410:1–10
Kelly MG, Whitton BA (1998) Biological monitoring of eutrophication in rivers. Hydrobiologia 384:55–67
Kiss KT (1994) Trophic level and eutrophication of the River Danube in Hungary. Verh Internat Verein Limnol 25:1688–1691
Kobayashi T, Gibbs P, Dixon PI, Shiel RI (1996) Grazing by a river zooplankton community: importance of microzooplankton. Mar Freshwat Res 47:1025–1036
Koch RW, Guelda DL, Bukaveckas PA (2004) Phytoplankton growth in the Ohio, Cumberland and Tennessee Rivers, USA: inter-site differences in light and nutrient limitation. Aquat Ecol 38:17–26
Kruskal JB, Wish M (1978) Multidimensional scaling. Sage Publications, Beverly Hills and London
Leland HV, Brown LR, Mueller DK (2001) Distribution of algae in the San Joaquin River, California, in relation to nutrient supply, salinity and other environmental factors. Freshwat Biol 46:1139–1167
Lorenzen CJ (1967) Determination of Chlorophyll and Pheo-Pigments: spectrophotometric equations. Limnol Oceanogr 12:343–346
Lund JWG, Kipling C, Le Cren ED (1958) The inverted microscope method of estimating algal numbers and the statistical basis of estimations by counting. Hydrobiologia 11:143–170
Montagnes DJS, Franklin DJ (2001) Effect of temperature on diatom volume, growth rate, and carbon and nitrogen content: reconsidering some paradigms. Limnol Oceanogr 46:2008–2018
Podani J (2000) Introduction to the exploration of multivariate biological data. Backhuys, Leiden
Popovich C, Gayoso A (1999) Effect of irradiance and temperature on the growth rate of Thalassiosira curviseriata Takano (Bacillariophyceae), a bloom diatom in Bahía Blanca estuary (Argentina). J Plank Res 21:1101–1110
Reynolds CS (2006) The ecology of phytoplankton. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Reynolds CS, Descy J-P (1996) The production, biomass and structure of phytoplankton in large rivers. Arch Hydrobiol Suppl 113, Large Rivers 10:161–187
Reynolds CS, Glaister MS (1993) Spatial and temporal changes in phytoplankton abundance in the upper and middle reaches of the River Severn. Arch Hydrobiol Suppl 101, Large Rivers 9:1–22
Roeder DR (1977) Relationships between phytoplankton and periphyton communities in a central Iowa stream. Hydrobiologia 56:145–151
Ruse LP, Hutchings AJ (1996) Phytoplankton composition of the River Thames in relation to certain environmental variables. Arch Hydrobiol Suppl 113, Large Rivers 10:189–201
Salmaso N (2002) Ecological patterns of phytoplankton assemblages in Lake Garda: seasonal, spatial and historical features. J Limnol 61:95–115
Salmaso N, Decet F (1997) Seasonal and interannual changes of chemical characteristics and phytoplankton in a mountain lake of the eastern Italian Alps (Lake Calaita, Trentino). Int Rev Ges Hydrobiol 82:15–31
Salmaso N, Decet F (1998) Interactions of physical, chemical and biological processes affecting the seasonality of mineral composition and nutrient cycling in the water column of a deep subalpine lake (Lake Garda, Northern Italy). Arch Hydrobiol 142:385–414
Salmaso N, Padisák J (2007) Morpho-functional groups and phytoplankton development in two deep lakes (Lake Garda, Italy and Lake Stechlin, Germany). Hydrobiologia 578:97–112
Saraceni C, Ruggiu D (1974) Techniques for sampling water and phytoplankton. In: Vollenweider RA (ed) A manual on methods for measuring primary production in aquatic environments. IBP Handbook 12. Blackwell, Oxford, pp 5–7
Schmidt A (1994) Main characteristics of the phytoplankton of the southern Hungarian section of the River Danube. Hydrobiologia 289:97–108
Shafik HM, Herodek S, Vörös L, Présing M, Kiss TH (1997) Growth of Cyclotella meneghiniana Kutz. I. Effects of temperature, light and low rate of nutrient supply. Ann Limnol 33:139–147
Soininen J, Könönen K (2004) Comparative study of monitoring South-Finnish rivers and streams using macroinvertebrate and benthic diatom community structure. Aquat Ecol 38:63–75
Sommer U, Gliwicz ZM, Lampert W, Duncan A (1986) The PEG-model of seasonal succession of planktonic events in fresh waters. Arch Hydrobiol 106:433–471
Stoyneva M (1994) Shallows of the lower Danube as additional sources of potamoplankton. Hydrobiologia 289:97–108
Thorp JH, Black AR, Haag KH, Wehr JD (1994) Zooplankton assemblages in the Ohio River: seasonal, tributary, and navigation dam effects. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 51:1634–1643
Turner RE, Rabalais NN, Justic D, Dortch Q (2003) Global patterns of dissolved N, P and Si in large rivers. Biogeochemistry 64:297–317
Van Donk E, Kilham SS (1990) Temperature effects on silicon-limited and phosphorus-limited growth and competitive interactions among three diatoms. J Phycol 26:40–50
Van Nieuwenhuyse EE, Jones JR (1996) Phosphorus-chlorophyll relationship in temperate streams and its variation with stream catchment area. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 53:99–105
Wehr JD, Descy J-P (1998) Use of phytoplankton in large river management. J Phycol 34:741–749
Wilkinson L (2002) Multidimensional scaling. In: SYSTATTM 10.2. Statistics II. SYSTAT Software Inc., Richmond, pp 119–145
Young K, Morse GK, Scrimshaw MD, Kinniburgh JH, MacLeod CL, Lester JN (1999) The relation between phosporus and eutrophication in the Thames catchment, UK. Sci Total Environ 228:157–183