Pilot-Scale Phosphate Recovery from Secondary Wastewater Effluents
Tóm tắt
Earth’s phosphorus resources are being depleted at an alarming rate, while at the same time eutrophication caused by its uncontrolled disposal in surface waters is considered as a significant environmental problem. In order to achieve phosphate recovery from the secondary effluents of an urban wastewater (biological) treatment plant, the adsorption onto single iron (GFH, Bayoxide and FeOOH) and onto binary iron-manganese (AquAsZero) oxy-hydroxides, as well as the ion exchange by using Purolite A200EMBCL resin, were investigated as post-treatment methods. Among them, laboratory batch experiments and dynamic Rapid Small Scale Column Tests (RSSCTs) evaluated AquAsZero, as the relatively better qualified material, presenting the higher efficiency. Based on these experimental results a pilot-plant, utilizing AquAsZero, was constructed and operated, treating 200 L/h. The breakthrough curves of RSSCTs for AquAsZero showed an adsorption capacity of 33.6 mg PO4
3−/gads at the equilibrium concentration of 3 mg PO4
3−/L, whereas at pilot-scale application the respective breakthrough curve indicated a similar adsorption capacity (31.5 mg PO4
3−/gads). The regeneration process, by applying a NaOH solution at pH range 12.6–13, resulted in the efficient (>80 wt.%) phosphate desorption, which in turn allows the multiple reuse of adsorbent media. Subsequently, phosphate was recovered from the alkaline regeneration (concentrate) solution by precipitation with the appropriate Ca2+ addition, as the respective calcium salt (hydroxy-apatite, HAP). Phosphate concentration in the finally collected amorphous (precipitated) solids from the laboratory scale experiments was around 51 wt.% and that of calcium was around 19 wt.%, while the corresponding concentrations in the precipitated solids collected from the pilot-scale experiments were around 36 wt.% for phosphate and 33 wt.% for calcium. This high phosphate content of finally recovered solids indicates their potential utilization as efficient (alternative) fertilizers.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Agyei N, Strydom C, Potgieter J (2002) The removal of phosphate anions from aqueous solution by fly ash, slag, ordinary Portland cement and related blends. Cem Concr Res 32:1889–1897. doi:10.1016/S0008-8846(02)00888-8
Bigham JM, Schwertmann U, Traina SJ, Winland RL, Wolf M (1996) Schwertmannite and the chemical modeling of iron in acid sulfate waters. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 60:2111–2121
Blaney L, Cinar S, Sengupta A (2007) Hybrid anion exchanger for trace phosphate removal from water and wastewater. Water Res 41:1603–1613. doi:10.1016/j.watres.2007.01.008
Chamoglou M, Papadimitriou T, Kagalou I (2014) Key-descriptors for the functioning of a Mediterranean reservoir: the case of the New Lake Karla-Greece. Environ Process 1:127–135. doi:10.1007/s40710-014-0011-0
Chen B, Chen Z, Shaofang L (2010) A novel magnetic biochar efficiently sorbs organic pollutants and phosphate. Bioresour Technol 102:716–723. doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2010.08.067
Choi J, Kwon K, Lee S, An B, Hong S, Lee S (2014) Pilot-scale test for a phosphate treatment using sulfate-coated zeolite at a sewage disposal facility. Water Air Soil Pollut 225:1835. doi:10.1007/s11270-013-1835-3
Clesceri L, Greenberg A, Trussell R (1989) Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater, 17th edn. APHA-AWWA-WEF, Washington
Council of the European Communities (1991) Council Directive of 21 May 1991 concerning urban waste water treatment (91/271/EEC)
Das J, Patra B, Baliarsingh N, Parida K (2006) Adsorption of phosphate by layered double hydroxides in aqueous solutions. Appl Clay Sci 32:252–260. doi:10.1016/j.clay.2006.02.005
de-Bashan L, Bashan Y (2004) Recent advances in removing phosphorus from wastewater and its future use as fertilizer. Water Res 38:4222–4246. doi:10.1016/j.watres.2004.07.014
Deliyanni E, Peleka E, Lazaridis N (2007) Comparative study of phosphates removal from aqueous solutions by nanocrystallineakaganeite and hybrid surfactant-akaganeite. Sep Purif Technol 52:478–486. doi:10.1016/j.seppur.2006.05.028
Drenkova-Tuhtan A, Mandel K, Paulus A, Meyer C, Hutter F, Gellermann C, Sextl G, Franzreb M, Steinmetz H (2013) Phosphate recovery from wastewater using engineered super-paramagnetic particles modified with layered double hydroxide ion exchangers. Water Res 47:5670–5677. doi:10.1016/j.watres.2013.06.039
Huang W, Wang S, Zhu Z, Li L, Yao X, Rudolph V, Haghseresht F (2008) Phosphate removal from wastewater using red mud. J Hazard Mater 158:35–42. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.01.061
Huang W, Li D, Yang J, Liu Z, Zhu J, Tao Q, Xu K, Li J, Zhang Y (2013) One-pot synthesis of Fe(III)-coordinated diamino-functionalized mesoporous silica: effect of functionalization degrees on structures and phosphate adsorption. Microporous Mesoporous Mater 170:200–210. doi:10.1016/j.micromeso.2012.10.027
Kunaschk M, Schmalz V, Dietrich N, Dittmar T, Worch E (2015) Novel regeneration method for phosphate loaded granular ferric(hydroxide) – A contribution to phosphorus recycling. Water Res 71:219–226. doi:10.1016/j.watres.2015.01.001
Kuzawa K, Jung Y, Kiso Y, Yamada T, Nagai M, Lee T (2006) Phosphate removal and recovery with a synthetic hydrotalcite as an adsorbent. Chemosphere 62:45–52. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.04.015
Lalley J, Han C, Mohan RG, Dionysiou DD, Speth T, Garland J, Nadagouda NM (2015) Phosphate removal using modified Bayoxide® E33 adsorption media. Environ Sci Water Res Technol 1:96–107. doi:10.1039/C4EW00020J
Liu C, Huang Y, Shen W, Cui J (2001) Kinetics of hydroxyapatite precipitation at pH 10 to 11. Biomaterials 22:301–306. doi:10.1016/S0142-9612(00)00166-6
Morse G, Brett S, Lester G (1998) Review: phosphorus removal and recovery technologies. Sci Tot Environ 212:69–81. doi:10.1016/S0048-9697(97)00332-X
Nur T, Jojir M, Loganathan P, Nguyen T, Vigneswaran S, Kandasamy J (2014) Phosphate removal from water using an iron oxide impregnated strong base anion exchange resin. J Ind Eng Chem 20:1301–1307. doi:10.1016/j.jiec.2013.07.009
Ping N, Hans-Jörg B, Bing L, Xiwu L, Yong Z (2008) Phosphate removal from wastewater by model-La(III) zeolite adsorbents. J Environ Sci 20:670–674. doi:10.1016/S1001-0742(08)62111-7
Sendrowski A, Boyer T (2013) Phosphate removal from urine using hybrid anion exchange resin. Desalination 322:104–112. doi:10.1016/j.desal.2013.05.014
Sperlich A (2010) Phosphate adsorption onto granular ferric hydroxide for wastewater reuse. Dissertation, Technical University of Berlin
Tresintsi S, Simeonidis K, Vourlias G, Stavropoulos G, Mitrakas M (2012) Kilogram-scale synthesis of iron oxy-hydroxides with improved arsenic removal capacity: study of Fe (II) oxidation-precipitation parameters. Water Res 46:5255–5267. doi:10.1016/j.watres.2012.06.049
Tresintsi S, Simeonidis K, Estradé S, Martinez-Boubeta C, Vourlias G, Pinakidou F, Katsikini M, Paloura E, Stavropoulos G, Mitrakas M (2013) Tetravalent manganese feroxyhyte: a novel nano-adsorbent equally selective for As(III) and As(V) removal from drinking water. Envir Sci Techn 47:9699–9705. doi:10.1021/es4009932
Tresintsi S, Simeonidis K, Katsikini M, Paloura EC, Bantsis GM, Mitrakas M (2014) A novel approach for arsenic adsorbents regeneration using MgO. J Hazard Mater 265:217–225. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.12.003
Wang X, Liu F, Tan W, Li W, Feng X, Sparks LD (2013) Characteristics of phosphate adsorption-desorption onto ferrihydrite: comparison with well-crystalline Fe (Hydr) oxides. Soil Sci 178:1–11. doi:10.1097/SS.0b013e31828683f8
Wu R, Lam K, Lee J, Lau T (2007) Removal of phosphate from water by a highly selective La(III)-chelex resin. Chemosphere 69:289–294. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.04.022
You X, Guaya D, Farran A, Valderrama C (2016) Phosphate removal from aqueous solution using hybrid impregnated polymeric sorbent containing hydrated ferric oxide (HFO). J Chem Technol Biotechnol 91:693–704. doi:10.1002/jctb.4629
Zamparas M, Gianni A, Stathi P, Deligiannakis Y, Zacharias I (2012) Removal of phosphate from natural waters using modified bentonites. Appl Clay Sci 62–63:101–106. doi:10.1016/j.clay.2012.04.020
Zhong B, Stanforth R, Wu S, Chen J (2007) Proton interaction in phosphate adsorption onto goethite. J Colloid Interface Sci 308:40–48. doi:10.1016/j.jcis.2006.12.055
Zhou Q, Wang X, Liu J, Zhang L (2012) Phosphorus removal from wastewater using nano-particulates of hydrated ferric oxide doped activated carbon fiber prepared by Sol–Gel method. Chem Eng J 200–202:619–626. doi:10.1016/j.cej.2012.06.123