Venous Thromboembolism in Adults with Sickle Cell Disease: A Serious and Under-recognized Complication

Ataga, 2008, Coagulation activation and inflammation in sickle cell disease-associated pulmonary hypertension, Haematologica, 93, 20, 10.3324/haematol.11763 Shabat, 2004, Osteonecrosis in a chemically induced rat model of human hemolytic disorders associated with thrombosis—a new model for avascular necrosis of bone, Calcif Tissue Int, 74, 220, 10.1007/s00223-003-0068-7 Tam, 1997, Protein C and protein S activity in sickle cell disease and stroke, J Child Neurol, 12, 19, 10.1177/088307389701200103 Setty, 2001, Thrombophilia in sickle cell disease: the red cell connection, Blood, 98, 3228, 10.1182/blood.V98.12.3228 Kaul, 1993, Sickle erythrocyte-endothelial interactions in microcirculation: The role of von Willebrand factor and implications for vasoocclusion, Blood, 81, 2429, 10.1182/blood.V81.9.2429.2429 Hidalgo, 2009, Heterotypic interactions enabled by polarized neutrophil microdomains mediate thromboinflammatory injury, Nat Med, 15, 384, 10.1038/nm.1939 Famodu, 1995, Platelet count and platelet factor 3 (PF-3) availability in sickle cell disease, Br J Biomed Sci, 52, 323 Foulon, 1993, Increased in vivo production of thromboxane in patients with sickle cell disease is accompanied by an impairment of platelet functions to the thromboxane A2 agonist U46619, Arterioscler Thromb, 13, 421, 10.1161/01.ATV.13.3.421 Kenny, 1980, Platelet hyperactivity in sickle-cell disease: a consequence of hyposplenism, J Clin Pathol, 33, 622, 10.1136/jcp.33.7.622 Villagra, 2007, Platelet activation in patients with sickle disease, hemolysis-associated pulmonary hypertension, and nitric oxide scavenging by cell-free hemoglobin, Blood, 110, 2166, 10.1182/blood-2006-12-061697 Westerman, 1999, Antiphospholipid antibodies, proteins C and S, and coagulation changes in sickle cell disease, J Lab Clin Med, 134, 352, 10.1016/S0022-2143(99)90149-X Zhou, 2011, Role of extracellular hemoglobin in thrombosis and vascular occlusion in patients with sickle cell anemia, Anemia, 2011, 918916, 10.1155/2011/918916 Stein, 2006, Deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism in hospitalized patients with sickle cell disease, Am J Med, 119, 897.e7, 10.1016/j.amjmed.2006.08.015 Novelli, 2012, Pulmonary embolism in sickle cell disease: a case-control study, J Thromb Haemost, 10, 760, 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2012.04697.x Adedeji, 2001, Pulmonary thrombotic arteriopathy in patients with sickle cell disease, Arch Pathol Lab Med, 125, 1436, 10.5858/2001-125-1436-PTAIPW Graham, 2007, Sickle cell lung disease and sudden death: a retrospective/prospective study of 21 autopsy cases and literature review, Am J Forensic Med Pathol, 28, 168, 10.1097/01.paf.0000257397.92466.50 Haupt, 1982, The lung in sickle cell disease, Chest, 81, 332, 10.1378/chest.81.3.332 Manci, 2003, Causes of death in sickle cell disease: an autopsy study, Br J Haematol, 123, 359, 10.1046/j.1365-2141.2003.04594.x Villers, 2008, Morbidity associated with sickle cell disease in pregnancy, Am J Obstet Gynecol, 199, 125.e1, 10.1016/j.ajog.2008.04.016 James, 2006, Venous thromboembolism during pregnancy and the postpartum period: Incidence, risk factors, and mortality, Am J Obstet Gynecol, 194, 1311, 10.1016/j.ajog.2005.11.008 Platt, 1994, Mortality in sickle cell disease, N Engl J Med, 330, 1639, 10.1056/NEJM199406093302303 Frezzato, 1996, Validated questionnaire for the identification of previous personal or familial venous thromboembolism, Am J Epidemiol, 143, 1257, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a008713 Jeng, 2002, Central venous catheter complications in sickle cell disease, Am J Hematol, 69, 103, 10.1002/ajh.10047 Powars, 2005, Outcome of sickle cell anemia: a 4-decade observational study of 1056 patients, Medicine (Baltimore), 84, 363, 10.1097/01.md.0000189089.45003.52 Gladwin, 2004, Pulmonary hypertension as a risk factor for death in patients with sickle cell disease, N Engl J Med, 350, 886, 10.1056/NEJMoa035477 Ballas, 2010, Definitions of the phenotypic manifestations of sickle cell disease, Am J Hematol, 85, 6 Lijfering, 2009, Selective testing for thrombophilia in patients with first venous thrombosis: results from a retrospective family cohort study on absolute thrombotic risk for currently known thrombophilic defects in 2479 relatives, Blood, 113, 5314, 10.1182/blood-2008-10-184879 Spencer, 2009, Incidence rates, clinical profile, and outcomes of patients with venous thromboembolism, J Thromb Thrombolysis, 28, 401, 10.1007/s11239-009-0378-3 Austin, 2007, Sickle cell trait and the risk of venous thromboembolism among blacks, Blood, 110, 908, 10.1182/blood-2006-11-057604 Alkindi, 2012, Complications of PORT-A-CATH((R)) in patients with sickle cell disease, J Infect Public Health, 5, 57, 10.1016/j.jiph.2011.10.004 Downes, 2005, Incidence and natural history of proliferative sickle cell retinopathy: Observations from a cohort study, Ophthalmology, 112, 1869, 10.1016/j.ophtha.2005.05.026 Poignard, 2012, The natural progression of symptomatic humeral head osteonecrosis in adults with sickle cell disease, J Bone Joint Surg Am, 94, 156, 10.2106/JBJS.J.00919 Kato, 2007, Deconstructing sickle cell disease: Reappraisal of the role of hemolysis in the development of clinical subphenotypes, Blood Rev, 21, 37, 10.1016/j.blre.2006.07.001 Taher, 2006, Prevalence of thromboembolic events among 8,860 patients with thalassaemia major and intermedia in the Mediterranean area and Iran, Thromb Haemost, 96, 488, 10.1160/TH06-05-0267 Walker, 1979, The diagnosis of pulmonary thromboembolism in sickle cell disease, Am J Hematol, 7, 219, 10.1002/ajh.2830070305 Girard, 2005, Deep venous thrombosis in patients with acute pulmonary embolism: Prevalence, risk factors, and clinical significance, Chest, 128, 1593, 10.1378/chest.128.3.1593 Collins, 1982, Pulmonary hypertension and cor pulmonale in the sickle hemoglobinopathies, Am J Med, 73, 814, 10.1016/0002-9343(82)90763-X Haque, 2002, Pulmonary hypertension in sickle cell hemoglobinopathy: a clinicopathologic study of 20 cases, Hum Pathol, 33, 1037, 10.1053/hupa.2002.128059 van Beers, 2008, Large and medium-sized pulmonary artery obstruction does not play a role of primary importance in the etiology of sickle-cell disease-associated pulmonary hypertension, Chest, 133, 646, 10.1378/chest.07-1694 Field, 2009, Pulmonary thrombi are not detected by 3D magnetic resonance angiography in adults with sickle cell anemia and an elevated tricuspid regurgitant jet velocity, Am J Hematol, 84, 686, 10.1002/ajh.21491 Brousseau, 2010, Acute care utilization and rehospitalizations for sickle cell disease, JAMA, 303, 1288, 10.1001/jama.2010.378