Infantile hemangioma. Part 1: Epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical presentation and assessment

Anderson, 2016, Increasing incidence of infantile hemangiomas (IH) over the past 35 years: correlation with decreasing gestational age at birth and birth weight, J Am Acad Dermatol, 74, 120, 10.1016/j.jaad.2015.08.024 Seiffert, 2017, Incidence, treatment patterns, and health care costs of infantile hemangioma: results of a retrospective German database analysis, Pediatr Dermatol, 34, 450, 10.1111/pde.13187 Kilcline, 2008, Infantile hemangiomas: how common are they? A systematic review of the medical literature, Pediatr Dermatol, 25, 168, 10.1111/j.1525-1470.2008.00626.x Dickison, 2011, A prospective study of infantile hemangiomas with a focus on incidence and risk factors, Pediatr Dermatol, 28, 663, 10.1111/j.1525-1470.2011.01568.x Mulliken, 1982, Hemangiomas and vascular malformations in infants and children: a classification based on endothelial characteristics, Plast Reconstr Surg, 69, 412, 10.1097/00006534-198203000-00002 Ding, 2020, Risk factors for infantile hemangioma: a meta-analysis, World J Pediatr, 16, 377, 10.1007/s12519-019-00327-2 Drolet, 2008, Infantile hemangiomas: an emerging health issue linked to an increased rate of low birth weight infants, J Pediatr, 153, 712, 10.1016/j.jpeds.2008.05.043 Itinteang, 2014, Biology of infantile hemangioma, Front Surg, 1, 38, 10.3389/fsurg.2014.00038 de Jong, 2016, Does hypoxia play a role in infantile hemangioma?, Arch Dermatol Res, 308, 219, 10.1007/s00403-016-1635-x Itinteang, 2010, Primitive mesodermal cells with a neural crest stem cell phenotype predominate proliferating infantile haemangioma, J Clin Pathol, 63, 771, 10.1136/jcp.2010.079368 North, 2001, A unique microvascular phenotype shared by juvenile hemangiomas and human placenta, Arch Dermatol, 137, 559 Itinteang, 2011, A placental chorionic villous mesenchymal core cellular origin for infantile haemangioma, J Clin Pathol, 64, 870, 10.1136/jclinpath-2011-200191 Weitz, 2014, The "biker-glove" pattern of segmental infantile hemangiomas on the hands and feet, J Am Acad Dermatol, 71, 542, 10.1016/j.jaad.2014.04.062 Kleinman, 2007, Hypoxia-induced mediators of stem/progenitor cell trafficking are increased in children with hemangioma, Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 27, 2664, 10.1161/ATVBAHA.107.150284 Xia, 2017, Association of ATF4 expression with tissue hypoxia and M2 macrophage infiltration in infantile hemangioma, J Histochem Cytochem, 65, 285, 10.1369/0022155417694872 Itinteang, 2015, Expression of cathepsins B, D, and G in infantile hemangioma, Front Surg, 2, 26, 10.3389/fsurg.2015.00026 Itinteang, 2015, Angiotensin II causes cellular proliferation in infantile haemangioma via angiotensin II receptor 2 activation, J Clin Pathol, 68, 346, 10.1136/jclinpath-2014-202794 Itinteang, 2011, Expression of components of the renin-angiotensin system in proliferating infantile haemangioma may account for the propranolol-induced accelerated involution, J Plast Reconst Aesthet Surg, 64, 759, 10.1016/j.bjps.2010.08.039 Sebaratnam, 2021, Infantile hemangioma. Part 2: management, J Am Acad Dermatol, 85, 1395, 10.1016/j.jaad.2021.08.020 Tollefson, 2012, Early growth of infantile hemangiomas: what parents' photographs tell us, Pediatrics, 130, e314, 10.1542/peds.2011-3683 Chang, 2008, Growth characteristics of infantile hemangiomas: implications for management, Pediatrics, 122, 360, 10.1542/peds.2007-2767 Luu, 2013, Haemangioma: clinical course, complications and management, Br J Dermatol, 169, 20, 10.1111/bjd.12436 O'Brien, 2019, Late growth of infantile hemangiomas in children >3 years of age: a retrospective study, J Am Acad Dermatol, 80, 493, 10.1016/j.jaad.2018.07.061 Couto, 2012, Infantile hemangioma: clinical assessment of the involuting phase and implications for management, Plast Reconstr Surg, 130, 619, 10.1097/PRS.0b013e31825dc129 Bauland, 2011, Untreated hemangiomas: growth pattern and residual lesions, Plast Reconstr Surg, 127, 1643, 10.1097/PRS.0b013e318208d2ac Krowchuk, 2019, Clinical practice guideline for the management of infantile hemangiomas, Pediatrics, 143, e20183475, 10.1542/peds.2018-3475 Martin, 2019, Infantile hemangiomas with minimal or arrested growth: a retrospective case series, Pediatr Dermatol, 36, 125, 10.1111/pde.13695 Suh, 2010, Infantile hemangiomas with minimal or arrested growth: a retrospective case series, Arch Dermatol, 146, 971, 10.1001/archdermatol.2010.197 Chiller, 2002, Hemangiomas of infancy: clinical characteristics, morphologic subtypes, and their relationship to race, ethnicity, and sex, Arch Dermatol, 138, 1567, 10.1001/archderm.138.12.1567 Ma, 2017, Infantile hemangioma with minimal or arrested growth: further observations on clinical and histopathologic findings of this unique but underrecognized entity, Pediatr Dermatol, 34, 64, 10.1111/pde.13022 Bessis, 2015, Reticular infantile hemangiomas with minimal or arrested growth associated with lipoatrophy, J Am Acad Dermatol, 72, 828, 10.1016/j.jaad.2015.01.028 Planas-Ciudad, 2017, Infantile hemangiomas with minimal or arrested growth associated with soft tissue hypertrophy: a case series of 10 patients, J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol, 31, 1924, 10.1111/jdv.14457 Alsaid, 2020, Progressing eczematous dermatitis in an infantile hemangioma with minimal or arrested growth treated with tacrolimus ointment, JAAD Case Rep, 6, 572, 10.1016/j.jdcr.2020.04.031 Roncone, 2018, Eczematous dermatitis in an infantile hemangioma with minimal or arrested growth, Pediatr Dermatol, 35, 261, 10.1111/pde.13368 Haggstrom, 2006, Patterns of infantile hemangiomas: new clues to hemangioma pathogenesis and embryonic facial development, Pediatrics, 117, 698, 10.1542/peds.2005-1092 Reimer, 2016, Anatomical patterns of infantile hemangioma (IH) of the extremities (IHE), J Am Acad Dermatol, 75, 556, 10.1016/j.jaad.2016.03.029 Haggstrom, 2018, Localized infantile hemangiomas of the face and scalp: predilection for the midline and periorbital and perioral skin, Pediatr Dermatol, 35, 774, 10.1111/pde.13626 Metry, 2004, Association of solitary, segmental hemangiomas of the skin with visceral hemangiomatosis, Arch Dermatol, 140, 591, 10.1001/archderm.140.5.591 Ji, 2021, Screening for infantile hepatic hemangioma in patients with cutaneous infantile hemangioma: a multicenter prospective study, J Am Acad Dermatol, 84, 1378, 10.1016/j.jaad.2020.11.062 Hoeger, 2015, Treatment of infantile haemangiomas: recommendations of a European expert group, Eur J Pediatr, 174, 855, 10.1007/s00431-015-2570-0 Der Sarkissian, 2020, International heterogeneity in admission criteria and monitoring for the initiation of propranolol in infantile hemangioma, JAAD Int, 1, 111, 10.1016/j.jdin.2020.06.005 Smithson, 2017, Consensus statement for the treatment of infantile haemangiomas with propranolol, Australas J Dermatol, 58, 155, 10.1111/ajd.12600 Mahon, 2021, Routine liver ultrasound screening does not alter clinical management in a cohort study of multiple cutaneous infantile haemangioma, Br J Dermatol, 184, 340, 10.1111/bjd.19472 Haggstrom, 2010, Risk for PHACE syndrome in infants with large facial hemangiomas, Pediatrics, 126, e418, 10.1542/peds.2009-3166 Forde, 2017, Segmental hemangioma of the head and neck: high prevalence of PHACE syndrome, J Am Acad Dermatol, 76, 356, 10.1016/j.jaad.2016.06.058 Kim, 2017, Evaluation of maternal history of miscarriage, infertility and in vitro fertilization as associated factors in PHACE, Br J Dermatol, 177, e90, 10.1111/bjd.15341 Wan, 2017, Prenatal risk factors for PHACE syndrome: a study using the PHACE Syndrome International Clinical Registry and Genetic Repository, J Pediatr, 190, 275, 10.1016/j.jpeds.2017.06.055 Valdivielso-Ramos, 2018, Infantile hemangioma with minimal or arrested growth as the skin manifestation of PHACE syndrome, Pediatr Dermatol, 35, 622, 10.1111/pde.13597 Nabatian, 2011, PHACE without face? Infantile hemangiomas of the upper body region with minimal or absent facial hemangiomas and associated structural malformations, Pediatr Dermatol, 28, 235, 10.1111/j.1525-1470.2011.01407.x Chan, 2005, Small facial haemangioma and supraumbilical raphe — A forme fruste of PHACES syndrome?, Br J Dermatol, 153, 1053, 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2005.06886.x Garzon, 2016, PHACE syndrome: consensus-derived diagnosis and care recommendations, J Pediatr, 178, 24, 10.1016/j.jpeds.2016.07.054 Haggstrom, 2006, Prospective study of infantile hemangiomas: clinical characteristics predicting complications and treatment, Pediatrics, 118, 882, 10.1542/peds.2006-0413 Metry, 2001, The many faces of PHACE syndrome, J Pediatr, 139, 117, 10.1067/mpd.2001.114880 Stefanko, 2020, Hamartomas and midline anomalies in association with infantile hemangiomas, PHACE, and LUMBAR syndromes, Pediatr Dermatol, 37, 78, 10.1111/pde.14006 Youssef, 2019, Dental root abnormalities in four children with PHACE syndrome, Pediatr Dermatol, 36, 505, 10.1111/pde.13818 Stefanko, 2019, Natural history of PHACE syndrome: a survey of adults with PHACE, Pediatr Dermatol, 36, 618, 10.1111/pde.13871 Ochando-Ibernón, 2019, Infantile hemangioma of the upper lip and enamel hypoplasia: two case reports, Pediatr Dermatol, 36, 899, 10.1111/pde.13988 Bongsebandhu-Phubhakdi, 2019, Endocrine manifestations of PHACE syndrome, J Pediatr Endocrinol Metabol, 32, 797, 10.1515/jpem-2019-0126 Mamlouk, 2018, Hearing loss in PHACE syndrome: clinical and radiologic findings, Childs Nerv Syst, 34, 1717, 10.1007/s00381-018-3822-x Yu, 2016, Prevalence and clinical characteristics of headaches in PHACE syndrome, J Child Neurol, 31, 468, 10.1177/0883073815599261 Iacobas, 2010, LUMBAR: association between cutaneous infantile hemangiomas of the lower body and regional congenital anomalies, J Pediatr, 157, 795, 10.1016/j.jpeds.2010.05.027 Stockman, 2007, SACRAL syndrome: spinal dysraphism, anogenital, cutaneous, renal and urologic anomalies, associated with an angioma of lumbosacral localization, Dermatology, 214, 40, 10.1159/000096911 Yu, 2017, LUMBAR syndrome: a case manifesting as cutaneous infantile hemangiomas of the lower extremity, perineum and gluteal region, and a review of published work, J Dermatol, 44, 808, 10.1111/1346-8138.13763 Chamlin, 2007, Multicenter prospective study of ulcerated hemangiomas, J Pediatr, 151, 684, 10.1016/j.jpeds.2007.04.055 Zhao, 2019, Periocular infantile hemangiomas: characteristics, ocular sequelae, and outcomes, Pediatr Dermatol, 36, 830, 10.1111/pde.13925 Czechowicz, 2021, Airway hemangiomas in PHACE syndrome: a multicenter experience, Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, 165, 182, 10.1177/0194599820966622 Darrow, 2018, Management of infantile hemangiomas of the airway, Otolaryngol Clin North Am, 51, 133, 10.1016/j.otc.2017.09.001 Solman, 2018, Oral propranolol in the treatment of proliferating infantile haemangiomas: British Society for Paediatric Dermatology consensus guidelines, Br J Dermatol, 179, 582, 10.1111/bjd.16779 Huang, 2000, Severe hypothyroidism caused by type 3 iodothyronine deiodinase in infantile hemangiomas, N Engl J Med, 343, 185, 10.1056/NEJM200007203430305 Chang, 2019, A 7-year follow-up study on untreated deep or mixed facial infantile hemangioma in East-Asian patients: when propranolol was not yet an option, J Dermatol, 46, 962, 10.1111/1346-8138.15080 Baselga, 2016, Risk factors for degree and type of sequelae after involution of untreated hemangiomas of infancy, JAMA Dermatol, 152, 1239, 10.1001/jamadermatol.2016.2905 Chang, 2019, Location of infantile hemangioma is a predictor of volumetric sequelae after involution, J Dermatol, 46, 371, 10.1111/1346-8138.14847 Frieden, 2009, Conditions masquerading as infantile haemangioma: Part 1, Australas J Dermatol, 50, 77, 10.1111/j.1440-0960.2009.00514_1.x Bonafede, 2020, Periocular infantile hemangioma masquerading as dacryocele, J AAPOS, 24, 326, 10.1016/j.jaapos.2020.07.001 Frieden, 2009, Conditions masquerading as infantile haemangioma: Part 2, Australas J Dermatol, 50, 153, 10.1111/j.1440-0960.2009.00529_1.x Hassanein, 2011, Pilomatrixoma imitating infantile hemangioma, J Craniofac Surg, 22, 734, 10.1097/SCS.0b013e318207f29f Han, 2014, Congenital myofibroma mimicking an infantile hemangioma in an infant, Indian J Dermatol, 59, 317, 10.4103/0019-5154.131472 Friedman, 2013, Congenital myofibroma masquerading as an ulcerated infantile hemangioma in a neonate, Ped Dermatol, 30, e248, 10.1111/j.1525-1470.2011.01678.x Chiloeches Fernández, 2021, Metastatic neuroblastoma mimicking an infantile hemangioma, Pediatr Dermatol, 38, 316, 10.1111/pde.14421 O'Brien, 2021, Analysis of lesional color to differentiate infantile hemangiomas from port-wine birthmarks in infants less than 3 months old: a pilot study, Pediatr Dermatol, 38, 585, 10.1111/pde.14554 Rodriguez Bandera, 2020, Cutaneous ultrasound and its utility in Pediatric Dermatology: Part II-Developmental anomalies and vascular lesions, Pediatr Dermatol, 37, 40, 10.1111/pde.13897 McNab, 2020, Subclinical ultrasound characteristics of infantile hemangiomas that may potentially affect involution, J Ultrasound Med, 40, 1125, 10.1002/jum.15489 Weber, 2017, Role of imaging in the diagnosis of parotid infantile hemangiomas, Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol, 102, 61, 10.1016/j.ijporl.2017.08.035 Gupta, 2011, Histopathology of vascular anomalies, Clin Plast Surg, 38, 31, 10.1016/j.cps.2010.08.007 van Vugt, 2017, The utility of GLUT1 as a diagnostic marker in cutaneous vascular anomalies: a review of literature and recommendations for daily practice, Pathol Res Pract, 213, 591, 10.1016/j.prp.2017.04.023 Piram, 2016, Beard infantile hemangioma and subglottic involvement: are median pattern and telangiectatic aspect the clue?, J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol, 30, 2056, 10.1111/jdv.13812 Drolet, 2010, Prospective study of spinal anomalies in children with infantile hemangiomas of the lumbosacral skin, J Pediatr, 157, 789, 10.1016/j.jpeds.2010.07.054