Effects of land use and cover type on the risks of runoff and water erosion: infiltration tests in the Ourika watershed (High Atlas, Morocco)
Tóm tắt
The upstream section of the Ourika watershed is located in the northwest slopes of the High Atlas Mountains of Morocco. It is characterized by rugged topography and sparse vegetation, and is under increasing human-induced pressures, exacerbated by climate variability and change. Its vulnerability to water erosion is high and, thus, wadi flows with significant solid loads are a constant risk. Infiltration measures through rain simulations, using a simple irrigator ramp, were carried out as part of an investigation to highlight the role of vegetation cover in mitigating soil erosion in the watershed. The methodology assessed the effect of land use and cover type on the soil surface state and properties on 1-m2 plots. Seventeen experimental sites were considered with reference to both land use and plant cover, with three test plots per site, making it a total of 51 test plots for the rainfall simulations. Soil samples were collected at different depths from each site to determine soil properties. Results obtained show that dense forests protect the soil, produce organic matter improving soil aggregation, and hence ensuring adequate infiltration. In woodlands, bare soil is susceptible to crusting, runoff, and water erosion. In overgrazed scrublands, soil compaction due to animal trampling, induces significant runoff. Croplands are poor in organic matter and are consequently very susceptible to crusting, losing infiltration capability. Infiltration was positively correlated with initial abstraction (R = 0.71), covered and non-crusted soil surfaces (R = 0.84 and R = 0.83, respectively), organic matter content (R = 0.62) and aggregate soil stability (R = 0.69). By contrast, it was negatively correlated with soil detachability (R = − 0.65), penetration resistance (R = − 0.81), and shear strength (R = − 0.64). However, a weak correlation between infiltration and either of bulk density, total porosity, or texture was observed. Findings showed that total infiltration was not correlated with the physical parameters of the soil but rather with the surface state of soils. Covered surface greatly decreased runoff and soil erosion by increasing the surface roughness and decreasing the runoff velocity in the study zone.
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