Interleukin-15 mediates reciprocal regulation of adipose and muscle mass: a potential role in body weight control

Grabstein, 1994, Cloning of a T cell growth factor that interacts with the β chain of the interleukin-2 receptor, Science, 264, 965, 10.1126/science.8178155 Bruton, 1994, A lymphokine, provisionally designated interleukin T and produced by a human adult T cell leukemia line, stimulates T cell proliferation and the induction of lymphokine-activated killer cells, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 91, 4935, 10.1073/pnas.91.11.4935 Carson, 1994, Interleukin (IL) 15 is a novel cytokine that activates human natural killer cells via components of the IL-2 receptor, J. Exp. Med., 180, 1395, 10.1084/jem.180.4.1395 Armitage, 1995, IL-15 has stimulatory activity for the induction of B cell proliferation and differentiation, J. Immunol., 154, 483, 10.4049/jimmunol.154.2.483 Akbar, 1996, IL-2 receptor common γ-chain signaling cytokines regulate activated T-cell apoptosis in response to growth factor withdrawal: selective induction of anti-apoptotic (bcl-2, bcl-xL) but not pro-apoptotic (bax, bcl-xS) gene expression, Eur. J. Immunol., 26, 294, 10.1002/eji.1830260204 Girard, 1996, Differential effects of interleukin-15 (IL-15) and IL-2 on human neutrophils: modulation of phagocytosis, cytoskeleton rearrangement, gene expression, and apoptosis by IL-15, Blood, 88, 3176, 10.1182/blood.V88.8.3176.bloodjournal8883176 Giri, 1994, Utilization of the β and γ chain of the IL-2 receptor by the novel cytokine IL-15, EMBO J., 13, 2822, 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1994.tb06576.x Quinn, 1995, Interleukin-15: a novel anabolic cytokine for skeletal muscle, Endocrinology, 136, 3669, 10.1210/en.136.8.3669 Quinn, 1997, Interleukin-15 stimulates C2 skeletal myoblast differentiation, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 239, 6, 10.1006/bbrc.1997.7414 Tessitore, 1987, Early development of protein metabolic perturbations in the liver and skeletal muscle of tumor-bearing rats. A model system for cancer cachexia, Biochem. J., 241, 153, 10.1042/bj2410153 Tessitore, 1993, Humoral mediation for cachexia in tumor-bearing rats, Br. J. Cancer, 67, 15, 10.1038/bjc.1993.4 Swick, 1974, Measurement of protein turnover in rat liver with [14C]carbonate. Protein turnover during liver regeneration, J. Biol. Chem., 249, 6836, 10.1016/S0021-9258(19)42134-0 MacDonald, 1979, A comparison of methods for the measurement of protein turnover in vitro, Biochem. J., 184, 473, 10.1042/bj1840473 Garlick, 1975, The effect of protein deprivation and starvation on the rate of protein synthesis in tissues of the rat, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 414, 71, 10.1016/0005-2787(75)90126-4 Lowry, 1951, Protein measurement with the Folin phenol reagent, J. Biol. Chem., 193, 265, 10.1016/S0021-9258(19)52451-6 M.W. Slein, d-Glucose determination with hexokinase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, in: H.U. Bergmeyer (Ed.), Methods of Enzymatic Analysis, Academic Press, New York, 1963, pp. 117–123. I. Gutmann, A.W. Wahlefeld, l-(+)-Lactate: determination with lactate dehydrogenase and NAD, in: H.U. Bergmeyer (Ed.), Methods of Enzymatic Analysis, Academic Press, New York, 1974, pp. 1464–1468. Eggstein, 1966, A new method for the determination of neutral fats in blood serum and tissues, Klin. Wochenschr., 44, 262, 10.1007/BF01747716 Havel, 1955, Distribution and chemical composition of ultracentrifugally separated lipoproteins in human serum, J. Clin. Invest., 34, 1345, 10.1172/JCI103182 Nilsson-Ehle, 1977, Rapid, simple and specific assays for lipoprotein lipase and hepatic lipase, Artery, 3, 197 Nilsson-Ehle, 1976, A stable, radioactive substrate emulsion for assay of lipoprotein lipase, J. Lipid Res., 17, 536, 10.1016/S0022-2275(20)41752-3 Robinson, 1978, Evidence for a role of insulin in the regulation of lipogenesis in lactating rat mammary gland, Biochem. J., 176, 343, 10.1042/bj1760343 Stansbie, 1986, Acute effects in vivo of anti-insulin serum on rates of fatty acid synthesis and activities of acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase and pyruvate dehydrogenase in liver and epididymal adipose tissue of fed rats, Biochem. J., 160, 413, 10.1042/bj1600413 López-Soriano, 1995, Metabolic effects of tumour necrosis factor-α on rat brown adipose tissue, Mol. Cell. Biochem., 143, 113, 10.1007/BF01816944 J.D. Lee, T.D. Lee, in: Statistic and Numerical Methods for Biologists, vol. 1, Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, 1982, pp. 185–205. Llovera, 1993, Effects of tumour necrosis factor-α on muscle protein turnover in female Wistar rats, J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 85, 1334, 10.1093/jnci/85.16.1334 D.H. Williamson, Regulation of adipose tissue mass and metabolism, in: N.J. Rothwell, M.J. Stock (Eds.), Obesity and Cachexia, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1991, pp. 63–101. Gibbons, 1990, Assembly and secretion of hepatic very low density lipoproteins, Biochem. J., 268, 1, 10.1042/bj2680001 Argilés, 1992, The role of cytokines in muscle wasting: its relation with cancer cachexia, Med. Res. Rev., 12, 637, 10.1002/med.2610120605 Grunfeld, 1990, Evidence for two classes of cytokines that stimulate hepatic lipogenesis: relationships among tumor necrosis factor, interleukin-1 and interferon alpha, Endocrinology, 127, 46, 10.1210/endo-127-1-46 Grunfeld, 1990, Search for mediators of the lipogenic effects of tumor necrosis factor: potential role for interleukin-6, Cancer Res., 50, 4233 Grunfeld, 1992, Tumor necrosis factor, interleukin and interferon induced changes in lipid metabolism as part of host defense, Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med., 200, 224, 10.3181/00379727-200-43424 Price, 1986, Regulation of lipoprotein lipase synthesis by recombinant tumor necrosis factor: the primary regulatory role of the hormone in 3T3-L1 adipocytes, Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 251, 738, 10.1016/0003-9861(86)90384-X Porat, 1989, The effect of tumor necrosis factor-α on the activity of lipoprotein lipase in adipose tissue, Lymphokine Res., 4, 459 Argilés, 1989, Interleukin-1 and lipid metabolism in the rat, Biochem. J., 259, 673, 10.1042/bj2590673 Grunfeld, 1990, Tumour necrosis factor: immunologic, antitumor, metabolic and cardiovascular activities, Adv. Intern. Med., 35, 45 Argilés, 1989, The obese Zucker rat: a choice for fat metabolism. 1968–1988: twenty years of research on the insights of the Zucker mutation, Prog. Lipid Res., 2, 53, 10.1016/0163-7827(89)90007-6 Muoio, 1997, Leptin directly alters lipid partitioning in skeletal muscle, Diabetes, 46, 1360, 10.2337/diabetes.46.8.1360 Hotamisligil, 1993, Adipose expression of tumor necrosis factor-α: direct role in obesity-linked insulin resistance, Science, 259, 87, 10.1126/science.7678183 Saghizadeh, 1996, The expression of TNF α by human muscle. Relationship to insulin resistance, J. Clin. Invest., 97, 1111, 10.1172/JCI118504 Garcia-Martı́nez, 1993, Tumour necrosis factor-α increases the ubiquitinization of rat skeletal muscle proteins, FEBS Lett., 323, 211, 10.1016/0014-5793(93)81341-V Garcia-Martı́nez, 1994, Ubiquitin gene expression in skeletal muscle is increased by tumour necrosis factor-α, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 201, 682, 10.1006/bbrc.1994.1754 Carbó, 2000, Interleukin-15 antagonizes muscle protein waste in tumour-bearing rats, Br. J. Cancer, 83, 526, 10.1054/bjoc.2000.1299 Argilés, 1997, Journey from cachexia to obesity by TNF, FASEB J., 11, 743, 10.1096/fasebj.11.10.9271359 Carbó, 2000, Short-term effects of leptin on skeletal muscle protein metabolism in the rat, J. Nutr. Biochem., 11, 431, 10.1016/S0955-2863(00)00101-7