The role of reoperation after recurrence of Cushing’s disease

Lonser, 2017, Cushing’s disease: pathobiology, diagnosis, and management, J Neurosurg, 126, 404 Pivonello, 2017, Cushing’s disease: the burden of illness, Endocrine, 56, 10, 10.1007/s12020-016-0984-8 Veldman, 2000, Apparently complete restoration of normal daily adrenocorticotropin, cortisol, growth hormone, and prolactin secretory dynamics in adults with Cushing’s disease after clinically successful transsphenoidal adenomectomy, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 85, 4039 Clayton, 2016, Mortality in patients with Cushing’s disease more than 10 years after remission: a multicentre, multinational, retrospective cohort study, Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol, 4, 569, 10.1016/S2213-8587(16)30005-5 Nieman, 2015, Treatment of Cushing’s syndrome: an endocrine society clinical Practice guideline, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 100, 2807, 10.1210/jc.2015-1818 Petersenn, 2015, Therapy of endocrine disease: outcomes in patients with Cushing’s disease undergoing transsphenoidal surgery: systematic review assessing criteria used to define remission and recurrence, Eur J Endocrinol, 172, R227, 10.1530/EJE-14-0883 Trainer, 1993, Transsphenoidal resection in Cushing’s disease: undetectable serum cortisol as the definition of successful treatment, Clin Endocrinol (Oxf), 38, 73, 10.1111/j.1365-2265.1993.tb00975.x Tritos, 2011, Management of Cushing disease, Nat Rev Endocrinol, 7, 279, 10.1038/nrendo.2011.12 Roelfsema, 2012, Clinical factors involved in the recurrence of pituitary adenomas after surgical remission: a structured review and meta-analysis, Pituitary, 15, 71, 10.1007/s11102-011-0347-7 Wang, 2020, Post-operative day one morning cortisol value as a biomarker to predict long-term remission of Cushing disease, J Clin Endocrinol Metab Hinojosa-Amaya, 2019, Hypercortisolemia recurrence in Cushing’s disease; a diagnostic challenge, Front Endocrinol (Lausanne), 10, 740, 10.3389/fendo.2019.00740 Bou Khalil, 2011, Sequential hormonal changes in 21 patients with recurrent Cushing’s disease after successful pituitary surgery, Eur J Endocrinol, 165, 729, 10.1530/EJE-11-0424 Broersen, 2018, Effectiveness of medical treatment for Cushing’s syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Pituitary, 21, 631, 10.1007/s11102-018-0897-z Starke, 2010, Radiation therapy and stereotactic radiosurgery for the treatment of Cushing’s disease: an evidence-based review, Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes, 17, 356, 10.1097/MED.0b013e32833ab069 Mehta, 2017, Stereotactic radiosurgery for Cushing disease: results of an international, multicenter study, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 102, 4284, 10.1210/jc.2017-01385 Ironside, 2018, Outcomes of pituitary radiation for Cushing’s disease, Endocrinol Metab Clin N Am, 47, 349, 10.1016/j.ecl.2018.01.002 Castinetti, 2007, Gamma knife radiosurgery is a successful adjunctive treatment in Cushing’s disease, Eur J Endocrinol, 156, 91, 10.1530/eje.1.02323 Wong, 2015, The role of bilateral adrenalectomy in the treatment of refractory Cushing’s disease, Neurosurg Focus, 38, E9, 10.3171/2014.10.FOCUS14684 Ritzel, 2013, Clinical review: outcome of bilateral adrenalectomy in Cushing’s syndrome: a systematic review, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 98, 3939, 10.1210/jc.2013-1470 Guerin, 2016, Bilateral adrenalectomy in the 21st century: when to use it for hypercortisolism?, Endocr Relat Canc, 23, R131, 10.1530/ERC-15-0541 Fountas, 2020, Outcomes of patients with Nelson’s syndrome after primary treatment: a multicenter study from 13 UK pituitary centers, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 105, 10.1210/clinem/dgz200 Friedman, 1989, Repeat transsphenoidal surgery for Cushing’s disease, J Neurosurg, 71, 520 Burke, 2019, Outcomes after repeat transsphenoidal surgery for recurrent Cushing disease: updated, Neurosurgery, 85, E1030, 10.1093/neuros/nyz193 Feng, 2018, Diagnosis and outcomes of 341 patients with Cushing’s disease following transsphenoid surgery: a single-center experience, World Neurosurg, 109, e75, 10.1016/j.wneu.2017.09.105 Sun, 2012, Diagnosis and therapy for Cushing’s disease with negative dynamic MRI finding: a single-centre experience, Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)., 76, 868, 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2011.04279.x Salenave, 2004, Pituitary magnetic resonance imaging findings do not influence surgical outcome in adrenocorticotropin-secreting microadenomas, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 89, 3371, 10.1210/jc.2003-031908 Zhang, 2020, Surgical outcomes and multidisciplinary management strategy of Cushing’s disease: a single-center experience in China, Neurosurg Focus, 48, E7, 10.3171/2020.3.FOCUS2067 Liubinas, 2011, Management of recurrent Cushing’s disease, J Clin Neurosci, 18, 7, 10.1016/j.jocn.2010.05.001 Valderrábano, 2014, Results of repeated transsphenoidal surgery in Cushing’s disease. Long-term follow-up, Endocrinol Nutr, 61, 176, 10.1016/j.endonu.2013.10.008 Patil, 2008, Outcomes after repeat transsphenoidal surgery for recurrent Cushing’s disease, Neurosurgery, 63, 266, 10.1227/01.NEU.0000313117.35824.9F Wagenmakers, 2009, Repeated transsphenoidal pituitary surgery (TS) via the endoscopic technique: a good therapeutic option for recurrent or persistent Cushing’s disease (CD), Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)., 70, 274, 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2008.03334.x Hofmann, 2008, Long-term results after microsurgery for Cushing disease: experience with 426 primary operations over 35 years, J Neurosurg, 108, 9 Locatelli, 2005, Clinical review: the strategy of immediate reoperation for transsphenoidal surgery for Cushing’s disease, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 90, 5478, 10.1210/jc.2004-2436 Ram, 1994, Early repeat surgery for persistent Cushing’s disease, J Neurosurg, 80, 37 Wind, 2013, The lateralization accuracy of inferior petrosal sinus sampling in 501 patients with Cushing’s disease, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 98, 2285, 10.1210/jc.2012-3943 Braun, 2020, Recurrence after pituitary surgery in adult Cushing’s disease: a systematic review on diagnosis and treatment, Endocrine, 70, 218, 10.1007/s12020-020-02432-z Rutkowski, 2015, Update on the management of recurrent Cushing’s disease, Neurosurg Focus, 38, E16, 10.3171/2014.11.FOCUS14703 Jahangiri, 2014, Morbidity of repeat transsphenoidal surgery assessed in more than 1000 operations, J Neurosurg, 121, 67 Dickerman, 2002, Basis of persistent and recurrent Cushing disease: an analysis of findings at repeated pituitary surgery, J Neurosurg, 97, 1343 Cohen-Cohen, 2018, The medial wall of the cavernous sinus. Part 2: selective medial wall resection in 50 pituitary adenoma patients, J Neurosurg, 131, 131