Blockade of the renin–angiotensin system and renal tissue oxygenation as measured with BOLD-MRI in patients with type 2 diabetes

Zimmet, 2001, Global and societal implications of the diabetes epidemic, Nature, 414, 782, 10.1038/414782a Qian, 2008, From fibrosis to sclerosis: mechanisms of glomerulosclerosis in diabetic nephropathy, Diabetes, 57, 1439, 10.2337/db08-0061 Brezis, 1995, Hypoxia of the renal medulla—its implications for disease, N Engl J Med, 332, 647, 10.1056/NEJM199503093321006 Heyman, 2008, Renal parenchymal hypoxia, hypoxia response and the progression of chronic kidney disease, Am J Nephrol, 28, 998, 10.1159/000146075 Li, 2009, Effect of nitric oxide synthase inhibition on intrarenal oxygenation as evaluated by blood oxygenation level-dependent magnetic resonance imaging, Invest Radiol, 44, 67, 10.1097/RLI.0b013e3181900975 Prasad, 2006, Evaluation of intra-renal oxygenation by BOLD MRI, Nephron Clin Pract, 103, c58, 10.1159/000090610 Prasad, 1996, Noninvasive evaluation of intrarenal oxygenation with BOLD MRI, Circulation, 94, 3271, 10.1161/01.CIR.94.12.3271 Simon-Zoula, 2006, Non-invasive monitoring of renal oxygenation using BOLD-MRI: a reproducibility study, NMR Biomed, 19, 84, 10.1002/nbm.1004 Pohl, 2005, Independent and additive impact of blood pressure control and angiotensin II receptor blockade on renal outcomes in the irbesartan diabetic nephropathy trial: clinical implications and limitations, J Am Soc Nephrol, 16, 3027, 10.1681/ASN.2004110919 Khan, 2009, The 2009 Canadian Hypertension Education Program recommendations for the management of hypertension: Part 2—Therapy, Can J Cardiol, 25, 287, 10.1016/S0828-282X(09)70492-1 Levy, 2005, How to explain the differences between renin–angiotensin system modulators, Am J Hypertens, 18, 134S, 10.1016/j.amjhyper.2005.05.005 Norman, 2003, Angiotensin II blockade augments renal cortical microvascular pO2 indicating a novel, potentially renoprotective action, Nephron Physiol, 94, p39, 10.1159/000071289 Deng, 2009, Regulation of oxygen utilization by angiotensin II in chronic kidney disease, Kidney Int, 75, 197, 10.1038/ki.2008.481 Alberti, 1998, Definition, diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus and its complications. Part 1: Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus provisional report of a WHO consultation, Diabet Med, 15, 539, 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9136(199807)15:7<539::AID-DIA668>3.0.CO;2-S O’Brien, 2003, European Society of Hypertension recommendations for conventional, ambulatory and home blood pressure measurement, J Hypertens, 21, 821, 10.1097/00004872-200305000-00001 Tanser, 2000, Candesartan cilexetil is not associated with cough in hypertensive patients with enalapril-induced cough. Multicentre Cough Study Group, Am J Hypertens, 13, 214, 10.1016/S0895-7061(99)00165-X Rosei, 2005, Effects of candesartan cilexetil and enalapril on inflammatory markers of atherosclerosis in hypertensive patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, J Hypertens, 23, 435, 10.1097/00004872-200502000-00027 Pruijm, 2010, Effect of sodium loading/depletion on renal oxygenation in young normotensive and hypertensive men, Hypertension, 55, 1116, 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.109.149682 Ovesen, 2002, The use of biomarkers in multicentric studies with particular consideration of iodine, sodium, iron, folate and vitamin D, Eur J Clin Nutr, 56, S12, 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601424 1988, Intersalt: an international study of electrolyte excretion and blood pressure. Results for 24 hour urinary sodium and potassium excretion. Intersalt Cooperative Research Group, Br Med J, 297, 319, 10.1136/bmj.297.6644.319 Burnier, 1993, Salt-dependent renal effects of an angiotensin II antagonist in healthy subjects, Hypertension, 22, 339, 10.1161/01.HYP.22.3.339 Li, 1998, Blood oxygen saturation assessment in vivo using T2* estimation, Magn Reson Med, 39, 685, 10.1002/mrm.1910390503 Pedersen, 2005, Validation of quantitative BOLD MRI measurements in kidney: application to unilateral ureteral obstruction, Kidney Int, 67, 2305, 10.1111/j.1523-1755.2005.00334.x Hofmann, 2006, BOLD-MRI for the assessment of renal oxygenation in humans: acute effect of nephrotoxic xenobiotics, Kidney Int, 70, 144, 10.1038/sj.ki.5000418 Djamali, 2007, BOLD-MRI assessment of intrarenal oxygenation and oxidative stress in patients with chronic kidney allograft dysfunction, Am J Physiol Renal Physiol, 292, F513, 10.1152/ajprenal.00222.2006 Levey, 1999, A more accurate method to estimate glomerular filtration rate from serum creatinine: a new prediction equation. Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study Group, Ann Intern Med, 130, 461, 10.7326/0003-4819-130-6-199903160-00002 Yin, 2012, Noninvasive evaluation of renal oxygenation in diabetic nephropathy by BOLD-MRI, Eur J Radiol, 81, 1426, 10.1016/j.ejrad.2011.03.045 Epstein, 2002, Effect of diabetes on renal medullary oxygenation during water diuresis, Diabetes Care, 25, 575, 10.2337/diacare.25.3.575 Economides, 2004, Kidney oxygenation during water diuresis and endothelial function in patients with type 2 diabetes and subjects at risk to develop diabetes, Metabolism, 53, 222, 10.1016/j.metabol.2003.09.019 Prasad, 1999, Changes in renal medullary pO2 during water diuresis as evaluated by blood oxygenation level-dependent magnetic resonance imaging: effects of aging and cyclooxygenase inhibition, Kidney Int, 55, 294, 10.1046/j.1523-1755.1999.00237.x Wuerzner, 2004, Angiotensin II receptor blockade prevents acute renal sodium retention induced by low levels of orthostatic stress, Kidney Int, 65, 238, 10.1111/j.1523-1755.2004.00376.x Juillard, 2004, Blood oxygen level-dependent measurement of acute intra-renal ischemia, Kidney Int, 65, 944, 10.1111/j.1523-1755.2004.00469.x Rognant, 2011, Evolution of renal oxygen content measured by BOLD MRI downstream a chronic renal artery stenosis, Nephrol Dial Transplant, 26, 1205, 10.1093/ndt/gfq538 Gomez, 2009, Increased hypoxia and reduced renal tubular response to furosemide detected by BOLD magnetic resonance imaging in swine renovascular hypertension, Am J Physiol Renal Physiol, 297, F981, 10.1152/ajprenal.90757.2008 Textor, 2008, The use of magnetic resonance to evaluate tissue oxygenation in renal artery stenosis, J Am Soc Nephrol, 19, 780, 10.1681/ASN.2007040420 Pechere-Bertschi, 1998, Renal response to the angiotensin II receptor subtype 1 antagonist irbesartan versus enalapril in hypertensive patients, J Hypertens, 16, 385, 10.1097/00004872-199816030-00016 Michaely, 2012, Renal BOLD-MRI does not reflect renal function in chronic kidney disease, Kidney Int, 81, 684, 10.1038/ki.2011.455 Christiansen, 1981, The effect of intravenous insulin infusion on kidney function in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, Diabetologia, 20, 199, 10.1007/BF00252628 Gloviczki, 2011, Blood oxygen level-dependent magnetic resonance imaging identifies cortical hypoxia in severe renovascular disease, Hypertension, 58, 1066, 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.111.171405 De’Oliveira, 1997, Autonomy of the renin system in type II diabetes mellitus: dietary sodium and renal hemodynamic responses to ACE inhibition, Kidney Int, 52, 771, 10.1038/ki.1997.394 Thelwall, 2011, Non-invasive investigation of kidney disease in type 1 diabetes by magnetic resonance imaging, Diabetologia, 54, 2421, 10.1007/s00125-011-2163-z Zuo, 2003, Visualization and quantification of renal R2* changes during water diuresis, J Magn Reson Imaging, 17, 676, 10.1002/jmri.10314