Clinical neurorestorative cell therapies: Developmental process, current state and future prospective

Journal of Neurorestoratology - Tập 8 - Trang 61-82 - 2020
Hongyun Huang1,2, Lin Chen3, Gengsheng Mao1, Hari Shanker Sharma4
1Institute of Neurorestoratology, The Third Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
2Beijing Hongtianji Neuroscience Academy, Beijing, 100144, China
3Department of Neurosurgery, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Beijing, 100007, China
4Int. Exp. CNS Injury & Repair, Neurobiology (MRC) & Neuroanatomy (UU), Uppsala University, University Hospital, Anesthesiology & Intensive Care Medicine, Dept. Surgical Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden

Tài liệu tham khảo

Kondziolka, 2000, Transplantation of cultured human neuronal cells for patients with stroke, Neurology, 55, 565, 10.1212/WNL.55.4.565 Kondziolka, 2005, Neurotransplantation for patients with subcortical motor stroke: a phase 2 randomized trial, J Neurosurg, 103, 38, 10.3171/jns.2005.103.1.0038 Savitz, 2005, Neurotrans- plantation of fetal porcine cells in patients with basal Ganglia infarcts: a preliminary safety and feasibility study, Cerebrovasc Dis, 20, 101, 10.1159/000086518 Holbrook, 2011, Immunohistochemical characterization of human olfactory tissue, Laryngoscope, 121, 1687, 10.1002/lary.21856 Lu, 2017, Differentiation of human olfactory mucosa mesenchymal stem cells into photoreceptor cells in vitro, Int J Ophthalmol, 10, 1504 Huang, 2006, Influence factors for functional improvement after olfactory ensheathing cell transplantation for chronic spinal cord injury, Chin J Reparative Reconstr Surg, 20, 434 Huang, 2015 Huang, 2002, Preliminary report of clinical trial for olfactory ensheathing cell transplantation treating the spinal cord injury, J Navy General Hospital of PLA, 15, 18 Huang, 2003, Influence of patients' age on functional recovery after transplantation of olfactory ensheathing cells into injured spinal cord injury, Chin Med J, 116, 1488 Rabinovich, 2003, Transplantation treatment of spinal cord injury patients, Biomedecine Pharmacother, 57, 428, 10.1016/j.biopha.2003.05.001 Guest, 2006, Rapid recovery of segmental neurological function in a tetraplegic patient following transplantation of fetal olfactory bulb-derived cells, Spinal Cord, 44, 135, 10.1038/sj.sc.3101820 Zhang, 2006, Treatment of thoracic spine and spinal cord injury (in Chinese), Chin J Rehabilit Theo Prac, 12, 336 Zheng, 2007, Olfactory ensheathing cell transplantation in 106 patients with old spinal cord injury: Differences in ages, sexes, disease courses, injured types and sites, Neural Regen Res, 2, 380, 10.1016/S1673-5374(07)60071-1 Huang, 2006, Safety of fetal olfactory ensheathing cell transplantation in patients with chronic spinal cord injury. A 38-month follow- up with MRI, Chin J Reparative Reconstr Surg, 20, 439 Huang, 2012, Long-term outcome of olfactory ensheathing cell therapy for patients with complete chronic spinal cord injury, Cell Transplant, 21, S23, 10.3727/096368912X633734 Bao, 2007, Olfactory ensheathing cell transplantation in the treatment of spinal cord injury in 5 cases, J Clin Rehabilit Tissue Eng Res, 11, 512 Zheng, 2007, Olfactory ensheathing cell transplantation in 106 patients with old spinal cord injury: Differences in ages, sexes, disease courses, injured types and sites, Neural Regen Res, 2, 380, 10.1016/S1673-5374(07)60071-1 Liu, 2008, Neurofunctional evaluation in spinal cord injury patients after olfactory ensheathing cell transplantation, J Clin Rehabilit Tissue Eng Res, 12, 3037 Zheng, 2008, Influence of transplanting time on olfactory ensheathing cell transplantation for spinal cord injury, J Clin Rehabilit Tissue Eng Res, 12, 583 Seledtsova, 2010, Delayed results of transplantation of fetal neurogenic tissue in patients with consequences of spinal cord trauma, Bull Exp Biol Med, 149, 530, 10.1007/s10517-010-0985-1 Wu, 2012, Clinical observation of fetal olfactory ensheathing glia transplantation (OEGT) in patients with complete chronic spinal cord injury, Cell Transplant, 21, S33, 10.3727/096368912X633743 Wang, 2013, Five years follow-up observation on patients with spinal cord injury treated with olfactory ensheathing cell transplantation, J Invest Med, 61, S5 Rao, 2013, Long-term outcome of olfactory ensheathing cell transplantation in six patients with chronic complete spinal cord injury, Cell Transplant, 22, S21, 10.3727/096368913X672127 Rao, 2013, Clinical application of olfactory ensheathing cells in the treatment of spinal cord injury, J Int Med Res, 41, 473, 10.1177/0300060513476426 Tabakow, 2013, Transplantation of autologous olfactory ensheathing cells in complete human spinal cord injury, Cell Transplant, 22, 1591, 10.3727/096368912X663532 Tabakow, 2014, Functional regeneration of supraspinal connections in a patient with transected spinal cord following transplantation of bulbar olfactory ensheathing cells with peripheral nerve bridging, Cell Transplant, 23, 1631, 10.3727/096368914X685131 Zheng, 2013, Olfactory ensheathing cell transplantation improves sympathetic skin responses in chronic spinal cord injury, Neural Regen Res, 8, 2849 Féron, 2005, Autologous olfactory ensheathing cell transplantation in human spinal cord injury, Brain, 128, 2951, 10.1093/brain/awh657 Mackay-Sim, 2008, Autologous olfactory ensheathing cell transplantation in human paraplegia: a 3-year clinical trial, Brain, 131, 2376, 10.1093/brain/awn173 Chen, 2018, Comparison of intramedullary transplantation of olfactory ensheathing cell for patients with chronic complete spinal cord injury worldwide, J Neurorestoratology, 6, 146, 10.26599/JNR.2018.9040012 Lima, 2006, Olfactory mucosa autografts in human spinal cord injury: a pilot clinical study, J Spinal Cord Med, 29, 191, 10.1080/10790268.2006.11753874 Lima, 2010, Olfactory mucosal autografts and rehabilitation for chronic traumatic spinal cord injury, Neurorehabil Neural Repair, 24, 10, 10.1177/1545968309347685 Chhabra, 2009, Autologous olfactory mucosal transplant in chronic spinal cord injury: an Indian pilot study, Spinal Cord, 47, 887, 10.1038/sc.2009.54 Wang, 2016, Autologous olfactory lamina propria transplantation for chronic spinal cord injury: three-year follow-up outcomes from a prospective double-blinded clinical trial, Cell Transplant, 25, 141, 10.3727/096368915X688065 Dlouhy, 2014, Autograft-derived spinal cord mass following olfactory mucosal cell transplantation in a spinal cord injury patient: Case report, J Neurosurg Spine, 21, 618, 10.3171/2014.5.SPINE13992 Rabinovich, 2005, Cell therapy of brain stroke, Bull Exp Biol Med, 139, 126, 10.1007/s10517-005-0229-y Seledtsov, 2005, Cell therapy of cerebral palsy, Bull Exp Biol Med, 139, 499, 10.1007/s10517-005-0330-2 Seledtsov, 2005, Cell transplantation therapy in re-animating severely head-injured patients, Biomedecine Pharmacother, 59, 415, 10.1016/j.biopha.2005.01.012 Seledtsov, 2006, Immunological and clinical aspects of cell therapy in the treatment of aftereffects of craniocerebral injury, Bull Exp Biol Med, 141, 121, 10.1007/s10517-006-0110-7 Seledtsov, 2006, Cell therapy of comatose states, Bull Exp Biol Med, 142, 129, 10.1007/s10517-006-0310-1 Huang, 2009, Olfactory ensheathing cells transplantation for central nervous system diseases in 1, 255 patients (in Chinese), Chin J Reparative Reconstr Surg, 23, 14 Chen, 2010, Intracranial transplant of olfactory ensheathing cells in children and adolescents with cerebral palsy: a randomized controlled clinical trial, Cell Transplant, 19, 185, 10.3727/096368910X492652 Chen, 2007, Short-term outcome of olfactory ensheathing cells transplantation for treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Chin J Reparative Reconstr Surg, 21, 961 Huang, 2008, Fetal olfactory ensheathing cells transplantation in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients: a controlled pilot study, Clin Transplant, 22, 710, 10.1111/j.1399-0012.2008.00865.x Chen, 2012, Olfactory ensheathing cell neurorestorotherapy for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients: benefits from multiple transplantations, Cell Transplant, 21, S65, 10.3727/096368912X633789 Chen, 2013, Multiple cell transplantation based on an intraparenchymal approach for patients with chronic phase stroke, Cell Transplant, 22, S83, 10.3727/096368913X672154 Xi, 2013, Preliminary report of multiple cell therapy for patients with multiple system atrophy, Cell Transplant, 22, S93, 10.3727/096368913X672145 Xi, 2016, Cell-based neurorestorative therapy for postpoliomyelitis syndrome: a case report, J Neurorestoratology, 4, 45, 10.2147/JN.S98584 Zhang, 2017, Olfactory ensheathing cell transplantation for a patient with chronic sciatic nerve injury, J Neurorestoratology, 5, 1, 10.2147/JN.S120524 Guo, 2019, Olfactory ensheathing cell transplantation improving cerebral infarction sequela: a case report and literature review, J Neurorestoratology, 7, 82, 10.26599/JNR.2019.9040009 Syková, 2006, Autologous bone marrow transplantation in patients with subacute and chronic spinal cord injury, Cell Transplant, 15, 675, 10.3727/000000006783464381 Chernykh, 2007, Application of autologous bone marrow stem cells in the therapy of spinal cord injury patients, Bull Exp Biol Med, 143, 543, 10.1007/s10517-007-0175-y Cristante, 2009, Stem cells in the treatment of chronic spinal cord injury: evaluation of somatosensitive evoked potentials in 39 patients, Spinal Cord, 47, 733, 10.1038/sc.2009.24 Kumar, 2009, Autologous bone marrow derived mononuclear cell therapy for spinal cord injury: a phase I/II clinical safety and primary efficacy data, Exp Clin Transplant, 7, 241 Sharma, 2014, Functional recovery in chronic stage of spinal cord injury by neurorestorative approach: a case report, Case Rep Surg, 2014 Zhu, 2016, Phase I-II clinical trial assessing safety and efficacy of umbilical cord blood mononuclear cell transplant therapy of chronic complete spinal cord injury, Cell Transplant, 25, 1925, 10.3727/096368916X691411 Kakabadze, 2016, Phase 1 trial of autologous bone marrow stem cell transplantation in patients with spinal cord injury, Stem Cells Int, 2016, 10.1155/2016/6768274 Liem, 2018, Improved bowel function in patients with spina bifida after bone marrow-derived mononuclear cell transplantation: a report of 2 cases, Am J Case Rep, 19, 1010, 10.12659/AJCR.909801 Papadopoulos, 2011, Safety and feasibility of autologous umbilical cord blood transfusion in 2 toddlers with cerebral palsy and the role of low dose granulocyte-colony stimulating factor injections, Restor Neurol Neurosci, 29, 17 Purandare, 2012, Therapeutic potential of autologous stem cell transplantation for cerebral palsy, Case Rep Transplant, 2012 Sharma, 2012, Administration of autologous bone marrow-derived mononuclear cells in children with incurable neurological disorders and injury is safe and improves their quality of life, Cell Transplant, 21, S79, 10.3727/096368912X633798 Sharma, 2013, Positron emission tomography-computer tomography scan used as a monitoring tool following cellular therapy in cerebral palsy and mental retardation-a case report, Case Rep Neurol Med, 2013 Sharma, 2015, A clinical study of autologous bone marrow mononuclear cells for cerebral palsy patients: a new frontier, Stem Cells Int, 2015, 10.1155/2015/905874 Sharma, 2018, An open-label proof-of-concept study of intrathecal autologous bone marrow mononuclear cell transplantation in intellectual disability, Stem Cell Res Ther, 9, 19, 10.1186/s13287-017-0748-2 Jensen, 2013, First autologous cell therapy of cerebral palsy caused by hypoxic-ischemic brain damage in a child after cardiac arrest-individual treatment with cord blood, Case Rep Transplant, 2013 Mancías-Guerra, 2014, Safety and tolerability of intrathecal delivery of autologous bone marrow nucleated cells in children with cerebral palsy: an open-label phase I trial, Cytotherapy, 16, 810, 10.1016/j.jcyt.2014.01.008 El-Kheir, 2014, Autologous bone marrow-derived cell therapy combined with physical therapy induces functional improvement in chronic spinal cord injury patients, Cell Transplant, 23, 729, 10.3727/096368913X664540 Englander, 2015, Brain structural connectivity increases concurrent with functional improvement: Evidence from diffusion tensor MRI in children with cerebral palsy during therapy, Neuroimage: Clin, 7, 315, 10.1016/j.nicl.2015.01.002 Bansal, 2016, Administration of autologous bone marrow-derived stem cells for treatment of cerebral palsy patients: a proof of concept, J Stem Cells, 11, 37 Park, 2017, Effect of intravenous infusion of G-CSF-mobilized peripheral blood mononuclear cells on upper extremity function in cerebral palsy children, Ann Rehabil Med, 41, 113, 10.5535/arm.2017.41.1.113 Sun, 2017, Effect of autologous cord blood infusion on motor function and brain connectivity in young children with cerebral palsy: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial, Stem Cells Transl Med, 6, 2071, 10.1002/sctm.17-0102 Nguyen, 2017, Outcomes of autologous bone marrow mononuclear cells for cerebral palsy: an open label uncontrolled clinical trial, BMC Pediatr, 17, 104, 10.1186/s12887-017-0859-z Nguyen, 2018, The effects of bone marrow mononuclear cell transplantation on the quality of life of children with cerebral palsy, Health Qual Life Outcomes, 16, 164, 10.1186/s12955-018-0992-x Chernykh, 2018, Monocyte-derived macrophages for treatment of cerebral palsy: a study of 57 cases, J Neurorestoratology, 6, 41, 10.2147/JN.S158843 Rah, 2017, Neuroregenerative potential of intravenous G-CSF and autologous peripheral blood stem cells in children with cerebral palsy: a randomized, double-blind, cross-over study, J Transl Med, 15, 16, 10.1186/s12967-017-1120-0 Cox, 2011, Autologous bone marrow mononuclear cell therapy for severe traumatic brain injury in children, Neurosurgery, 68, 588, 10.1227/NEU.0b013e318207734c Liao, 2015, Autologous bone marrow mononuclear cells reduce therapeutic intensity for severe traumatic brain injury in children, Pediatr Crit Care Med, 16, 245, 10.1097/PCC.0000000000000324 Cox, 2017, Treatment of severe adult traumatic brain injury using bone marrow mononuclear cells, Stem Cells, 35, 1065, 10.1002/stem.2538 Sharma, 2015, Cell therapy attempted as a novel approach for chronic traumatic brain injury - a pilot study, Springerplus, 4, 26, 10.1186/s40064-015-0794-0 Mendonça, 2006, Safety of intra-arterial autologous bone marrow mononuclear cell transplantation for acute ischemic stroke, Arq Bras Cardiol, 86, 52 Battistella, 2011, Safety of autologous bone marrow mononuclear cell transplantation in patients with nonacute ischemic stroke, Regen Med, 6, 45, 10.2217/rme.10.97 Savitz, 2011, Intravenous autologous bone marrow mononuclear cells for ischemic stroke, Ann Neurol, 70, 59, 10.1002/ana.22458 Haque, 2019, Serial cerebral metabolic changes in patients with ischemic stroke treated with autologous bone marrow derived mononuclear cells, Front Neurol, 10, 141, 10.3389/fneur.2019.00141 Prasad, 2012, Autologous intravenous bone marrow mononuclear cell therapy for patients with subacute ischaemic stroke: a pilot study, Indian J Med Res, 136, 221 Bhasin, 2011, Autologous mesenchymal stem cells in chronic stroke, Cerebrovasc Dis Extra, 1, 93, 10.1159/000333381 Bhasin, 2012, Autologous intravenous mononuclear stem cell therapy in chronic ischemic stroke, J Stem Cells Regen Med, 8, 181, 10.46582/jsrm.0803011 Bhasin, 2013, Stem cell therapy: a clinical trial of stroke, Clin Neurol Neurosurg, 115, 1003, 10.1016/j.clineuro.2012.10.015 Bhasin, 2017, Safety and feasibility of autologous mesenchymal stem cell transplantation in chronic stroke in Indian patients. A four-year follow up, J Stem Cells Regen Med, 13, 14, 10.46582/jsrm.1301003 Friedrich, 2012, Intra-arterial infusion of autologous bone marrow mononuclear cells in patients with moderate to severe middle cerebral artery acute ischemic stroke, Cell Transplant, 21, S13, 10.3727/096368912X612512 Vasconcelos-dos-Santos, 2012, Intravenous and intra-arterial administration of bone marrow mononuclear cells after focal cerebral ischemia: Is there a difference in biodistribution and efficacy?, Stem Cell Res, 9, 1, 10.1016/j.scr.2012.02.002 Moniche, 2012, Intra-arterial bone marrow mononuclear cells in ischemic stroke: a pilot clinical trial, Stroke, 43, 2242, 10.1161/STROKEAHA.112.659409 Moniche, 2016, Increasing dose of autologous bone marrow mononuclear cells transplantation is related to stroke outcome: results from a pooled analysis of two clinical trials, Stem Cells Int, 2016, 10.1155/2016/8657173 Moniche, 2015, Intra-arterial bone marrow mononuclear cells (BM-MNCs) transplantation in acute ischemic stroke (IBIS trial): protocol of a phase II, randomized, dose-finding, controlled multicenter trial, Int J Stroke, 10, 1149, 10.1111/ijs.12520 Sharma, 2014, Autologous bone marrow mononuclear cells in ischemic cerebrovascular accident paves way for neurorestoration: a case report, Case Rep Med, 2014, 10.1155/2014/530239 Sharma, 2014, Autologous bone marrow mononuclear cells intrathecal transplanta- tion in chronic stroke, Stroke Res Treat, 2014 Taguchi, 2015, Intravenous autologous bone marrow mononuclear cell transplantation for stroke: Phase1/2a clinical trial in a homogeneous group of stroke patients, Stem Cells Dev, 24, 2207, 10.1089/scd.2015.0160 Chernykh, 2016, Safety and therapeutic potential of M2 macrophages in stroke treatment, Cell Transplant, 25, 1461, 10.3727/096368915X690279 Laskowitz, 2018, Allogeneic umbilical cord blood infusion for adults with ischemic stroke: clinical outcomes from a phase I safety study, Stem Cells Transl Med, 7, 521, 10.1002/sctm.18-0008 Hammadi, 2019, Intra-arterial injection of autologous bone marrow-derived mononuclear cells in ischemic stroke patients, Exp Clin Transplant, 17, 239, 10.6002/ect.MESOT2018.P102 Prasad, 2014, Intravenous autologous bone marrow mononuclear stem cell therapy for ischemic stroke: a multicentric, randomized trial, Stroke, 45, 3618, 10.1161/STROKEAHA.114.007028 Savitz, 2019, A phase 2 randomized, sham-controlled trial of internal carotid artery infusion of autologous bone marrow-derived ALD-401 cells in patients with recent stable ischemic stroke (RECOVER-stroke), Circulation, 139, 192, 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.030659 Sharma, 2013, A clinical study shows safety and efficacy of autologous bone marrow mononuclear cell therapy to improve quality of life in muscular dystrophy patients, Cell Transplant, 22, S127, 10.3727/096368913X672136 Sharma, 2013, Cellular transplantation alters the disease progression in becker's muscular dystrophy, Case Rep Transplant, 2013 Sharma, 2014, Autologous bone marrow mononuclear cell transplantation in Duchenne muscular dystrophy - a case report, Am J Case Rep, 15, 128, 10.12659/AJCR.890078 Sharma, 2016, Effect of cellular therapy in progression of becker's muscular dystrophy: a case study, Eur J Transl Myol, 26, 10.4081/ejtm.2016.5522 Sharma, 2013, Autologous bone marrow mononuclear cell therapy for autism: an open label proof of concept study, Stem Cells Int, 2013, 10.1155/2013/623875 Sharma, 2015, The effect of autologous bone marrow mononuclear cell transplantation on the survival duration in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis-a retrospective controlled study, Am J Stem Cells, 4, 50 Sharma, 2018, Cellular therapy for chronic traumatic brachial plexus injury, Adv Biomed Res, 7, 51, 10.4103/2277-9175.228631 Hogendoorn, 2014, Local injection of autologous bone marrow cells to regenerate muscle in patients with traumatic brachial plexus injury: a pilot study, Bone Joint Res, 3, 38, 10.1302/2046-3758.32.2000229 Horwitz, 2005, Clarification of the nomenclature for MSC: the international society for cellular therapy position statement, Cytotherapy, 7, 393, 10.1080/14653240500319234 Dominici, 2006, Minimal criteria for defining multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells. The International Society for Cellular Therapy position statement, Cytotherapy, 8, 315, 10.1080/14653240600855905 Galipeau, 2016, International Society for Cellular Therapy perspective on immune functional assays for mesenchymal stromal cells as potency release criterion for advanced phase clinical trials, Cytotherapy, 18, 151, 10.1016/j.jcyt.2015.11.008 Mazzini, 2003, Stem cell therapy in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a methodological approach in humans, Amyotroph Lateral Scler Other Motor Neuron Disord, 4, 158, 10.1080/14660820310014653 Mazzini, 2010, Mesenchymal stem cell transplantation in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a Phase I clinical trial, Exp Neurol, 223, 229, 10.1016/j.expneurol.2009.08.007 Mazzini, 2006, Autologous mesenchymal stem cells: clinical applications in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Neurol Res, 28, 523, 10.1179/016164106X116791 Karussis, 2010, Safety and immunological effects of mesenchymal stem cell transplantation in patients with multiple sclerosis and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Arch Neurol, 67, 1187, 10.1001/archneurol.2010.248 Blanquer, 2010, Bone marrow stem cell transplantation in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: technical aspects and preliminary results from a clinical trial, Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol, 32, 31 Blanquer, 2012, Neurotrophic bone marrow cellular nests prevent spinal motoneuron degeneration in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients: a pilot safety study, Stem Cells, 30, 1277, 10.1002/stem.1080 Prabhakar, 2012, Autologous bone marrow-derived stem cells in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a pilot study, Neurol India, 60, 465, 10.4103/0028-3886.103185 Baek, 2012, Stem cell transplantation into the intraventricular space via an Ommaya reservoir in a patient with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, J Neurosurg Sci, 56, 261 Oh, 2015, Phase I trial of repeated intrathecal autologous bone marrow- derived mesenchymal stromal cells in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Stem Cells Transl Med, 4, 590, 10.5966/sctm.2014-0212 Canesi, 2016, Finding a new therapeutic approach for no-option Parkinsonisms: mesenchymal stromal cells for progressive supranuclear palsy, J Transl Med, 14, 127, 10.1186/s12967-016-0880-2 Petrou, 2016, Safety and clinical effects of mesenchymal stem cells secreting neurotrophic factor transplantation in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: results of phase 1/2 and 2a clinical trials, JAMA Neurol, 73, 337, 10.1001/jamaneurol.2015.4321 Syková, 2017, Transplantation of mesenchymal stromal cells in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: results of phase I/IIa clinical trial, Cell Transplant, 26, 647, 10.3727/096368916X693716 Gamez, 2010, Cellular transplants in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients: an observational study, Cytotherapy, 12, 669, 10.3109/14653241003774037 Bang, 2005, Autologous mesenchymal stem cell transplantation in stroke patients, Ann Neurol, 57, 874, 10.1002/ana.20501 Suárez-Monteagudo, 2009, Autologous bone marrow stem cell neurotransplantation in stroke patients. An open study, Restor Neurol Neurosci, 27, 151 Lee, 2010, A long-term follow-up study of intravenous autologous mesenchymal stem cell transplantation in patients with ischemic stroke, Stem Cells, 28, 1099, 10.1002/stem.430 Honmou, 2011, Intravenous administration of auto serum-expanded autologous mesenchymal stem cells in stroke, Brain, 134, 1790, 10.1093/brain/awr063 Jiang, 2013, Feasibility of delivering mesenchymal stem cells via catheter to the proximal end of the lesion artery in patients with stroke in the territory of the middle cerebral artery, Cell Transplant, 22, 2291, 10.3727/096368912X658818 Tsang, 2017, Phase I/II randomized controlled trial of autologous bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell therapy for chronic stroke, World J Stem Cells, 9, 133, 10.4252/wjsc.v9.i8.133 Levy, 2019, Phase I/II study of safety and preliminary efficacy of intravenous allogeneic mesenchymal stem cells in chronic stroke, Stroke, 50, 2835, 10.1161/STROKEAHA.119.026318 Hess, 2017, Safety and efficacy of multipotent adult progenitor cells in acute ischaemic stroke (MASTERS): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial, Lancet Neurol, 16, 360, 10.1016/S1474-4422(17)30046-7 Hess, 2014, A double-blind placebo-controlled clinical evaluation of MultiStem for the treatment of ischemic stroke, Int J Stroke, 9, 381, 10.1111/ijs.12065 Osanai, 2018, Treatment evaluation of acute stroke for using in regenerative cell elements (TREASURE) trial: Rationale and design, Int J Stroke, 13, 444, 10.1177/1747493017743057 Kang, 2005, A 37-year-old spinal cord-injured female patient, transplanted of multipotent stem cells from human UC blood, with improved sensory perception and mobility, both functionally and morphologically: a case study, Cytotherapy, 7, 368, 10.1080/14653240500238160 Geffner, 2008, Administration of autologous bone marrow stem cells into spinal cord injury patients via multiple routes is safe and improves their quality of life: comprehensive case studies, Cell Transplant, 17, 1277, 10.3727/096368908787648074 Park, 2012, Long-term results of spinal cord injury therapy using mesenchymal stem cells derived from bone marrow in humans, Neurosurgery, 70, 1238, 10.1227/NEU.0b013e31824387f9 Pal, 2009, Ex vivo-expanded autologous bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells in human spinal cord injury/paraplegia: a pilot clinical study, Cytotherapy, 11, 897, 10.3109/14653240903253857 Kishk, 2010, Case control series of intrathecal autologous bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell therapy for chronic spinal cord injury, Neurorehabil Neural Repair, 24, 702, 10.1177/1545968310369801 Liu, 2013, Clinical analysis of the treatment of spinal cord injury with umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells, Cytotherapy, 15, 185, 10.1016/j.jcyt.2012.09.005 Dai, 2013, Transplantation of autologous bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in the treatment of complete and chronic cervical spinal cord injury, Brain Res, 1533, 73, 10.1016/j.brainres.2013.08.016 Mendonça, 2014, Safety and neurological assessments after autologous transplantation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in subjects with chronic spinal cord injury, Stem Cell Res Ther, 5, 126, 10.1186/scrt516 Satti, 2016, Autologous mesenchymal stromal cell transplantation for spinal cord injury: a phase I pilot study, Cytotherapy, 18, 518, 10.1016/j.jcyt.2016.01.004 Hur, 2016, Intrathecal transplantation of autologous adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells for treating spinal cord injury: a human trial, J Spinal Cord Med, 39, 655, 10.1179/2045772315Y.0000000048 Larocca, 2017, Image-guided percutaneous intralesional administration of mesenchymal stromal cells in subjects with chronic complete spinal cord injury: a pilot study, Cytotherapy, 19, 1189, 10.1016/j.jcyt.2017.06.006 Guadalajara Labajo, 2018, Objective demonstration of improvement of neurogenic bowel dysfunction in a case of spinal cord injury following stem cell therapy, J Surg Case Rep, 2018, 10.1093/jscr/rjy300 Santamaría, 2019, Clinical and neurophysiological changes after targeted intrathecal injections of bone marrow stem cells in a C3 tetraplegic subject, J Neurotrauma, 36, 500, 10.1089/neu.2018.5716 Chotivichit, 2015, Chronic spinal cord injury treated with transplanted autologous bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells tracked by magnetic resonance imaging: a case report, J Med Case Rep, 9, 79, 10.1186/s13256-015-0535-6 Oh, 2016, A phase III clinical trial showing limited efficacy of autologous mesenchymal stem cell therapy for spinal cord injury, Neurosurgery, 78, 436, 10.1227/NEU.0000000000001056 Vaquero, 2016, An approach to personalized cell therapy in chronic complete paraplegia: The Puerta de Hierro phase I/II clinical trial, Cytotherapy, 18, 1025, 10.1016/j.jcyt.2016.05.003 Vaquero, 2017, Progressive increase in brain glucose metabolism after intrathecal administration of autologous mesenchymal stromal cells in patients with diffuse axonal injury, Cytotherapy, 19, 88, 10.1016/j.jcyt.2016.10.001 Vaquero, 2017, Repeated subarachnoid administrations of autologous mesenchymal stromal cells supported in autologous plasma improve quality of life in patients suffering incomplete spinal cord injury, Cytotherapy, 19, 349, 10.1016/j.jcyt.2016.12.002 Vaquero, 2018, Intrathecal administration of autologous mesenchymal stromal cells for spinal cord injury: Safety and efficacy of the 100/3 guideline, Cytotherapy, 20, 806, 10.1016/j.jcyt.2018.03.032 Vaquero, 2018, Intrathecal administration of autologous bone marrow stromal cells improves neuropathic pain in patients with spinal cord injury, Neurosci Lett, 670, 14, 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.01.035 Vaquero, 2018, Cell therapy with autologous mesenchymal stromal cells in post-traumatic syringomyelia, Cytotherapy, 20, 796, 10.1016/j.jcyt.2018.04.006 Vaquero, 2019, Intrathecal cell therapy with autologous stromal cells increases cerebral glucose metabolism and can offer a new approach to the treatment of Alzheimer's type dementia, Cytotherapy, 21, 428, 10.1016/j.jcyt.2019.02.009 Han, 2011, Clinical analysis of the treatment of spinocerebellar ataxia and multiple system atrophy-cerebellar type with umbilical cord mesenchymal stromal cells, Cytotherapy, 13, 913, 10.3109/14653249.2011.579958 Jin, 2013, Safety and efficacy of umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell therapy in hereditary spinocerebellar ataxia, Curr Neurovasc Res, 10, 11, 10.2174/156720213804805936 Connick, 2012, Autologous mesenchymal stem cells for the treatment of secondary progressive multiple sclerosis: an open-label phase 2a proof-of-concept study, Lancet Neurol, 11, 150, 10.1016/S1474-4422(11)70305-2 Hou, 2013, Transplantation of umbilical cord and bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells in a patient with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis, Cell Adh Migr, 7, 404, 10.4161/cam.26941 Wang, 2013, Umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell transplantation significantly improves neurological function in patients with sequelae of traumatic brain injury, Brain Res, 1532, 76, 10.1016/j.brainres.2013.08.001 Tian, 2013, Autologous bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell therapy in the subacute stage of traumatic brain injury by lumbar puncture, Exp Clin Transplant, 11, 176, 10.6002/ect.2012.0053 Wang, 2013, Therapeutic potential of umbilical cord mesenchymal stromal cells transplantation for cerebral palsy: a case report, Case Rep Transplant, 2013 Wang, 2013, Effects of bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells on gross motor function measure scores of children with cerebral palsy: a preliminary clinical study, Cytotherapy, 15, 1549, 10.1016/j.jcyt.2013.06.001 Wang, 2015, Effect of umbilical cord mesenchymal stromal cells on motor functions of identical twins with cerebral palsy: pilot study on the correlation of efficacy and hereditary factors, Cytotherapy, 17, 224, 10.1016/j.jcyt.2014.09.010 Bansal, 2016, Administration of autologous bone marrow-derived stem cells for treatment of cerebral palsy patients: a proof of concept, J Stem Cells, 11, 37 Huang, 2018, A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of human umbilical cord blood mesenchymal stem cell infusion for children with cerebral palsy, Cell Transplant, 27, 325, 10.1177/0963689717729379 Numan, 2017, Autologous adipose stem cell therapy for autonomic nervous system dysfunction in two young patients, Stem Cells Dev, 26, 391, 10.1089/scd.2016.0196 Lublin, 2014, Human placenta-derived cells (PDA-001) for the treatment of adults with multiple sclerosis: a randomized, placebo-controlled, multiple-dose study, Mult Scler Relat Disord, 3, 696, 10.1016/j.msard.2014.08.002 Riley, 2012, Intraspinal stem cell transplantation in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a phase I safety trial, technical note, and lumbar safety outcomes, Neurosurgery, 71, 405, 10.1227/NEU.0b013e31825ca05f Glass, 2012, Lumbar intraspinal injection of neural stem cells in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: results of a phase I trial in 12 patients, Stem Cells, 30, 1144, 10.1002/stem.1079 Riley, 2014, Intraspinal stem cell transplantation in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a phase I trial, cervical microinjection, and final surgical safety outcomes, Neurosurgery, 74, 77, 10.1227/NEU.0000000000000156 Feldman, 2014, Intraspinal neural stem cell transplantation in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: phase 1 trial outcomes, Ann Neurol, 75, 363, 10.1002/ana.24113 Goutman, 2018, Long-term phase 1/2 intraspinal stem cell transplantation outcomes in ALS, Ann Clin Transl Neurol, 5, 730, 10.1002/acn3.567 Glass, 2016, Transplantation of spinal cord-derived neural stem cells for ALS: Analysis of phase 1 and 2 trials, Neurology, 87, 392, 10.1212/WNL.0000000000002889 Ren, 2016, Neural stem cell transplantation for the treatment of primary torsion dystonia: a case report, Exp Ther Med, 12, 661, 10.3892/etm.2016.3392 Liu, 2017, Long-term safety of human retinal progenitor cell transplantation in retinitis pigmentosa patients, Stem Cell Res Ther, 8, 209, 10.1186/s13287-017-0661-8 Saberi, 2008, Treatment of chronic thoracic spinal cord injury patients with autologous Schwann cell transplantation: an interim report on safety considerations and possible outcomes, Neurosci Lett, 443, 46, 10.1016/j.neulet.2008.07.041 Saberi, 2011, Safety of intramedullary Schwann cell transplantation for postrehabilitation spinal cord injuries: 2-year follow-up of 33 cases, J Neurosurg Spine, 15, 515, 10.3171/2011.6.SPINE10917 Zhou, 2012, Transplantation of autologous activated Schwann cells in the treatment of spinal cord injury: six cases, more than five years of follow-up, Cell Transplant, 21, S39, 10.3727/096368912X633752 van Horne, 2018, Peripheral nerve grafts implanted into the substantia nigra in patients with Parkinson's disease during deep brain stimulation surgery: 1-year follow-up study of safety, feasibility, and clinical outcome, J Neurosurg, 129, 1550, 10.3171/2017.8.JNS163222 Yang, 2009, Functional improvement of patients with progressive muscular dystrophy by bone marrow and umbilical cord blood mesenchymal stem cell transplantations (in Chinese), Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi, 89, 2552 Lv, 2013, Transplantation of human cord blood mononuclear cells and umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells in autism, J Transl Med, 11, 196, 10.1186/1479-5876-11-196 Yazdani, 2013, Safety and possible outcome assessment of autologous Schwann cell and bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cell co-transplantation for treatment of patients with chronic spinal cord injury, Cytotherapy, 15, 782, 10.1016/j.jcyt.2013.03.012 Oraee-Yazdani, 2016, Co- transplantation of autologous bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and Schwann cells through cerebral spinal fluid for the treatment of patients with chronic spinal cord injury: safety and possible outcome, Spinal Cord, 54, 102, 10.1038/sc.2015.142 Chen, 2014, A prospective randomized double-blind clinical trial using a combination of olfactory ensheathing cells and Schwann cells for the treatment of chronic complete spinal cord injuries, Cell Transplant, 23, S35, 10.3727/096368914X685014 Xiao, 2016, One-year clinical study of NeuroRegen scaffold implantation following scar resection in complete chronic spinal cord injury patients, Sci China Life Sci, 59, 647, 10.1007/s11427-016-5080-z Zhao, 2017, Clinical study of NeuroRegen scaffold combined with human mesenchymal stem cells for the repair of chronic complete spinal cord injury, Cell Transplant, 26, 891, 10.3727/096368917X695038 Xiao, 2018, Significant improvement of acute complete spinal cord injury patients diagnosed by a combined criteria implanted with NeuroRegen scaffolds and mesenchymal stem cells, Cell Transplant, 27, 907, 10.1177/0963689718766279 Liu, 2017, Comparative analysis of curative effect of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell and bone marrow mononuclear cell transplantation for spastic cerebral palsy, J Transl Med, 15, 48, 10.1186/s12967-017-1149-0 Moviglia, 2018, Local immunomodulation and muscle progenitor cells induce recovery in atrophied muscles in spinal cord injury patients, J Neurorestoratology, 6, 136, 10.26599/JNR.2018.9040011 Fassas, 1997, Peripheral blood stem cell transplantation in the treatment of progressive multiple sclerosis: first results of a pilot study, Bone Marrow Transplant, 20, 631, 10.1038/sj.bmt.1700944 Fassas, 2000, Autologous stem cell transplantation in progressive multiple sclerosis——an interim analysis of efficacy, J Clin Immunol, 20, 24, 10.1023/A:1006686426090 Fassas, 2002, Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for multiple sclerosis. A retrospective multicenter study, J Neurol, 249, 1088, 10.1007/s00415-002-0800-7 Burt, 1998, Treatment of autoimmune disease by intense immunosuppressive conditioning and autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, Blood, 92, 3505, 10.1182/blood.V92.10.3505 Burt, 1998, T cell-depleted autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for multiple sclerosis: report on the first three patients, Bone Marrow Transplant, 21, 537, 10.1038/sj.bmt.1701129 Burt, 2003, Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for progressive multiple sclerosis: failure of a total body irradiation-based conditioning regimen to prevent disease progression in patients with high disability scores, Blood, 102, 2373, 10.1182/blood-2003-03-0877 Burt, 2009, Autologous non- myeloablative haemopoietic stem cell transplan- tation in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: a phase I/II study, Lancet Neurol, 8, 244, 10.1016/S1474-4422(09)70017-1 Burt, 2015, Association of nonmyeloablative hematopoietic stem cell transplantation with neurological disability in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis, JAMA, 313, 275, 10.1001/jama.2014.17986 Burt, 2019, Effect of nonmyeloablative hematopoietic stem cell transplan- tation vs continued disease-modifying therapy on disease progression in patients with relapsing- remitting multiple sclerosis: a randomized clinical trial, JAMA, 321, 165, 10.1001/jama.2018.18743 Nash, 2003, High-dose immunosuppressive therapy and autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation for severe multiple sclerosis, Blood, 102, 2364, 10.1182/blood-2002-12-3908 Nash, 2007, High-dose immunosuppressive therapy and autologous hematopoietic cell transplantation for severe systemic sclerosis: long-term follow-up of the US multicenter pilot study, Blood, 110, 1388, 10.1182/blood-2007-02-072389 Bowen, 2012, Autologous hematopoietic cell transplantation following high- dose immunosuppressive therapy for advanced multiple sclerosis: long-term results, Bone Marrow Transplant, 47, 946, 10.1038/bmt.2011.208 Nash, 2015, High-dose immunosuppressive therapy and autologous hematopoietic cell transplantation for relapsing- remitting multiple sclerosis (HALT-MS): a 3-year interim report, JAMA Neurol, 72, 159, 10.1001/jamaneurol.2014.3780 Nash, 2017, High-dose immunosuppressive therapy and autologous HCT for relapsing-remitting MS, Neurology, 88, 842, 10.1212/WNL.0000000000003660 Farge, 2010, Autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for autoimmune diseases: an observational study on 12 years' experience from the European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation Working Party on Autoimmune Diseases, Haematologica, 95, 284, 10.3324/haematol.2009.013458 Fassas, 2011, Long- term results of stem cell transplantation for MS: a single-center experience, Neurology, 76, 1066, 10.1212/WNL.0b013e318211c537 Muraro, 2017, Long-term outcomes after autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for multiple sclerosis, JAMA Neurol, 74, 459, 10.1001/jamaneurol.2016.5867 Rabusin, 2000, Immunoablation followed by autologous hemato- poietic stem cell infusion for the treatment of severe autoimmune disease, Haematologica, 85, 81 Openshaw, 2000, Peripheral blood stem cell transplantation in multiple sclerosis with busulfan and cyclophosphamide conditioning: report of toxicity and immunological monitoring, Biol Blood Marrow Transplant, 6, 563, 10.1016/S1083-8791(00)70066-8 Carreras, 2003, CD34+ selected autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation for multiple sclerosis: report of toxicity and treatment results at one year of follow-up in 15 patients, Haematologica, 88, 306 Saiz, 2004, Clinical and MRI outcome after autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in MS, Neurology, 62, 282, 10.1212/WNL.62.2.282 Saccardi, 2005, Autologous HSCT for severe progressive multiple sclerosis in a multicenter trial: impact on disease activity and quality of life, Blood, 105, 2601, 10.1182/blood-2004-08-3205 Saccardi, 2006, Autologous stem cell transplantation for progressive multiple sclerosis: update of the European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation autoimmune diseases working party database, Mult Scler, 12, 814, 10.1177/1352458506071301 Portaccio, 2007, Autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for very active relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: report of two cases, Mult Scler, 13, 676, 10.1177/1352458506073502 Xu, 2006, Clinical outcomes after autologous haematopoietic stem cell transplantation in patients with progressive multiple sclerosis, Chin Med J, 119, 1851, 10.1097/00029330-200611020-00001 Su, 2006, Autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation for severe multiple sclerosis, Int J Hematol, 84, 276, 10.1532/IJH97.A10516 Xu, 2011, Clinical outcome of autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation in opticospinal and conventional forms of secondary progressive multiple sclerosis in a Chinese population, Ann Hematol, 90, 343, 10.1007/s00277-010-1071-5 Ergene, 2006, WITHDRAWN: Factors influencing engraftment in autologous peripheral hematopoetic stem cell transplantation (PBSCT), Transfus Apher Sci, 36, 23, 10.1016/j.transci.2006.08.009 Roccatagliata, 2007, The long-term effect of AHSCT on MRI measures of MS evolution: a five-year follow-up study, Mult Scler, 13, 1068, 10.1177/1352458507076982 Metz, 2007, Autologous haematopoietic stem cell transplantation fails to stop demyelination and neurodegeneration in multiple sclerosis, Brain, 130, 1254, 10.1093/brain/awl370 Fagius, 2009, Early highly aggressive MS successfully treated by hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, Mult Scler, 15, 229, 10.1177/1352458508096875 Lu, 2010, Neuroinflamm- ation and demyelination in multiple sclerosis after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, Arch Neurol, 67, 716, 10.1001/archneurol.2010.117 Krasulová, 2010, High-dose immunoablation with autologous haematopoietic stem cell transplantation in aggressive multiple sclerosis: a single centre 10-year experience, Mult Scler, 16, 685, 10.1177/1352458510364538 Chen, 2012, Long-term efficacy of autologous haematopoietic stem cell transplantation in multiple sclerosis at a single institution in China, Neurol Sci, 33, 881, 10.1007/s10072-011-0859-y Mancardi, 2012, Autologous haematopoietic stem cell transplantation with an intermediate intensity conditioning regimen in multiple sclerosis: the Italian multi-centre experience, Mult Scler, 18, 835, 10.1177/1352458511429320 Bowen, 2012, Autologous hematopoietic cell transplantation following high- dose immunosuppressive therapy for advanced multiple sclerosis: long-term results, Bone Marrow Transplant, 47, 946, 10.1038/bmt.2011.208 Shevchenko, 2008, High-dose immunosuppressive therapy with autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation as a treatment option in multiple sclerosis, Exp Hematol, 36, 922, 10.1016/j.exphem.2008.03.001 Shevchenko, 2012, Autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation with reduced-intensity conditioning in multiple sclerosis, Exp Hematol, 40, 892, 10.1016/j.exphem.2012.07.003 Shevchenko, 2015, Long-term outcomes of autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation with reduced-intensity conditioning in multiple sclerosis: physician's and patient's perspectives, Ann Hematol, 94, 1149, 10.1007/s00277-015-2337-8 Burman, 2014, Autologous haematopoietic stem cell transplantation for aggressive multiple sclerosis: the Swedish experience, J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 85, 1116, 10.1136/jnnp-2013-307207 Greco, 2015, Autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in neuromyelitis optica: a registry study of the EBMT Autoimmune Diseases Working Party, Mult Scler, 21, 189, 10.1177/1352458514541978 Curro', 2015, Low intensity lympho-ablative regimen followed by autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in severe forms of multiple sclerosis: a MRI-based clinical study, Mult Scler, 21, 1423, 10.1177/1352458514564484 Atkins, 2016, Immunoablation and autologous haemopoietic stem-cell transplantation for aggressive multiple sclerosis: a multicentre single-group phase 2 trial, Lancet, 388, 576, 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30169-6 Obradović, 2016, Autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in combination with immunoablative protocol in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis——A 10-year follow-up of the first transplanted patient, Vojnosanit Pregl, 73, 504, 10.2298/VSP150304045O Casanova, 2017, Autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in relapsing- remitting multiple sclerosis: comparison with secondary progressive multiple sclerosis, Neurol Sci, 38, 1213, 10.1007/s10072-017-2933-6 Frau, 2018, Long-term follow- up more than 10 years after HSCT: a monocentric experience, J Neurol, 265, 410, 10.1007/s00415-017-8718-2 Moore, 2019, Prospective phase II clinical trial of autologous haematopoietic stem cell transplant for treatment refractory multiple sclerosis, J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 90, 514, 10.1136/jnnp-2018-319446 Mariottini, 2019, Safety and efficacy of autologous hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation following natalizumab discontinuation in aggressive multiple sclerosis, Eur J Neurol, 26, 624, 10.1111/ene.13866 Saiz, 2008, Clinical outcome 6 years after autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in multiple sclerosis, Neurologia, 23, 405 Saccardi, 2012, A prospective, randomized, controlled trial of autologous haematopoietic stem cell transplantation for aggressive multiple sclerosis: a position paper, Mult Scler, 18, 825, 10.1177/1352458512438454 Zhang, 2005, Therapy of Duchenne muscular dystrophy with umbilical cord blood stem cell transplantation (in Chinese), Chin J Med Genet, 22, 399 Zhang, 2005, Allogeneic umbilical cord blood stem cell transplantation in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (in Chinese), Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi, 85, 522 Deda, 2008, Treatment of chronic spinal cord injured patients with autologous bone marrow-derived hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: 1-year follow-up, Cytotherapy, 10, 565, 10.1080/14653240802241797 Deda, 2009, Treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients by autologous bone marrow-derived hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: a 1-year follow-up, Cytotherapy, 11, 18, 10.1080/14653240802549470 Appel, 2008, Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in patients with sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Neurology, 71, 1326, 10.1212/01.wnl.0000327668.43541.22 Al-Zoubi, 2014, Transplantation of purified autologous leukapheresis-derived CD34+ and CD133+ stem cells for patients with chronic spinal cord injuries: long-term evaluation of safety and efficacy, Cell Transplant, 23, S25, 10.3727/096368914X684899 Sprigg, 2006, Granulocyte- colony-stimulating factor mobilizes bone marrow stem cells in patients with subacute ischemic stroke: the Stem cell Trial of recovery EnhanceMent after Stroke (STEMS) pilot randomized, controlled trial (ISRCTN 16784092), Stroke, 37, 2979, 10.1161/01.STR.0000248763.49831.c3 Boy, 2011, Mobilisation of hematopoietic CD34+ precursor cells in patients with acute stroke is safe——results of an open- labeled non randomized phase I/II trial, PLoS One, 6, 10.1371/journal.pone.0023099 Wang, 2013, Intrathecal administration of autologous CD34 positive cells in patients with past cerebral infarction: a safety study, ISRN Neurol, 2013, 10.1155/2013/128591 Chen, 2014, Intracerebral implantation of autologous peripheral blood stem cells in stroke patients: a randomized phase II study, Cell Transplant, 23, 1599, 10.3727/096368914X678562 Sung, 2018, Intra-carotid arterial transfusion of autologous circulatory derived CD34+cells for old ischemic stroke patients-a phase I clinical trial to evaluate safety and tolerability, Am J Transl Res, 10, 2975 Scott, 2014, Wrongful termination: lessons from the Geron clinical trial, Stem Cells Transl Med, 3, 1398, 10.5966/sctm.2014-0147 Schwartz, 2015, Human embryonic stem cell-derived retinal pigment epithelium in patients with age-related macular degeneration and Stargardt's macular dystrophy: follow-up of two open-label phase 1/2 studies, Lancet, 385, 509, 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61376-3 da Cruz, 2018, Phase 1 clinical study of an embryonic stem cell-derived retinal pigment epithelium patch in age-related macular degeneration, Nat Biotechnol, 36, 328, 10.1038/nbt.4114 Mandai, 2017, Autologous induced stem-cell-derived retinal cells for macular degeneration, N Engl J Med, 376, 1038, 10.1056/NEJMoa1608368 Chen, 2013, Neural stem cell-like cells derived from autologous bone mesenchymal stem cells for the treatment of patients with cerebral palsy, J Transl Med, 11, 21, 10.1186/1479-5876-11-21 Nafissi, 2016, Intraspinal delivery of bone marrow stromal cell-derived neural stem cells in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a safety and feasibility study, J Neurol Sci, 362, 174, 10.1016/j.jns.2016.01.051 Steinberg, 2016, Clinical outcomes of transplanted modified bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells in stroke: a phase 1/2a study, Stroke, 47, 1817, 10.1161/STROKEAHA.116.012995 Steinberg, 2018, Two-year safety and clinical outcomes in chronic ischemic stroke patients after implantation of modified bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (SB623): a phase 1/2a study, J Neurosurg, 1, 10.3171/2017.10.JNS17971 Wang, 2017, Safety of neural stem cell transplantation in patients with severe traumatic brain injury, Exp Ther Med, 13, 3613 Taupin, 2006, HuCNS-SC (StemCells), Curr Opin Mol Ther, 8, 156 Selden, 2013, Central nervous system stem cell transplantation for children with neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis, J Neurosurg Pediatr, 11, 643, 10.3171/2013.3.PEDS12397 Levi, 2018, Emerging safety of intramedullary transplantation of human neural stem cells in chronic cervical and thoracic spinal cord injury, Neurosurgery, 82, 562, 10.1093/neuros/nyx250 Levi, 2019, Clinical outcomes from a multi-center study of human neural stem cell transplantation in chronic cervical spinal cord injury, J Neurotrauma, 36, 891, 10.1089/neu.2018.5843 Luan, 2012, Effects of neural progenitor cell transplantation in children with severe cerebral palsy, Cell Transplant, 21, S91, 10.3727/096368912X633806 Shin, 2015, Clinical trial of human fetal brain-derived neural stem/progenitor cell transplantation in patients with traumatic cervical spinal cord injury, Neural Plast, 2015, 10.1155/2015/630932 Curtis, 2018, A first-in-human, phase I study of neural stem cell transplantation for chronic spinal cord injury, Cell Stem Cell, 22, 941, 10.1016/j.stem.2018.05.014 Kalladka, 2016, Human neural stem cells in patients with chronic ischaemic stroke (PISCES): a phase 1, first-in-man study, Lancet, 388, 787, 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30513-X Zhang, 2019, Stable intracerebral transplantation of neural stem cells for the treatment of paralysis due to ischemic stroke, Stem Cells Transl Med, 8, 999, 10.1002/sctm.18-0220 Martinez, 2009, Stem-cell transplantation into the frontal motor cortex in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients, Cytotherapy, 11, 26, 10.1080/14653240802644651 Martínez, 2012, Stem cell transplantation in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients: methodological approach, safety, and feasibility, Cell Transplant, 21, 1899, 10.3727/096368911X582769 Zali, 2015, Intrathecal injection of CD133-positive enriched bone marrow progenitor cells in children with cerebral palsy: feasibility and safety, Cytotherapy, 17, 232, 10.1016/j.jcyt.2014.10.011 Moviglia, 2006, Combined protocol of cell therapy for chronic spinal cord injury. Report on the electrical and functional recovery of two patients, Cytotherapy, 8, 202, 10.1080/14653240600736048 Moviglia, 2009, Case report on the clinical results of a combined cellular therapy for chronic spinal cord injured patients, Spinal Cord, 47, 499, 10.1038/sc.2008.164 Moviglia, 2012, Feasibility, safety, and preliminary proof of principles of autologous neural stem cell treatment combined with T-cell vaccination for ALS patients, Cell Transplant, 21, S57, 10.3727/096368912X633770 Qiao, 2014, A two-year follow-up study of cotransplantation with neural stem/progenitor cells and mesenchymal stromal cells in ischemic stroke patients, Cell Transplant, 23, 65, 10.3727/096368914X684961 Thakkar, 2014, Co-infusion of autologous adipose tissue derived neuronal different- tiated mesenchymal stem cells and bone marrow derived hematopoietic stem cells, a viable therapy for post-traumatic brachial plexus injury: a case report, Biomed J, 37, 237, 10.4103/2319-4170.132893 Thakkar, 2016, Infusion of autologous adipose tissue derived neuronal differentiated mesenchymal stem cells and hemato- poietic stem cells in post-traumatic paraplegia offers a viable therapeutic approach, Adv Biomed Res, 5, 51, 10.4103/2277-9175.178792 Ammar, 2017, A method for reconstruction of severely damaged spinal cord using autologous hematopoietic stem cells and platelet-rich protein as a biological scaffold, Asian J Neurosurg, 12, 681, 10.4103/ajns.AJNS_351_16 Huang, 2019, 2018 yearbook of neurorestoratology, J Neurorestoratology, 1, 11