Obesity and Physical Frailty in Older Adults: A Scoping Review of Lifestyle Intervention Trials

Gielen, 2012, Musculoskeletal frailty: A geriatric syndrome at the core of fracture occurrence in older age, Calcif Tissue Int, 91, 161, 10.1007/s00223-012-9622-5 Fried, 2001, Frailty in older adults: Evidence for a phenotype, J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci, 56, M146, 10.1093/gerona/56.3.M146 Gallucci, 2011, Factors related to disability: Evidence from the “Treviso Longeva (TRELONG) study.”, Arch Gerontol Geriatr, 52, 309, 10.1016/j.archger.2010.05.007 Fried, 2004, Untangling the concepts of disability, frailty, and comorbidity: Implications for improved targeting and care, J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci, 59, 255, 10.1093/gerona/59.3.M255 Cooper, 2012, Frailty and sarcopenia: Definitions and outcome parameters, Osteoporos Int, 23, 1839, 10.1007/s00198-012-1913-1 Morley, 2008, Diabetes, sarcopenia, and frailty, Clin Geriatr Med, 24, 455, 10.1016/j.cger.2008.03.004 Hubbard, 2010, Frailty, body mass index, and abdominal obesity in older people, J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci, 65, 377, 10.1093/gerona/glp186 Bowen, 2012, The relationship between body weight, frailty, and the disablement process, J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci, 67, 618, 10.1093/geronb/gbs067 Chapman, 2010, Obesity paradox during aging, Interdiscip Top Gerontol, 37, 20, 10.1159/000319992 van Uffelen, 2010, What is a healthy body mass index for women in their seventies? Results from the Australian longitudinal study on women's health, J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci, 65, 847, 10.1093/gerona/glq058 Bales, 2008, Is obesity bad for older persons? A systematic review of the pros and cons of weight reduction in later life, J Am Med Dir Assoc, 9, 302, 10.1016/j.jamda.2008.01.006 Harris, 1997, Cohort study of effect of being overweight and change in weight on risk of coronary heart disease in old age, BMJ, 314, 1791, 10.1136/bmj.314.7097.1791 Dey, 2003, Obesity in 70-year-old Subjects as a risk factor for 15-year coronary heart disease incidence, Obes Res, 11, 817, 10.1038/oby.2003.113 Stevens, 1998, The effect of age on the association between body mass index and mortality, N Engl J Med, 338, 1, 10.1056/NEJM199801013380101 Mathus-Vliegen, 2012, Obesity and the elderly, J Clin Gastroenterol, 46, 533, 10.1097/MCG.0b013e31825692ce Waters, 2013, Weight loss in obese adults 65 years and older: A review of the controversy, Exp Gerontol, 48, 1054, 10.1016/j.exger.2013.02.005 Decaria, 2012, Scoping review report: Obesity in older adults, Int J Obes (Lond), 36, 1141, 10.1038/ijo.2012.29 Darmon, 2013, Intentional weight loss in older adults: Useful or wasting disease generating strategy?, Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care, 16, 284, 10.1097/MCO.0b013e32835f503f Howel, 2012, Waist circumference and abdominal obesity among older adults: Patterns, prevalence and trends, PLoS One, 7, e48528, 10.1371/journal.pone.0048528 Mathus-Vliegen, 2012, Prevalence, pathophysiology, health consequences and treatment options of obesity in the elderly: A guideline, Obes Facts, 5, 460, 10.1159/000341193 Samper-Ternent, 2012, Obesity in older adults: Epidemiology and Implications for disability and disease, Rev Clin Gerontol, 22, 10, 10.1017/S0959259811000190 Topinkova, 2008, Aging, disability and frailty, Ann Nutr Metab, 52, 6, 10.1159/000115340 Chen, 2008, Obesity and functional disability in elderly Americans, J Am Geriatr Soc, 56, 689, 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2007.01624.x Jensen, 2005, Obesity and functional decline: Epidemiology and geriatric consequences, Clin Geriatr Med, 21, 677, 10.1016/j.cger.2005.06.007 Jensen, 2010, Obesity in older adults: Relationship to functional limitation, Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care, 13, 46, 10.1097/MCO.0b013e32833309cf Gates, 2008, Obesity and presenteeism: The impact of body mass index on workplace productivity, J Occup Environ Med, 50, 39, 10.1097/JOM.0b013e31815d8db2 Schmier, 2006, Cost of obesity in the workplace, Scand J Work Environ Health, 32, 5, 10.5271/sjweh.970 Bradway, 2008, Obesity in nursing homes: A critical review, J Am Geriatr Soc, 56, 1528, 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2008.01821.x Galanos, 1994, Nutrition and function: Is there a relationship between body mass index and the functional capabilities of community-dwelling elderly?, J Am Geriatr Soc, 42, 368, 10.1111/j.1532-5415.1994.tb07483.x Jenkins, 2004, Obesity's effects on the onset of functional impairment among older adults, Gerontologist, 44, 206, 10.1093/geront/44.2.206 Jensen, 2002, Obesity is associated with functional decline in community-dwelling rural older persons, J Am Geriatr Soc, 50, 918, 10.1046/j.1532-5415.2002.50220.x Rolland, 2009, Difficulties with physical function associated with obesity, sarcopenia, and sarcopenic-obesity in community-dwelling elderly women: The EPIDOS (EPIDemiologie de l'OSteoporose) Study, Am J Clin Nutr, 89, 1895, 10.3945/ajcn.2008.26950 Kregel, 2007, An integrated view of oxidative stress in aging: Basic mechanisms, functional effects, and pathological considerations, Am J Physiol, 292, R18 Ershler, 2007, A gripping reality: Oxidative stress, inflammation, and the pathway to frailty, J Appl Physiol, 103, 3, 10.1152/japplphysiol.00375.2007 Sakuma, 2010, Molecular mechanisms in aging and current strategies to counteract sarcopenia, Curr Aging Sci, 3, 90, 10.2174/1874609811003020090 Visser, 2002, Leg muscle mass and composition in relation to lower extremity performance in men and women aged 70 to 79: The health, aging and body composition study, J Am Geriatr Soc, 50, 897, 10.1046/j.1532-5415.2002.50217.x Visser, 2005, Muscle mass, muscle strength, and muscle fat infiltration as predictors of incident mobility limitations in well-functioning older persons, J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci, 60, 324, 10.1093/gerona/60.3.324 Goodpaster, 2000, Intramuscular lipid content is increased in obesity and decreased by weight loss, Metabolism, 49, 467, 10.1016/S0026-0495(00)80010-4 Moro, 2009, Influence of gender, obesity, and muscle lipase activity on intramyocellular lipids in sedentary individuals, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 94, 3440, 10.1210/jc.2009-0053 Goodpaster, 2000, Skeletal muscle attenuation determined by computed tomography is associated with skeletal muscle lipid content, J Appl Physiol, 89, 104, 10.1152/jappl.2000.89.1.104 Goodpaster, 2001, Attenuation of skeletal muscle and strength in the elderly: The Health ABC Study, J Appl Physiol, 90, 2157, 10.1152/jappl.2001.90.6.2157 Johannsen, 2010, Obesity in the elderly: Is faulty metabolism to blame?, Aging Health, 6, 159, 10.2217/ahe.10.12 Arksey, 2005, Scoping studies: Towards a methodological framework, Int J Soc Res Methodol, 8, 19, 10.1080/1364557032000119616 Machann, 2008, (1)H MR spectroscopy of skeletal muscle, liver and bone marrow, Eur J Radiol, 67, 275, 10.1016/j.ejrad.2008.02.032 Boesch, 2006, Role of proton MR for the study of muscle lipid metabolism, NMR Biomed, 19, 968, 10.1002/nbm.1096 Anton, 2011, Effects of a weight loss plus exercise program on physical function in overweight, older women: A randomized controlled trial, Clin Interv Aging, 6, 141, 10.2147/CIA.S17001 Mazzali, 2006, Interrelations between fat distribution, muscle lipid content, adipocytokines, and insulin resistance: Effect of moderate weight loss in older women, Am J Clin Nutr, 84, 1193, 10.1093/ajcn/84.5.1193 Jensen, 2004, Weight loss intervention for obese older women: Improvements in performance and function, Obes Res, 12, 1814, 10.1038/oby.2004.225 Villareal, 2011, Weight loss, exercise, or both and physical function in obese older adults, N Engl J Med, 364, 1218, 10.1056/NEJMoa1008234 Villareal, 2011, Regular multicomponent exercise increases physical fitness and muscle protein anabolism in frail, obese, older adults, Obesity (Silver Spring), 19, 312, 10.1038/oby.2010.110 Miller, 2006, Intensive weight loss program improves physical function in older obese adults with knee osteoarthritis, Obesity (Silver Spring), 14, 1219, 10.1038/oby.2006.139 Villareal, 2006, Effect of weight loss and exercise on frailty in obese older adults, Arch Intern Med, 166, 860, 10.1001/archinte.166.8.860 Frimel, 2008, Exercise attenuates the weight-loss-induced reduction in muscle mass in frail obese older adults, Med Sci Sports Exerc, 40, 1213, 10.1249/MSS.0b013e31816a85ce Davidson, 2009, Effects of exercise modality on insulin resistance and functional limitation in older adults: A randomized controlled trial, Arch Intern Med, 169, 122, 10.1001/archinternmed.2008.558 Messier, 2004, Exercise and dietary weight loss in overweight and obese older adults with knee osteoarthritis: The Arthritis, Diet, and Activity Promotion Trial, Arthritis Rheum, 50, 1501, 10.1002/art.20256 Nicklas, 2004, Diet-induced weight loss, exercise, and chronic inflammation in older, obese adults: A randomized controlled clinical trial, The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 79, 544, 10.1093/ajcn/79.4.544 Vincent, 2006, Resistance training lowers exercise-induced oxidative stress and homocysteine levels in overweight and obese older adults, Obesity, 14, 1921, 10.1038/oby.2006.224 Lambert, 2008, Exercise but not diet-induced weight loss decreases skeletal muscle inflammatory gene expression in frail obese elderly persons, J Appl Physiol, 105, 473, 10.1152/japplphysiol.00006.2008 Davis, 2010, Efficacy of a meal replacement diet plan compared to a food-based diet plan after a period of weight loss and weight maintenance: A randomized controlled trial, Nutr J, 9, 11, 10.1186/1475-2891-9-11 Tsai, 2009, 20-HETE and F2-isoprostanes in the metabolic syndrome: The effect of weight reduction, Free Radical Biol Med, 46, 263, 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2008.10.028 Corcoran, 2007, Skeletal muscle lipid deposition and insulin resistance: Effect of dietary fatty acids and exercise, Am J Clin Nutr, 85, 662 Guralnik, 1994, A short physical performance battery assessing lower extremity function: Association with self-reported disability and prediction of mortality and nursing home admission, J Gerontol, 49, M85, 10.1093/geronj/49.2.M85 Stewart, 2001, CHAMPS physical activity questionnaire for older adults: Outcomes for interventions, Med Sci Sports Exerc, 33, 1126, 10.1097/00005768-200107000-00010 Dube, 2011, Effects of weight loss and exercise on insulin resistance, and intramyocellular triacylglycerol, diacylglycerol and ceramide, Diabetologia, 54, 1147, 10.1007/s00125-011-2065-0 Santanasto, 2011, Impact of weight loss on physical function with changes in strength, muscle mass, and muscle fat infiltration in overweight to moderately obese older adults: A randomized clinical trial, J Obes Solomon, 2008, Exercise and diet enhance fat oxidation and reduce insulin resistance in older obese adults, J Appl Physiol, 104, 1313, 10.1152/japplphysiol.00890.2007 Haus, 2011, Intramyocellular lipid content and insulin sensitivity are increased following a short-term low-glycemic index diet and exercise intervention, Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, 301, E511, 10.1152/ajpendo.00221.2011 Dube, 2008, Exercise-induced alterations in intramyocellular lipids and insulin resistance: The athlete's paradox revisited, Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, 294, E882, 10.1152/ajpendo.00769.2007 Solomon, 2013, A low-glycemic diet lifestyle intervention improves fat utilization during exercise in older obese humans, Obesity (Silver Spring), 10.1002/oby.20411 Newman, 2005, Weight change and the conservation of lean mass in old age: The health, aging and body composition study, Am J Clin Nutr, 82, 872, 10.1093/ajcn/82.4.872 Baptista, 2012, Low-grade chronic inflammation and superoxide anion production by NADPH oxidase are the main determinants of physical frailty in older adults, Free Radic Res, 46, 1108, 10.3109/10715762.2012.692784 Wu, 2009, High oxidative stress is correlated with frailty in elderly chinese, J Am Geriatr Soc, 57, 1666, 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2009.02392.x Komatsu, 2009, Relationship of dietary habits and obesity to oxidative stress in Palauan people: Compared with Japanese and Mongolian people, Curr Aging Sci, 2, 214, 10.2174/1874609810902030214 Stenholm, 2008, The mediating role of C-reactive protein and handgrip strength between obesity and walking limitation, J Am Geriatr Soc, 56, 462, 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2007.01567.x Stenholm, 2010, Joint association of obesity and metabolic syndrome with incident mobility limitation in older men and women–results from the Health, Aging, and Body Composition Study, J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci, 65, 84, 10.1093/gerona/glp150 Amati, 2011, Skeletal muscle triglycerides, diacylglycerols, and ceramides in insulin resistance: Another paradox in endurance-trained athletes?, Diabetes, 60, 2588, 10.2337/db10-1221 Goodpaster, 2001, Skeletal muscle lipid content and insulin resistance: Evidence for a paradox in endurance-trained athletes, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 86, 5755, 10.1210/jcem.86.12.8075 Russell, 2003, Lipid peroxidation in skeletal muscle of obese as compared to endurance-trained humans: A case of good vs bad lipids?, FEBS Lett, 551, 104, 10.1016/S0014-5793(03)00875-5