ALA and its clinical impact, from bench to bedside

J. C. Kennedy, Introduction, in: Photodynamic Therapy with ALA: A Clinical Handbook, ed. R. Pottier, B. Krammer, H. Stepp and R. Baumgartner, RSC Publishing, Cambridge, UK, 2006, pp. 3–13.

Q. Peng, K. Berg, J. Moan, M. Kongshaug and J. M. Nesland, 5-Aminolevulinic acid-based photodynamic therapy: principles and experimental research, Photochem. Photobiol., 1997, 65(2), 235–51.

S. Sassa, S. Schwartz, G. Ruth, G., Accumulation of protoporphyrin IX from delta-aminolevulinic acid in bovine skin fibroblasts with hereditary erythropoietic protoporphyria. A gene-dosage effect, J. Exp. Med., 1981, 153(5), 1094–101.

C. A. Pierach and P. S. Edwards, Neurotoxicity of delta-aminolevulinic acid and porphobilinogen, Expo. Neurom., 1978, 62(3), 810–814.

R. A. Nicoll, The interaction of porphyrin precursors with GABA receptors in the isolated frog spinal cord, Life Sci., 1976, 19(4), 521–5.

E. Rud, O. Gederaas, A. Hogset and K. Berg, 5-Aminolevulinic acid, but not 5-aminolevulinic acid esters, is transported into adenocarcinoma cells by system BETA transporters, Photochem. Photobiol., 2000, 71(5), 640–7.

M. J. Brennan and R. C. Cantrill, Delta-Aminolaevulinic acid and amino acid neurotransmitters, Mol. Cell Biochem., 1981, 38, 49–58.

A. A. Sima, J. C. Kennedy, D. Blakeslee and D. M. Robertson, Experimental porphyric neuropathy: a preliminary report, Can. J. Neurol. Sci., 1981, 8(2), 105–13.

Y. Shimizu, S. Ida, H. Naruto and G. Urata, Excretion of porphyrins in urine and bile after the administration of delta-aminolevulinic acid, Lab. Clin. Med., 1978, 92(5), 795–802.

T. Arsov and E. Ivanov, Studies on porphyrin biosynthesis in erythrocytes after incubation with delta-aminolaevulinic acid in patients with acute leukemia, Folia Haematol Int Mag Klin Morphol Blutforsch., 1981, 108(4), 567–73.

Z. Malik and M. Djaldetti, 5-Aminolevulinic acid stimulation of porphyrin and hemoglobin synthesis by uninduced Friend erythroleukemic cells, Cell Differ., 1979, 8(3), 223–33.

D. X. Divaris, J. C. Kennedy and R. H. Pottier, Phototoxic damage to sebaceous glands and hair follicles of mice after systemic administration of 5-aminolevulinic acid correlates with localized protoporphyrin IX fluorescence, Am. J. Pathol., 1990, 136, 891–897.

B. Krammer, Z. Malik, R. Pottier and H. Stepp, Basic Principles, in Photodynamic Therapy with ALA: A Clinical Handbook, ed. R. Pottier, B. Krammer, H. Stepp and R. Baumgartner, RSC Publishing, Cambridge, UK, 2006, pp. 15–77.

R. H. Pottier, Y. F. Chow, J. P. LaPlante, T. G. Truscott, J. C. Kennedy and L. A. Beiner, Non-invasive technique for obtaining fluorescence excitation and emission spectra in vivo, Photochem. Photobiol., 1986, 44, 679–687.

J. C. Kennedy and R. H. Pottier, Endogenous protoporphyrin IX, a clinically useful photosensitizer for photodynamic therapy, J. Photochem. Photobiol., B, 1992, 14, 275–292.

J. C. Kennedy, S. L. Marcus and R. H. Pottier, Photodynamic therapy (PDT) and photodiagnosis (PD) using endogenous photosensitization induced by 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA): mechanisms and clinical results, J. Clin. Laser Med. Surg., 1996, 14, 289–304.

C. J. Kelty, N. J. Brown, M. W. R. Reed and R. Ackroyd, The use of 5-aminolaevulinic acid as a photosensitiser in photodynamic therapy and photodiagnosis, Photochem. Photobiol. Sci., 2002, 1, 158–168.

J. C. Kennedy, R. H. Pottier and D. C. Pross, Photodynamic therapy with endogenous protoporphyrin IX: basic principles and present clinical experience, J. Photochem. Photobiol., B, 1990, 6, 143–148.

Z. Malik and H. Lugaci, Destruction of erythroleukaemic cells by photoactivation of endogenous porphyrins, Br. J. Cancer, 1987, 56, 589–595.

Q. Peng, J. F. Evensen, C. Rimington and J. Moan, A comparison of different photosensitizing dyes with respect to uptake C3H-tumors and tissues of mice, Cancer Lett., 1987, 36(1), 1–10.

M. El-Far, A. Setate and M. El-Maadawy, Photodynamic therapy with aminolevulinic acid and meso-tetrahydroxyphenylchlorin: first initial clinical experience, Proc. SPIE-Int. Soc. Opt. Eng., 1995, 2371, 236–242.

H. Fukuda, S. Paredes and A. M. Batlle, Tumor-localizing properties of porphyrins. In vitro studies using the porphyrin precursor, aminolevulinic acid, in free and liposome encapsulated forms, Drug Des. Deliv., 1989, 5(2), 133–139.

Z. Malik, B. Ehrenberg and A. Faraggi, Inactivation of erythrocytic, lymphocytic and myelocytic leukemic cells by photoexcitation of endogenous porphyrins, J. Photochem. Photobiol., B, 1989, 4(2), 195–205.

R. J. Riopelle and J. C. Kennedy, Some aspects of porphyrin neurotoxicity in vitro, Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol., 1982, 60(5), 707–14.

A. M. Brady and E. A. Lock, Inhibition of ferrochelatase and accumulation of porphyrins in mouse hepatocyte cultures exposed to porphyrinogenic chemicals, Arch. Toxicol., 1992, 66(3), 175–81.

J. Hanania and Z. Malik, The effect of EDTA and serum on endogenous porphyrin accumulation and photodynamic sensitization of human K562 leukemic cells, Cancer Lett., 1992, 65(2), 127–31.

J. Bedwell, A. J. MacRobert, D. Phillips, D. and S. G. Bown, Fluorescence distribution and photodynamic effect of ALA-induced PPIX in the DMH rat colonic tumour model, Br. J. Cancer, 1992, 65(6), 818–24.

B. A. Goff, R. Bachor, N. Kollias and T. Hasan, Effects of photodynamic therapy with topical application of 5-aminolevulinic acid on normal skin of hairless guinea pigs, J. Photochem. Photobiol., B, 1992, 15(3), 239–51.

C. S. Loh, A. J. MacRobert, J. Bedwell, J. Regula, N. Krasner and S. G. Bown, Oral versus intravenous administration of 5-aminolaevulinic acid for photodynamic therapy, Br. J. Cancer, 1993, 68(1), 41–51.

R. Washbrook and P. A. Riley, Comparison of delta-aminolaevulinic acid and its methyl ester as an inducer of porphyrin synthesis in cultured cells, Br. J. Cancer, 1997, 75(10), 1417–20.

J. M. Gaullier, K. Berg, Q. Peng, H. Anholt, P. K. Selbo, L. W. Maand and J. Moan, Use of 5-aminolevulinic acid esters to improve photodynamic therapy on cells in culture, Cancer Res., 1997, 57(8), 1481–6.

J. Kloek, W. Akkermans, G. M. Beijersbergen van Henegouwen, Derivatives of 5-aminolevulinic acid for photodynamic therapy: enzymatic conversion into protoporphyrin, Photochem. Photobiol., 1998, 67(1), 150–4.

Q. Peng, J. Moan, T. Warloe, V. Iani, H. B. Steen, A. Bjorseth and J. M. Nesland, Build-up of esterified aminolevulinic-acid-derivative-induced porphyrin fluorescence in normal mouse skin, J. Photochem. Photobiol., B, 1996, 34(1), 95–6.

N. Fotinos, M. A. Campo, F. Popowycz, R. Gurny, N. Lange, N., 5-Aminolevulinic acid derivatives in photomedicine: Characteristics, application and perspectives, Photochem. Photobiol., 2006, 82(4), 994–1015. Review.

H. Stepp, T. Beck, T. Pongratz, T. Meinel, F. W. Kreth, J. C. Tonn and W. Stummer, ALA and malignant glioma: fluorescence-guided resection and photodynamic treatment, J. Environ. Pathol. Toxicol. Oncol., 2007, 26(2), 157–64.

N. C. Zeitouni, A. R. Oseroff and S. Shieh, Photodynamic therapy for nonmelanoma skin cancers. Current review and update, Mol. Immunol., 2003, 17–18, 1133–1136.

M. Grubinger, P. Hammerl, E. Banieghbal and B. Krammer, Accumulation of aminolevulinic acid-induced protoporphyrin IX as a photosensitizer in L-929 cells, in Research Advances in Photochemistry & Photobiology 1, ed. R. M. Mohan, Global Research Network, Kerala, India, 2000, pp. 137–145.

E. A. Hryhorenko, A. R. Oseroff, J. Morgan and K. Rittenhouse-Diakun, Antigen specific and nonspecific modulation of the immune response by aminolevulinic acid based photodynamic therapy, Immunopharmacology, 1998, 40(3), 231–40.

H. S. de Bruijn, B. Kruijt, A. van der Ploeg-van den Heuvel, H. J. Sterenborg and D. J. Robinson, Increase in protoporphyrin IX after 5-aminolevulinic acid based photodynamic therapy is due to local re-synthesis, Photochem. Photobiol. Sci., 2007, 6(8), 857–64.

A. Curnov, Potential Future Indications, in Photodynamic Therapy with ALA: A Clinical Handbook, ed. R. Pottier, B. Krammer, H. Stepp and R. Baumgartner, RSC Publishing, Cambridge, UK, 2006, pp. 249–259.