A literature review of the epidemiology and treatment of acute gout

Star, 1993, Prevention and management of gout, Drugs, 45, 212, 10.2165/00003495-199345020-00004 Roubenoff, 1990, Gout and hyperuricemia, Rheum Dis Clin North Am, 16, 539, 10.1016/S0889-857X(21)00887-5 Harris, 1999, Gout and hyperuricemia, Am Fam Physician, 59, 925 van Doornum, 2000, Clinical manifestations of gout and their management, Med J Aust, 172, 493, 10.5694/j.1326-5377.2000.tb124075.x Scott, 1983, Gout, Ann Rheum Dis, 42, 16, 10.1136/ard.42.Suppl_1.16 Hawkins, 1999, Gout and hyperuricemia, 1460 Snaith, 1995, ABC of rheumatology: Gout, hyperuricaemia, and crystal arthritis, BMJ, 310, 521, 10.1136/bmj.310.6978.521 McGill, 1997, Gout and other crystal arthropathies, Med J Aust, 166, 33, 10.5694/j.1326-5377.1997.tb138701.x Agudelo, 2001, Gout: Diagnosis, pathogenesis, and clinical manifestations, Curr Opin Rheumatol, 13, 234, 10.1097/00002281-200105000-00015 Pittman, 1999, Diagnosis and management of gout, Am Fam Physician, 59, 1799 Dieppe, 1991, Investigation and management of gout in the young and the elderly, Ann Rheum Dis, 50, 263, 10.1136/ard.50.4.263 Pascual, 2000, Gout update: From lab to the clinic and back, Curr Opin Rheumatol, 12, 213, 10.1097/00002281-200005000-00010 Scott, 1996, Gout: The last 50 years, J R Soc Med, 89, 634, 10.1177/014107689608901110 Shadick, 2000, Effect of low level lead exposure on hyperuricemia and gout among middle aged and elderly men: The normative aging study, J Rheumatol, 27, 1708 Caspi, 2000, The effect of mini-dose aspirin on renal function and uric acid handling in elderly patients, Arthritis Rheum., 43, 103, 10.1002/1529-0131(200001)43:1<103::AID-ANR13>3.0.CO;2-C Brand, 1985, Hyperuricemia as a risk factor of coronary heart disease: The Framingham Study, Am J Epidemiol, 121, 11, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a113972 Abbott, 1988, Gout and coronary heart disease: The Framingham Study, J Clin Epidemiol, 41, 237, 10.1016/0895-4356(88)90127-8 Freedman, 1995, Relation of serum uric acid to mortality and ischemic heart disease. The NHANES I Epidemiologic Follow-Up Study, Am J Epidemiol, 141, 637, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a117479 Wortmann, 2002, Gout and hyperuricemia, Curr Opin Rheumatol, 14, 281, 10.1097/00002281-200205000-00015 Facchini, 1991, Relationship between resistance to insulin-mediated glucose uptake, urinary uric acid clearance, and plasma uric acid concentration, JAMA, 266, 3008, 10.1001/jama.266.21.3008 Davidson, 1995, Clinical implications of insulin resistance syndromes, Am J Med, 99, 420, 10.1016/S0002-9343(99)80191-0 Emmerson, 1998, Hyperlipidaemia in hyperuricaemia and gout, Ann Rheum Dis, 57, 509, 10.1136/ard.57.9.509 Puig, 1998, Gout: New questions for an ancient disease, Adv Exp Med Biol, 431, 1, 10.1007/978-1-4615-5381-6_1 Chou, 2001, Gender differences in the relationships of serum uric acid with fasting serum insulin and plasma glucose in patients without diabetes, J Rheumatol, 28, 571 Gelber, 1997, Gout and risk for subsequent coronary heart disease. The Meharry-Hopkins Study, Arch Intern Med, 157, 1436, 10.1001/archinte.157.13.1436 Pascual, 1994, Hyperuricemia and gout, Curr Opin Rheumatol, 6, 454, 10.1097/00002281-199407000-00018 Weinberger, 1995, Gout, uric acid metabolism, and crystal-induced inflammation, Curr Opin Rheumatol, 7, 359, 10.1097/00002281-199507000-00017 Perkins, 1999, Gout, Ann Rheum Dis, 58, 611, 10.1136/ard.58.10.611 Agarwal, 1993, Gout and pseudogout, Prim Care, 20, 839, 10.1016/S0095-4543(21)00435-8 Garcia, 1997, Characteristics of gouty arthritis in the Guatemalan population, Clin Rheumatol, 16, 45, 10.1007/BF02238762 Prior, 1987, Migration and gout: The Tokelau Island migrant study, BMJ, 295, 457, 10.1136/bmj.295.6596.457 Lin, 2000, Community based epidemiological study on hyperuricemia and gout in Kin-Hu, J Rheumatol, 27, 1045 Michet, 1995, Common rheumatologic diseases in elderly patients, 70, 1205 Agudelo, 2000, Crystal-associated arthritis in the elderly, Rheum Dis Clin North Am, 26, 527, 10.1016/S0889-857X(05)70155-1 Fam, 1998, Gout in the elderly. Clinical presentation and treatment, Drugs Aging, 13, 229, 10.2165/00002512-199813030-00006 Puig, 1991, Female gout. Clinical spectrum and uric acid metabolism, Arch Intern Med., 151, 726, 10.1001/archinte.151.4.726 Lally, 1986, The clinical spectrum of gouty arthritis in women, Arch Intern Med, 146, 2221, 10.1001/archinte.146.11.2221 Wallace, 1988, Therapy in gout, Rheum Dis Clin North Am, 14, 441, 10.1016/S0889-857X(21)00975-3 O'Sullivan, 1972, Gout in a New England town. A prevalence study in Sudbury, Massachusetts, Ann Rheum Dis, 31, 166, 10.1136/ard.31.3.166 Campion, 1987, Asymptomatic hyperuricemia. Risks and consequences in the Normative Aging Study, Am J Med, 82, 421, 10.1016/0002-9343(87)90441-4 Roubenoff, 1991, Incidence and risk factors for gout in white men, JAMA, 266, 3004, 10.1001/jama.266.21.3004 Stewart, 1990, Review of UK data on the rheumatic diseases—4. Gout, Br J Rheumatol, 29, 485, 10.1093/rheumatology/29.6.485 Adams, 1996 Lawrence, 1989, Estimates of the prevalence of selected arthritic and musculoskeletal diseases in the United States, J Rheumatol, 16, 427 Clive, 2000, Renal transplant-associated hyperuricemia and gout, J Am Soc Nephrol, 11, 974, 10.1681/ASN.V115974 Boyer, 1988, Prevalence rates of spondyloarthropathies, rheumatoid arthritis, and other rheumatic disorders in an Alaskan Inupiat Eskimo population, J Rheumatol, 15, 678 Cassim, 1994, Gout in black South Africans: A clinical and genetic study, Ann Rheum Dis, 53, 759, 10.1136/ard.53.11.759 Chang, 2001, Hyperuricemia and gout in Taiwan: Results from the Nutritional and Health Survey in Taiwan (1993–1996), J Rheumatol, 28, 1640 Chang, 1997, High prevalence of gout and related risk factors in Taiwan's Aborigines, J Rheumatol, 24, 1364 Chen, 1998, The epidemiology study of hyperuricemia and gout in a community population in Huangpu District in Shanghai, Chin Med J (Engl), 111, 228 Chou, 1994, Prevalence of rheumatic diseases in Taiwan: A population study of urban, suburban, rural differences, J Rheumatol, 21, 302 Chou, 1998, The epidemiology of hyperuricemia and gout in Taiwan aborigines, Br J Rheumatol, 37, 258, 10.1093/rheumatology/37.3.258 Darmawan, 1992, The epidemiology of gout and hyperuricemia in a rural population of Java, J Rheumatol, 19, 1595 Gardner, 1982, The prevalence of gout in three English towns, Int J Epidemiol, 11, 71, 10.1093/ije/11.1.71 Harris, 1995, The prevalence and prophylaxis of gout in England, J Clin Epidemiol, 48, 1153, 10.1016/0895-4356(94)00244-K Isomaki, 1983, Prevalence and social impact of rheumatic diseases in Finland, J Rheumatol Suppl, 10, 29 Klemp, 1997, Gout is on the increase in New Zealand, Ann Rheum Dis, 56, 22, 10.1136/ard.56.1.22 Lutalo, 1985, Chronic inflammatory rheumatic diseases in black Zimbabweans, Ann Rheum Dis, 44, 121, 10.1136/ard.44.2.121 Mijiyawa, 1995, Gout in patients attending the rheumatology unit of Lome Hospital, Br J Rheumatol, 34, 843, 10.1093/rheumatology/34.9.843 Mody, 1984, Gout in South African blacks, Ann Rheum Dis, 43, 394, 10.1136/ard.43.3.394 Stein, 1991, A prospective analysis of patients with rheumatic diseases attending referral hospitals in Harare, Zimbabwe, J Rheumatol, 18, 1841 Stein, 1990, Rheumatic disorders in Zimbabwe: A prospective analysis of patients attending a rheumatic diseases clinic, Ann Rheum Dis, 49, 400, 10.1136/ard.49.6.400 Healey, 1967, Hyperuricemia in Filipinos: Interaction of heredity and environment, Am J Hum Genet, 19, 81 Schlesinger, 1998, Acute gouty arthritis is seasonal, J Rheumatol, 25, 342 Gallerani, 1999, Seasonal variation in the onset of acute microcrystalline arthritis, Rheumatology, 38, 1003, 10.1093/rheumatology/38.10.1003 Arber, 1994, Effect of weather conditions on acute gouty arthritis, Scand J Rheumatol., 23, 22, 10.3109/03009749409102130 McLeod, 1972, Gout and fibrositis in cold weather, Med J Aust., 1, 943, 10.5694/j.1326-5377.1972.tb108008.x McCarty, 1994, Gout without hyperuricemia, JAMA, 271, 302, 10.1001/jama.271.4.302 Park, 2000, Clinical manifestations of Korean female gouty patients, Clin Rheumatol., 19, 142, 10.1007/s100670050033 Fleckenstein, 1983, Uric acid excretion in women, Arthritis Rheum., 26, S11 Reginato, 1988, Crystal-associated arthropathies, Clin Geriatr Med., 4, 295, 10.1016/S0749-0690(18)30750-X Grodzicki, 1997, Incidence of diabetes and gout in hypertensive patients during 8 years of follow-up, J Hum Hypertens, 11, 583, 10.1038/sj.jhh.1000496 Lin, 2000, The interaction between uric acid level and other risk factors on the development of gout among asymptomatic hyperuricemic men in a prospective study, J Rheumatol., 27, 1501 Mijiyawa, 2000, Risk factors for gout in Togolese patients, Joint Bone Spine, 67, 441 Hochberg, 1995, Racial differences in the incidence of gout. The role of hypertension, Arthritis Rheum., 38, 628, 10.1002/art.1780380508 Emmerson, 1996, The management of gout, N Engl J Med., 334, 445, 10.1056/NEJM199602153340707 Sturrock, 2000, Gout. Easy to misdiagnose, BMJ, 320, 132, 10.1136/bmj.320.7228.132 Tan, 1993, Acute gouty arthritis. Modern approaches to an ancient disease, Postgrad Med., 94, 73, 10.1080/00325481.1993.11945693 Tan, 1993, Acute gouty arthritis. Modern approaches to an ancient disease, Postgrad Med., 78, 83 Schlesinger, 2001, Gout: Can management be improved?, Curr Opin Rheumatol., 13, 240, 10.1097/00002281-200105000-00016 Conaghan, 1994, Risks and benefits of drugs used in the management and prevention of gout, Drug Saf., 11, 252, 10.2165/00002018-199411040-00004 Setter, 2002, Selective COX-2 inhibitors: Celecoxib, rofecoxib, 23 Bellamy, 1987, Observations on spontaneous improvement in patients with podagra: Implications for therapeutic trials of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, Br J Clin Pharmacol., 24, 33, 10.1111/j.1365-2125.1987.tb03132.x Stuart, 1991, A survey of current prescribing practices of anti-inflammatory and urate-lowering drugs in gouty arthritis, N Z Med J., 104, 115 Bellamy, 1988, A survey of current prescribing practices of antiinflammatory and urate lowering drugs in gouty arthritis in the province of Ontario, J Rheumatol., 15, 1841 Bellamy, 1989, A survey of current prescribing practices of anti-inflammatory and urate-lowering drugs in gouty arthritis in New South Wales and Queensland, Med J Aust., 151, 531, 10.5694/j.1326-5377.1989.tb128510.x Simkin, 1997, Gout and hyperuricemia, Curr Opin Rheumatol., 9, 268, 10.1097/00002281-199705000-00016 Rozenberg, 1996, Diversity of opinions on the management of gout in France. A survey of 750 rheumatologists, Rev Rhum Engl Ed., 63, 255 Pal, 2000, How is gout managed in primary care? A review of current practice and proposed guidelines, Clin Rheumatol., 19, 21, 10.1007/s100670050005 Schumacher, 1997, Crystal deposition disease, Curr Opin Rheumatol., 9, 251, 10.1097/00002281-199705000-00012 Maccagno, 1991, Effectiveness of etodolac (‘Lodine’) compared with naproxen in patients with acute gout, Curr Med Res Opin., 12, 423, 10.1185/03007999109111513 Lomen, 1986, Flurbiprofen in the treatment of acute gout. A comparison with indomethacin, Am J Med., 80, 134, 10.1016/0002-9343(86)90131-2 Butler, 1985, Double-blind trial of flurbiprofen and phenylbutazone in acute gouty arthritis, Br J Clin Pharmacol., 20, 511, 10.1111/j.1365-2125.1985.tb05110.x Eberl, 1983, Meclofenamate sodium in the treatment of acute gout. Results of a double-blind study, Arzneimittelforschung, 33, 641 Karachalios, 1985, Treatment of acute gouty arthritis with piroxicam, Clin Exp Rheumatol., 3, 63 Cobra, 1983, Use of piroxicam in the treatment of acute gout, Eur J Rheumatol Inflamm., 6, 126 Shrestha, 1995, Randomized double-blind comparison of the analgesic efficacy of intramuscular ketorolac and oral indomethacin in the treatment of acute gouty arthritis, Ann Emerg Med., 26, 682, 10.1016/S0196-0644(95)70037-4 Schumacher, 2002, Randomised double blind trial of etoricoxib and indometacin in treatment of acute gouty arthritis, BMJ, 324, 1488, 10.1136/bmj.324.7352.1488 Segasothy, 1995, Chronic nephrotoxicity of anti-inflammatory drugs used in the treatment of arthritis, Br J Rheumatol., 34, 162, 10.1093/rheumatology/34.2.162 Lanza, 1998, A guideline for the treatment and prevention of NSAID-induced ulcers. Members of the Ad Hoc Committee on Practice Parameters of the American College of Gastroenterology, Am J Gastroenterol., 93, 2037, 10.1111/j.1572-0241.1998.00588.x Ben-Chetrit, 1998, Levy M. Colchicine: 1998 update, Semin Arthritis Rheum., 28, 48, 10.1016/S0049-0172(98)80028-0 Moreland, 1991, Colchicine and gout, Arthritis Rheum., 34, 782, 10.1002/art.1780340622 Lange, 2001, Current aspects of colchicine therapy—classical indications and new therapeutic uses, Eur J Med Res., 6, 150 Ahern, 1987, Does colchicine work? The results of the first controlled study in acute gout, Aust N Z J Med., 17, 301, 10.1111/j.1445-5994.1987.tb01232.x Kuncl, 1987, Colchicine myopathy and neuropathy, N Engl J Med., 316, 1562, 10.1056/NEJM198706183162502 Evans, 1996, A comprehensive investigation of inpatient intravenous colchicine use shows more education is needed, J Rheumatol., 23, 143 Maldonado, 1997, Intravenous colchicine use in crystal-induced arthropathies: A retrospective analysis of hospitalized patients, Clin Exp Rheumatol., 15, 487 Roberts, 1987, Colchicine in acute gout. Reassessment of risks and benefits, JAMA, 257, 1920, 10.1001/jama.257.14.1920 Alloway, 1993, Comparison of triamcinolone acetonide with indomethacin in the treatment of acute gouty arthritis, J Rheumatol., 20, 111 Groff, 1990, Systemic steroid therapy for acute gout: A clinical trial and review of the literature, Semin Arthritis Rheum., 19, 329, 10.1016/0049-0172(90)90070-V Werlen, 1996, Corticosteroid therapy for the treatment of acute attacks of crystal-induced arthritis: An effective alternative to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, Rev Rhum Engl Ed., 63, 248 Gray, 1983, Intra-articular corticosteroids. An updated assessment, Clin Orthop., 177, 235, 10.1097/00003086-198307000-00036 Ritter, 1994, ACTH revisited: Effective treatment for acute crystal induced synovitis in patients with multiple medical problems, J Rheumatol., 21, 696 Taylor, 2001, Corticotropin for acute management of gout, Ann Pharmacother., 35, 365, 10.1345/aph.10230 Schlesinger, 1999, How well have diagnostic tests and therapies for gout been evaluated?, Curr Opin Rheumatol., 11, 441, 10.1097/00002281-199909000-00020 Axelrod, 1988, Comparison of parenteral adrenocorticotropic hormone with oral indomethacin in the treatment of acute gout, Arthritis Rheum., 31, 803, 10.1002/art.1780310618 Siegel, 1994, Comparison of adrenocorticotropic hormone and triamcinolone acetonide in the treatment of acute gouty arthritis, J Rheumatol., 21, 1325 Schumacher, 1996, Crystal-induced arthritis: An overview, Am J Med., 100, 46S, 10.1016/S0002-9343(97)89546-0 Rosenthal, 1995, Treatment of refractory crystal-associated arthritis, Rheum Dis Clin North Am., 21, 151, 10.1016/S0889-857X(21)00376-8 Ferraz, 1995, An evidence based appraisal of the management of nontophaceous interval gout, J Rheumatol., 22, 1618 Fam, 1995, Should patients with interval gout be treated with urate lowering drugs?, J Rheumatol., 22, 1621 Ferraz, 1995, A cost effectiveness analysis of urate lowering drugs in non-tophaceous recurrent gouty arthritis, J Rheumatol., 22, 908 Fries, 1989, Advances in management of rheumatic disease. 1965 to 1985, Arch Intern Med., 149, 1002, 10.1001/archinte.149.5.1002 Ho, 1993, Gout and pseudogout in hospitalized patients, Arch Intern Med., 153, 2787, 10.1001/archinte.153.24.2787 Solomon, 1997, Costs, outcomes, and patient satisfaction by provider type for patients with rheumatic and musculoskeletal conditions: A critical review of the literature and proposed methodologic standards, Ann Intern Med., 127, 52, 10.7326/0003-4819-127-1-199707010-00009 2003