Spectral entropy indicates electrophysiological and hemodynamic changes in drug-resistant epilepsy – A multimodal MREG study

NeuroImage: Clinical - Tập 22 - Trang 101763 - 2019
H. Helakari1,2,3, J. Kananen1,2,3, N. Huotari1,2,3, L. Raitamaa1,2,3, T. Tuovinen1,2,3, V. Borchardt1,2,3, A. Rasila1,2,3, V. Raatikainen1,2,3,4, T. Starck1,2,3,4, T. Hautaniemi1,2,3, T. Myllylä1,2,5, O. Tervonen1,2,3, S. Rytky4, T. Keinänen1,2,3,4, V. Korhonen1,2,3, V. Kiviniemi1,2,3, H. Ansakorpi6,7,3
1Oulu Functional NeuroImaging (OFNI), Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
2Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology (MIPT), The Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
3Medical Research Center (MRC), Oulu, Finland
4Unit of Clinical Neurophysiology, Oulu University Hospital, Finland
5Biomedical Sensors in Translational Research, Optoelectronics and Measurement Techniques Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
6Research Unit of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
7Neurology Clinic, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland

Tài liệu tham khảo

Aarabi, 2009, A fuzzy rule-based system for epileptic seizure detection in intracranial EEG, Clin. Neurophysiol., 120, 1648, 10.1016/j.clinph.2009.07.002 Adelson, 1999, Noninvasive continuous monitoring of cerebral oxygenation periictally using near-infrared spectroscopy: a preliminary report, Epilepsia., 40, 1484, 10.1111/j.1528-1157.1999.tb02030.x Allen, 1998, Identification of EEG events in the MR scanner: the problem of pulse artifact and a method for its subtraction, Neuroimage., 8, 229, 10.1006/nimg.1998.0361 Allen, 2000, A method for removing imaging artifact from continuous EEG recorded during functional MRI, Neuroimage., 12, 230, 10.1006/nimg.2000.0599 Ansakorpi, 2011, Evaluation of heart rate variation analysis during rest and tilting in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy, Neurol. Res. Int., 2011, 10.1155/2011/829365 Assländer, 2013, Single shot whole brain imaging using spherical stack of spirals trajectories, Neuroimage., 73, 59, 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.01.065 Bagshaw, 2004, EEG-fMRI of focal epileptic spikes: analysis with multiple haemodynamic functions and comparison with gadolinium-enhanced MR angiograms, Hum. Brain Mapp., 22, 179, 10.1002/hbm.20024 Bagshaw, 2017, Sleep onset uncovers thalamic abnormalities in patients with idiopathic generalised epilepsy, NeuroImage Clin., 16, 52, 10.1016/j.nicl.2017.07.008 Beckmann, 2004, Probabilistic independent component analysis for functional magnetic resonance imaging, IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging, 23, 137, 10.1109/TMI.2003.822821 Ben-Menachem, 2002, Vagus-nerve stimulation for the treatment of epilepsy, Lancet Neurol., 1, 477, 10.1016/S1474-4422(02)00220-X Berman, 2010, Simultaneous EEG, fMRI, and behavior in typical childhood absence seizures, Epilepsia., 51, 2011, 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2010.02652.x Bertram, 2008, Multiple roles of midline dorsal thalamic nuclei in induction and spread of limbic seizures, Epilepsia., 49, 256, 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2007.01408.x Biswal, 1995, Functional connectivity in the motor cortex of resting human brain using echo-planar mri, Magn. Reson. Med., 34, 537, 10.1002/mrm.1910340409 Boas, 2001, The accuracy of near infrared spectroscopy and imaging during focal changes in cerebral hemodynamics, Neuroimage., 13, 76, 10.1006/nimg.2000.0674 Boyacioglu, 2015, Improved sensitivity and specificity for resting state and task fMRI with multiband multi-echo EPI compared to multi-echo EPI at 7T, Neuroimage., 119, 352, 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.06.089 Bruzzo, 2008, Permutation entropy to detect vigilance changes and preictal states from scalp EEG in epileptic patients: A preliminary study, Neurol. Sci., 29, 3, 10.1007/s10072-008-0851-3 Buzsáki, 1992, High-frequency network oscillation in the hippocampus, Science., 256, 1025, 10.1126/science.1589772 Caspers, 1987, DC potentials of the cerebral cortex. Seizure activity and changes in gas pressures, Rev. Physiol. Biochem. Pharmacol., 106, 127, 10.1007/BFb0027576 Çavdar, 2008, The pathways connecting the hippocampal formation, the thalamic reuniens nucleus and the thalamic reticular nucleus in the rat, J. Anat., 212, 249, 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2008.00858.x Centeno, 2014, Network connectivity in epilepsy: Resting state fMRI and EEG-fMRI contributions, Front. Neurol., 10.3389/fneur.2014.00093 Chang, 2014, Anterior cingulate epilepsy: mechanisms and modulation, Front. Integr. Neurosci., 7, 10.3389/fnint.2013.00104 Chang, 2016, Brain-heart interactions: challenges and opportunities with functional magnetic resonance imaging at ultra-high field, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A Math. Phys. Eng. Sci., 374 Chhabra, 2016, Spectral entropy monitoring for adults and children undergoing general anaesthesia, Cochrane Database Syst. Rev., 2016 Critchley, 2003, Human cingulate cortex and autonomic control: converging neuroimaging and clinical evidence, Brain., 126, 2139, 10.1093/brain/awg216 Danielson, 2011, The default mode network and altered consciousness in epilepsy, Behav. Neurol., 24, 55, 10.1155/2011/912720 Engel, 2009, High-frequency oscillations: what is normal and what is not?, Epilepsia., 50, 598, 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2008.01917.x Evans, 2010, Cortico-limbic circuitry and the airways: insights from functional neuroimaging of respiratory afferents and efferents, Biol. Psychol., 84, 13, 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2010.02.005 Faust, 2012, Nonlinear analysis of physiological signals: a review, J. Mech. Med. Biol., 12, 10.1142/S0219519412400155 Feis, 2015, ICA-based artifact removal diminishes scan site differences in multi-center resting-state fMRI, Front. Neurosci., 9, 10.3389/fnins.2015.00395 Fisher, 2014, How can we identify ictal and interictal abnormal activity?, Adv. Exp. Med. Biol., 3, 10.1007/978-94-017-8914-1_1 Fisher, 2014, ILAE official report: a practical clinical definition of epilepsy, Epilepsia., 55, 475, 10.1111/epi.12550 Goldberger, 2002, What is physiologic complexity and how does it change with aging and disease?, Neurobiol. Aging, 23, 23, 10.1016/S0197-4580(01)00266-4 Goldman, 2002, Simultaneous EEG and fMRI of the alpha rhythm, Neuroreport., 13, 2487, 10.1097/00001756-200212200-00022 Gotman, 2008, Epileptic networks studied with EEG-fMRI, Epilepsia., 49, 42, 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2008.01509.x Gotman, 2004, Combining EEG and fMRI in epilepsy: methodological challenges and clinical results, J. Clin. Neurophysiol., 21, 229, 10.1097/01.WNP.0000139658.92878.2A Gotman, 2006, Combining EEG and fMRI: a multimodal tool for epilepsy research, J. Magn. Reson. Imaging, 23, 906, 10.1002/jmri.20577 Greicius, 2008, Persistent default-mode network connectivity during light sedation, Hum. Brain Mapp., 29, 839, 10.1002/hbm.20537 Griffanti, 2014, ICA-based artefact removal and accelerated fMRI acquisition for improved resting state network imaging, Neuroimage., 95, 232, 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.03.034 Gupta, 2017, Wavelet entropy of BOLD time series: an application to rolandic epilepsy, J. Magn. Reson. Imaging, 46, 1728, 10.1002/jmri.25700 Guye, 2006, The role of corticothalamic coupling in human temporal lobe epilepsy, Brain., 129, 1917, 10.1093/brain/awl151 Hale, 2016, Altered thalamocortical and intra-thalamic functional connectivity during light sleep compared with wake, Neuroimage., 125, 657, 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.10.041 Hawco, 2007, BOLD changes occur prior to epileptic spikes seen on scalp EEG, Neuroimage., 35, 1450, 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.12.042 Hennig, 2007, MR-encephalography: fast multi-channel monitoring of brain physiology with magnetic resonance, Neuroimage., 34, 212, 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.08.036 Hiltunen, 2014, Infra-slow EEG fluctuations are correlated with resting-state network dynamics in fMRI, J. Neurosci., 34, 356, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0276-13.2014 Holmes, 2008, Dense array EEG: methodology and new hypothesis on epilepsy syndromes, Epilepsia., 49, 3, 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2008.01505.x Holmes, 1996, Nonparametric analysis of statistic images from functional mapping experiments, J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab., 16, 7, 10.1097/00004647-199601000-00002 Huang-Hellinger, 1995, Simultaneous functional magnetic resonance imaging and electrophysiological recording, Hum. Brain Mapp., 3, 13, 10.1002/hbm.460030103 Hugger, 2011, Fast undersampled functional magnetic resonance imaging using nonlinear regularized parallel image reconstruction, PLoS One, 6 Huppert, 2009, HomER: a review of time-series analysis methods for near-infrared spectroscopy of the brain, Appl. Opt., 48, 10.1364/AO.48.00D280 Ikeda, 1999, Focal ictal direct current shifts in human epilepsy as studied by subdural and scalp recording, Brain., 122, 827, 10.1093/brain/122.5.827 Inouye, 1991, Quantification of EEG irregularity by use of the entropy of the power spectrum, Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol., 79, 204, 10.1016/0013-4694(91)90138-T Ives, 1993, Monitoring the patient's EEG during echo planar MRI, Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol., 87, 417, 10.1016/0013-4694(93)90156-P Jacobs, 2009, Hemodynamic changes preceding the interictal EEG spike in patients with focal epilepsy investigated using simultaneous EEG-fMRI, Neuroimage., 45, 1220, 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.01.014 Jacobs, 2014, Fast fMRI provides high statistical power in the analysis of epileptic networks, Neuroimage., 88, 282, 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.10.018 Jansen, 2010, Cardiac changes in epilepsy, Seizure., 19, 455, 10.1016/j.seizure.2010.07.008 Janszky, 2003, Epileptic activity influences the speech organization in medial temporal lobe epilepsy, Brain., 126, 2043, 10.1093/brain/awg193 Jenkinson, 2002, Improved optimization for the robust and accurate linear registration and motion correction of brain images, Neuroimage., 17, 825, 10.1006/nimg.2002.1132 Jenkinson, 2012, Fsl. Neuroimage., 62, 782, 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.09.015 Jeppesen, 2015, Exploring the capability of wireless near infrared spectroscopy as a portable seizure detection device for epilepsy patients, Seizure., 26, 43, 10.1016/j.seizure.2015.01.015 Jöbsis, 1977, Noninvasive, infrared monitoring of cerebral and myocardial oxygen sufficiency and circulatory parameters, Science., 198, 1264, 10.1126/science.929199 John, 2001, A field theory of consciousness, Conscious. Cogn., 10, 184, 10.1006/ccog.2001.0508 Kananen, 2018, Altered physiological brain variation in drug-resistant epilepsy, Brain Behav., 8 Kim, 2002, Changes in brain complexity during valproate treatment in patients with partial epilepsy, Neuropsychobiology., 45, 106, 10.1159/000048685 Kiviniemi, 2016, Ultra-fast magnetic resonance encephalography of physiological brain activity-glymphatic pulsation mechanisms?, J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab., 36, 1033, 10.1177/0271678X15622047 Klose, 2000, Detection of a relation between respiration and CSF pulsation with an echoplanar technique, J. Magn. Reson. Imaging, 11, 438, 10.1002/(SICI)1522-2586(200004)11:4<438::AID-JMRI12>3.0.CO;2-O Korhonen, 2014, Synchronous multiscale neuroimaging environment for critically sampled physiological analysis of brain function: Hepta-scan concept, Brain Connect., 4, 677, 10.1089/brain.2014.0258 Laufs, 2006, Linking generalized spike-and-wave discharges and resting state brain activity by using EEG/fMRI in a patient with absence seizures, Epilepsia., 47, 444, 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2006.00443.x Laufs, 2011, Converging PET and fMRI evidence for a common area involved in human focal epilepsies, Neurology., 77, 904, 10.1212/WNL.0b013e31822c90f2 Lazar, 2000, Interhemispheric transfer of language in patients with left frontal cerebral arteriovenous malformation, Neuropsychologia., 38, 1325, 10.1016/S0028-3932(00)00054-3 Lee, 2013, Tracking dynamic resting-state networks at higher frequencies using MR-encephalography, Neuroimage., 65, 216, 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.10.015 Li, 2014, Using permutation entropy to measure the changes in EEG signals during absence seizures, Entropy., 16, 3049, 10.3390/e16063049 Li, 2014, Involvement of thalamus in initiation of epileptic seizures induced by pilocarpine in mice, Neural Plast., 2014 Liu, 2017, Impairment of heart rhythm complexity in patients with drug-resistant epilepsy: an assessment with multiscale entropy analysis, Epilepsy Res., 138, 11, 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2017.10.002 Liu, 2018, Subcortical evidence for a contribution of arousal to fMRI studies of brain activity, Nat. Commun., 9 Llinás, 1998, The neuronal basis for consciousness, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci., 353, 1841, 10.1098/rstb.1998.0336 Löscher, 1996, The role of the piriform cortex in kindling, Prog. Neurobiol., 50, 427, 10.1016/S0301-0082(96)00036-6 Lotufo, 2012, Epilepsia., 53, 272, 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2011.03361.x Mäkiranta, 2005, BOLD signal increase preceeds EEG spike activity - a dynamic penicillin induced focal epilepsy in deep anesthesia, Neuroimage., 27, 715, 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.05.025 Manni, 2000, Evaluation of sleepiness in epilepsy, Clin. Neurophysiol., 111, S111, 10.1016/S1388-2457(00)00410-7 McCormick, 1991, Noninvasive cerebral optical spectroscopy for monitoring cerebral oxygen delivery and hemodynamics, Crit. Care Med., 19, 89, 10.1097/00003246-199101000-00020 McDonough, 2014, Network complexity as a measure of information processing across resting-state networks: evidence from the human connectome project, Front. Hum. Neurosci., 8, 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00409 Mehagnoul-Schipper, 2002, Simultaneous measurements of cerebral oxygenation changes during brain activation by near-infrared spectroscopy and functional magnetic resonance imaging in healthy young and elderly subjects, Hum. Brain Mapp., 16, 14, 10.1002/hbm.10026 Mirzaei, 2010, EEG analysis based on wavelet-spectral entropy for epileptic seizures detection. Proc. - Int. Conf. Biomed. Eng. Inf, BMEI., 2, 878 Moosmann, 2003, Correlates of alpha rhythm in functional magnetic resonance imaging and near infrared spectroscopy, Neuroimage., 20, 145, 10.1016/S1053-8119(03)00344-6 Mukherjee, 2009, Cardiovascular autonomic functions in well-controlled and intractable partial epilepsies, Epilepsy Res., 85, 261, 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2009.03.021 Myllylä, 2011, Fibre optic sensor for non-invasive monitoring of blood pressure during MRI scanning, J. Biophotonics, 4, 98, 10.1002/jbio.200900105 Myllylä, 2014, Measurement of cerebral blood flow and metabolism using high power light-emitting diodes, Meas. J. Int. Meas. Confed., 58, 387, 10.1016/j.measurement.2014.08.027 Myllylä, 2017, Multimodal brain imaging with magnetoencephalography: a method for measuring blood pressure and cardiorespiratory oscillations, Sci. Rep., 7, 10.1038/s41598-017-00293-7 Navratilova, 2014, Reward and motivation in pain and pain relief, Nat. Neurosci., 17, 1304, 10.1038/nn.3811 Nguyen, 2013, Noninvasive continuous functional near-infrared spectroscopy combined with electroencephalography recording of frontal lobe seizures, Epilepsia., 54, 331, 10.1111/epi.12011 Nita, 2004, Nonneuronal origin of CO2-related DC EEG shifts: An in vivo study in the cat, J. Neurophysiol., 92, 1011, 10.1152/jn.00110.2004 Obrig, 2014, NIRS in clinical neurology - a 'promising' tool?, Neuroimage., 85, 535, 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.03.045 O'leary, 1964, D-C potentials of the brain, Physiol. Rev., 44, 91, 10.1152/physrev.1964.44.1.91 Oliveira, 2000, Respiratory disorders during sleep in patient with epilepsy: effect of ventilatory therapy on EEG interictal epileptiform discharges, Clin. Neurophysiol., 111, S141, 10.1016/S1388-2457(00)00415-6 O'Regan, 2005, Abnormalities in cardiac and respiratory function observed during seizures in childhood, Dev. Med. Child Neurol., 47, 4, 10.1111/j.1469-8749.2005.tb01033.x Osharina, 2010, Local haemodynamic changes preceding interictal spikes: a simultaneous electrocorticography (ECoG) and near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) analysis in rats, Neuroimage., 50, 600, 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.01.009 Osharina, 2017, Hemodynamic changes associated with interictal spikes induced by acute models of focal epilepsy in rats: a simultaneous electrocorticography and near-infrared spectroscopy study, Brain Topogr., 30, 390, 10.1007/s10548-016-0541-z Paulesu, 1997, Functional heterogeneity of left inferior frontal cortex as revealed by fMRI, Neuroreport., 8, 2011, 10.1097/00001756-199705260-00042 Peng, 2014, FNIRS-EEG study of focal interictal epileptiform discharges, Epilepsy Res., 108, 491, 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2013.12.011 Poirel, 1987, Circadian patterns of vigilance and seizure susceptibility in genetically epileptic mice: heuristic aspects in neurology, Prog. Clin. Biol. Res., 227, 459 Posse, 2012, Enhancement of temporal resolution and BOLD sensitivity in real-time fMRI using multi-slab echo-volumar imaging, Neuroimage., 61, 115, 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.02.059 Pouliot, 2012, Nonlinear hemodynamic responses in human epilepsy: a multimodal analysis with fNIRS-EEG and fMRI-EEG, J. Neurosci. Methods, 204, 326, 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2011.11.016 Pruim, 2015, Evaluation of ICA-AROMA and alternative strategies for motion artifact removal in resting state fMRI, Neuroimage., 112, 278, 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.02.063 Quinquis, 2008 Ryan, 1994, Gender- and age-related differences in heart rate dynamics: are women more complex than men?, J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 24, 1700, 10.1016/0735-1097(94)90177-5 Salimi-Khorshidi, 2014, Automatic denoising of functional MRI data: combining independent component analysis and hierarchical fusion of classifiers, Neuroimage., 90, 449, 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.11.046 Schaller, 2004, Physiology of cerebral venous blood flow: From experimental data in animals to normal function in humans, Brain Res. Rev., 46, 243, 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.04.005 Schwartzkroin, 1997, Origins of the epileptic state, Epilepsia., 38, 853, 10.1111/j.1528-1157.1997.tb01250.x Semendeferi, 2001, Prefrontal cortex in humans and apes: a comparative study of area 10, Am. J. Phys. Anthropol., 114, 224, 10.1002/1096-8644(200103)114:3<224::AID-AJPA1022>3.0.CO;2-I Sevcencu, 2010, Autonomic alterations and cardiac changes in epilepsy, Epilepsia., 51, 725, 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2009.02479.x Shannon, 1948, The mathematical theory of communication, Bell System Techn. J., 27, 623, 10.1002/j.1538-7305.1948.tb00917.x Shi, 2013, Differential entropy feature for EEG-based vigilance estimation, Proc. Annu. Int. Conf. IEEE Eng. Med. Biol. Soc. EMBS, 6627 Smith, 2002, Fast robust automated brain extraction, Hum. Brain Mapp., 17, 143, 10.1002/hbm.10062 Smith, 2009, Threshold-free cluster enhancement: addressing problems of smoothing, threshold dependence and localisation in cluster inference, Neuroimage., 44, 83, 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.03.061 Smith, 2014, Multiple time scale complexity analysis of resting state FMRI, Brain Imaging Behav., 8, 284, 10.1007/s11682-013-9276-6 Sokunbi, 2015, Fuzzy approximate entropy analysis of resting state fMRI signal complexity across the adult life span, Med. Eng. Phys., 37, 1082, 10.1016/j.medengphy.2015.09.001 Song, 2012, Automatic epileptic seizure detection in EEGs based on optimized sample entropy and extreme learning machine, J. Neurosci. Methods, 210, 132, 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2012.07.003 Sortica da Costa, 2017, Complexity of brain signals is associated with outcome in preterm infants, J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab., 37, 3368, 10.1177/0271678X16687314 Sorvoja, 2010, Non-invasive, MRI-compatible fibreoptic device for functional near-IR reflectometry of human brain, Quantum Electron., 40, 1067 Spencer, 2002, Neural networks in human epilepsy: evidence of and implications for treatment, Epilepsia., 43, 219, 10.1046/j.1528-1157.2002.26901.x Srinivasan, 2007, Approximate entropy-based epileptic EEG detection using artificial neural networks, IEEE Trans. Inf. Technol. Biomed., 11, 288, 10.1109/TITB.2006.884369 Steriade, 2005, Sleep, epilepsy and thalamic reticular inhibitory neurons, Trends Neurosci., 28, 317, 10.1016/j.tins.2005.03.007 Strangman, 2003, Factors affecting the accuracy of near-infrared spectroscopy concentration calculations for focal changes in oxygenation parameters, Neuroimage., 18, 865, 10.1016/S1053-8119(03)00021-1 Tavares, 2017 Tomson, 1998, Heart rate variability in patients with epilepsy, Epilepsy Res., 30, 77, 10.1016/S0920-1211(97)00094-6 Urigüen, 2017, Comparison of background EEG activity of different groups of patients with idiopathic epilepsy using shannon spectral entropy and cluster-based permutation statistical testing, PLoS ONE, 12 Vakkuri, 2005, Spectral entropy monitoring is associated with reduced propofol use and faster emergence in propofol-nitrous oxide-alfentanil anesthesia, Anesthesiology., 103, 274, 10.1097/00000542-200508000-00010 Vanhatalo, 2003, Very slow eeg responses lateralize temporal lobe seizures: an evaluation of non-invasive DC-EEG, Neurology., 60, 1098, 10.1212/01.WNL.0000052993.37621.CC Vanhatalo, 2003, Scalp-recorded slow EEG responses generated in response to hemodynamic changes in the human brain, Clin. Neurophysiol., 114, 1744, 10.1016/S1388-2457(03)00163-9 Viertiö-Oja, 2004, Description of the entropy™ algorithm as applied in the datex-ohmeda 5/5™ entropy module, Acta Anaesthesiol. Scand., 48, 154, 10.1111/j.0001-5172.2004.00322.x Wang, 2015, Dimensionality of ICA in resting-state fMRI investigated by feature optimized classification of independent components with SVM, Front. Hum. Neurosci., 9 Watanabe, 2000, Noninvasive cerebral blood volume measurement during seizures using multichannel near infrared spectroscopic topography, J. Biomed. Opt., 5, 287, 10.1117/1.429998 Watanabe, 2002, Focus diagnosis of epilepsy using near-infrared spectroscopy, Epilepsia., 43, 50, 10.1046/j.1528-1157.43.s.9.12.x Whelan, 2018, Structural brain abnormalities in the common epilepsies assessed in a worldwide ENIGMA study, Brain., 141, 391, 10.1093/brain/awx341 Wheless, 2018, Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) therapy update, Epilepsy Behav., 88, 2, 10.1016/j.yebeh.2018.06.032 Winkler, 2014, Permutation inference for the general linear model, Neuroimage., 92, 381, 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.01.060 Wong, 2013, The amplitude of the resting-state fMRI global signal is related to EEG vigilance measures, Neuroimage., 83, 983, 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.07.057 Wong, 2016, Differences in the resting-state fMRI global signal amplitude between the eyes open and eyes closed states are related to changes in EEG vigilance, Neuroimage., 124, 24, 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.08.053 Woodward, 2008, Right anterior cingulate cortical volume covaries with respiratory sinus arrhythmia magnitude in combat veterans, J. Rehabil. Res. Dev., 45, 451, 10.1682/JRRD.2007.06.0082 Yamada, 2013, Influence of respiration on cerebrospinal fluid movement using magnetic resonance spin labeling, Fluids Barriers CNS., 10, 10.1186/2045-8118-10-36 Yang, 2007, Inhibiting effect of vagal nerve stimulation to seizures in epileptic process of rats, Neurosci. Bull., 23, 336, 10.1007/s12264-007-0050-x Zahneisen, 2012, Single shot concentric shells trajectories for ultra fast fMRI, Magn. Reson. Med., 68, 484, 10.1002/mrm.23256 Zerbi, 2015, Mapping the mouse brain with rs-fMRI: an optimized pipeline for functional network identification, Neuroimage., 123, 11, 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.07.090 Zhang, 2014, Pre-seizure state identified by diffuse optical tomography, Sci. Rep., 4