Targeted mutation of the DNA methyltransferase gene results in embryonic lethality

Adra, 1987, Cloning and expression of the mouse pgk-1 gene and the nucleotide sequence of its promoter, Gene, 60, 65, 10.1016/0378-1119(87)90214-9 Antequera, 1990, High levels of de novo methylation and altered chromatin structure at CpG islands in cell lines, Cell, 62, 503, 10.1016/0092-8674(90)90015-7 Ben-Hattar, 1988, Methylation of single CpG dinucleotides within a promoter element of the Herpes simplex virus tk gene reduces its transcription in vivo, Gene, 65, 219, 10.1016/0378-1119(88)90458-1 Bestor, 1990, DNA methylation: evolution of a bacterial immune function into a regulator of gene expression and genome structure in higher eukaryotes, Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. Lond. B, 326, 179, 10.1098/rstb.1990.0002 Bestor, 1983, Two DNA methyltransferases from murine erythroleukemia cells: purification, sequence specificity, and mode of interaction with DNA, 80, 5559 Bestor, 1985, Growth-dependent expression of multiple species of DNA methyltransferase in murine erythroleukemia cells, 82, 2674 Bestor, 1984, Differentiation of two mouse cell lines is associated with hypomethylation of their genomes, Mol. Cell. Biol., 4, 1800, 10.1128/MCB.4.9.1800 Bestor, 1988, Cloning and sequencing of a cDNA encoding DNA methyltransferase of mouse cells. The carboxyl-terminal domain of the mammalian enzymes is related to bacterial restriction methyltransferases, J. Mol. Biol., 203, 971, 10.1016/0022-2836(88)90122-2 Bradley, 1987, Production and analysis of chimaeric mice, 113 Capecchi, 1989, Altering the genome by homologous recombination, Science, 244, 1288, 10.1126/science.2660260 Cedar, 1988, DNA methylation and gene activity, Cell, 53, 3, 10.1016/0092-8674(88)90479-5 Chaillet, 1991, Parentalspecific methylation of an imprinted transgene is established during gametogenesis and progressively changes during embryogenesis, Cell, 66, 77, 10.1016/0092-8674(91)90140-T Dieckmann, 1985, Assembly of the mitochondrial membrane system, J. Biol. Chem., 260, 1513, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)89622-3 Gillespie, 1991, Chemiluminescence detection of proteins from single cells, 88, 2536 Grant, 1988, Mechanisms of X-chromosome regulation, Annu. Rev. Genet., 22, 199, 10.1146/annurev.ge.22.120188.001215 Gruenbaum, 1982, Substrate and sequence specificity of a eukaryotic DNA methylase, Nature, 295, 620, 10.1038/295620a0 Hadchouel, 1987, Maternal inhibition of hepatitis B surface antigen gene expression in transgenic mice correlates with de novo methylation, Nature, 329, 454, 10.1038/329454a0 Harlow, 1988 Howlett, 1991, Methylation levels of maternal and paternal genomes during preimplantation development, Development, 113, 119, 10.1242/dev.113.1.119 Iguchi-Ariga, 1989, CpG methylation of the cAMP-responsive enhancer/promoter sequence TGACGTCA abolishes specific factor binding as well as transcriptional activation, Genes Dev., 3, 612, 10.1101/gad.3.5.612 Jaenisch, 1985, Treatment of mice with 5-azacytidine efficiently activates silent retroviral genomes in different tissues, 82, 1451 Jähner, 1984, DNA methylation in early mammalian development, 189 Jähner, 1982, De novo methylation and expression of retroviral genomes during mouse embryogenesis, Nature, 298, 623, 10.1038/298623a0 Jones, 1985, Altering gene expression with 5-azacytidine, Cell, 40, 485, 10.1016/0092-8674(85)90192-8 Jones, 1983, Inhibition of DNA methylation by 5-azacytidine, Recent Results Cancer Res., 84, 202 Jones, 1990, De novo methylation of the MyoDl CpG island during the establishment of immortal cell lines, Proc. Natl. Aced. Sci. USA, 87, 6117, 10.1073/pnas.87.16.6117 Kaufman, 1990, Morphological stages of postimplantation embryonic development, 81 Klempnauer, 1987, The highly conserved amino-terminal region of the protein encoded by the v-myb oncogene functions as a DNA binding domain, EMBO J., 6, 2719, 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1987.tb02565.x Laird, 1991, Simplified mammalian DNA isolation procedure, Nucl. Acids Res., 19, 4293, 10.1093/nar/19.15.4293 Lauster, 1989, Cytosinespecific type II DNA methyltransferases. A conserved enzyme core with variable target-recognizing domains, J. Mol. Biol., 206, 305, 10.1016/0022-2836(89)90480-4 Mann, 1988, Two maternally derived X chromosomes contribute to parthenogenetic inviability, Development, 103, 129, 10.1242/dev.104.1.129 Mansour, 1988, Disruption of the protooncogene int-2 in mouse embryo-derived stem cells: a general strategy for targeting mutations to non-selectable genes, Nature, 336, 348, 10.1038/336348a0 McMahon, 1990, The Wnt-1 (int-1) protooncogene is required for development of a large region of the mouse brain, Cell, 62, 1073, 10.1016/0092-8674(90)90385-R Monk, 1987, Temporal and regional changes in DNA methylation in the embryonic, extraembryonic and germ cell lineages during mouse embryo development, Development, 99, 371, 10.1242/dev.99.3.371 Monk, 1991, Decrease in DNA methylase activity during preimplantation development in the mouse, Development, 112, 189, 10.1242/dev.112.1.189 Pedrali-Noy, 1986, Mammalian DNA methyltransferases prefer poly(dl-dC) as substrate, J. Biol. Chem., 261, 7600, 10.1016/S0021-9258(19)57438-5 Pfeifer, 1986, DNA methyltransferase polypeptides in mouse and human cells, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 868, 238, 10.1016/0167-4781(86)90059-X Posfai, 1989, Predictive motifs derived from cytosine methyltransferases, Nucl. Acids Res., 17, 2421, 10.1093/nar/17.7.2421 Reik, 1987, Genomic imprinting determines the methylation of parental alleles in transgenic mice, Nature, 328, 248, 10.1038/328248a0 Riggs, 1975, X inactivation, differentiation, and DNA methylation, Cytogenet. Cell Genet., 14, 9, 10.1159/000130315 Robertson, 1987, Embryo-derived stem cell lines, 71 Sapienza, 1987, Degree of methylation of transgenes is dependent on origin of gametes, Nature, 328, 251, 10.1038/328251a0 Sasaki, 1991, Inherited type of allelic methylation variations in a mouse chromosome region where an integrated transgene shows methylation imprinting, Development, 111, 573, 10.1242/dev.111.2.573 Schwartz, 1962, Enzymatic synthesis of DNA, J. Biol. Chem., 237, 1961, 10.1016/S0021-9258(19)73967-2 Shemer, 1991, Methylation changes in the apolipoprotein AI gene during embryonic development of the mouse, 88, 11300 Simpson, 1986, Caenorhabditis elegans DNA does not contain 5-methylcytosine at any time during development or aging, Nucl. Acids Res., 14, 6711, 10.1093/nar/14.16.6711 Stevens, 1973, A new inbred subline of mice (129/terSv) with a high incidence of spontaneous ongenital testicular teratomas, J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 50, 235, 10.1093/jnci/50.1.235 Stewart, 1982, De novo methylation, expression, and infectivity of retroviral genomes introduced into embryonal carcinoma cells, 79, 4098 Stuhlmann, 1981, Infectivity and methylation of retroviral genomes is correlated with expression in the animal, Cell, 26, 221, 10.1016/0092-8674(81)90305-6 Swain, 1987, Parental legacy determines methylation and expression of an autosomal transgene: a molecular mechanism for parental imprinting, Cell, 50, 719, 10.1016/0092-8674(87)90330-8 te Riele, 1990, Consecutive inactivation of both alleles of the pim-1 protooncogene by homologous recombination in embryonic stem cells, Nature, 348, 649, 10.1038/348649a0 Thomas, 1987, Site-directed mutagenesis by gene targeting in mouse embryo-derived stem cells, Cell, 51, 503, 10.1016/0092-8674(87)90646-5 Tybulewicz, 1991, Neonatal lethality and lymphopenia in mice with a homozygous disruption of the c-abl proto-oncogene, Cell, 65, 1153, 10.1016/0092-8674(91)90011-M Urieli-Shoval, 1982, The absence of detectable methylated bases in Drosophila melanogaster DNA, FEBS Lett., 146, 148, 10.1016/0014-5793(82)80723-0 Watt, 1988, Cytosine methylation prevents binding to DNA of a HeLa cell transcription factor required for optimal expression of the adenovirus major late promoter, Genes Dev., 2, 1136, 10.1101/gad.2.9.1136 Wessel, 1984, A method for the quantitative recovery of protein in dilute solution in the presence of detergents and lipids, Anal. Biochem., 138, 141, 10.1016/0003-2697(84)90782-6 Wigler, 1981, The somatic replication of DNA methylation, Cell, 24, 33, 10.1016/0092-8674(81)90498-0 Zijlstra, 1989, Germ-line transmission of a disrupted β2-microglobulin gene produced by homologous recombination in embryonic stem cells, Nature, 342, 435, 10.1038/342435a0