The PRISMA Statement for Reporting Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses of Studies That Evaluate Health Care Interventions: Explanation and Elaboration

2006, Randomized controlled trials registration/application checklist (12/2006).

C Young, 2005, Putting clinical trials into context., Lancet, 366, 107, 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)66846-8

D Moher, 2007, Epidemiology and reporting characteristics of systematic reviews., PLoS Med, 4, e78, 10.1371/journal.pmed.0040078

E Dixon, 2005, Evaluating meta-analyses in the general surgical literature: A critical appraisal., Ann Surg, 241, 450, 10.1097/01.sla.0000154258.30305.df

ME Hemels, 2004, Quality assessment of meta-analyses of RCTs of pharmacotherapy in major depressive disorder., Curr Med Res Opin, 20, 477, 10.1185/030079904125003197

W Jin, 2008, The reporting quality of meta-analyses improves: A random sampling study., J Clin Epidemiol, 61, 770, 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2007.10.008

D Moher, 2008, Helping editors, peer reviewers and authors improve the clarity, completeness and transparency of reporting health research., BMC Med, 6, 13, 10.1186/1741-7015-6-13

D Moher, 1999, Improving the quality of reports of meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials: The QUOROM statement. Quality of Reporting of Meta-analyses., Lancet, 354, 1896, 10.1016/S0140-6736(99)04149-5

S Green, 2008, Chapter 1: What is a systematic review? In: Higgins JPT, Green S, editors. Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions version 5.0.0 [updated February 2008]. The Cochrane Collaboration.

GH Guyatt, 2008, GRADE: An emerging consensus on rating quality of evidence and strength of recommendations., BMJ, 336, 924, 10.1136/bmj.39489.470347.AD

JPT Higgins, 2008, Chapter 8: Assessing risk of bias in included studies.

D Moher, 2008, Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA Statement., PLoS Med, 6, e1000097, 10.1371/journal.pmed.1000097

D Atkins, 2005, Better information for better health care: The Evidence-based Practice Center program and the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality., Ann Intern Med, 142, 1035, 10.7326/0003-4819-142-12_Part_2-200506211-00002

M Helfand, 2009, Principles for developing guidance: AHRQ and the effective health-care program.

JPT Higgins, 2008, Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions version 5.0.0 [updated February 2008]. The Cochrane Collaboration.

2009, Systematic reviews: CRD's guidance for undertaking reviews in health care

DG Altman, 2001, The revised CONSORT statement for reporting randomized trials: Explanation and elaboration., Ann Intern Med, 134, 663, 10.7326/0003-4819-134-8-200104170-00012

PM Bossuyt, 2003, The STARD statement for reporting studies of diagnostic accuracy: Explanation and elaboration., Clin Chem, 49, 7, 10.1373/49.1.7

JP Vandenbroucke, 2007, Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE): Explanation and elaboration., PLoS Med, 4, e297, 10.1371/journal.pmed.0040297

A Barker, 2007, Recurrence rates of video-assisted thoracoscopic versus open surgery in the prevention of recurrent pneumothoraces: A systematic review of randomised and non-randomised trials., Lancet, 370, 329, 10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61163-5

G Bjelakovic, 2007, Mortality in randomized trials of antioxidant supplements for primary and secondary prevention: Systematic review and meta-analysis., JAMA, 297, 842, 10.1001/jama.297.8.842

VM Montori, 2005, Optimal search strategies for retrieving systematic reviews from Medline: Analytical survey., BMJ, 330, 68, 10.1136/bmj.38336.804167.47

HA Bischoff-Ferrari, 2005, Fracture prevention with vitamin D supplementation: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials., JAMA, 293, 2257, 10.1001/jama.293.18.2257

S Hopewell, 2008, CONSORT for reporting randomised trials in journal and conference abstracts., Lancet, 371, 281, 10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61835-2

S Hopewell, 2008, CONSORT for reporting randomized controlled trials in journal and conference abstracts: Explanation and elaboration., PLoS Med, 5, e20, 10.1371/journal.pmed.0050020

RB Haynes, 1990, More informative abstracts revisited., Ann Intern Med, 113, 69, 10.7326/0003-4819-113-1-69

CD Mulrow, 1988, A proposal for more informative abstracts of review articles., Ann Intern Med, 108, 613, 10.7326/0003-4819-108-4-613

P Froom, 1993, Deficiencies in structured medical abstracts., J Clin Epidemiol, 46, 591, 10.1016/0895-4356(93)90029-Z

J Hartley, 2000, Clarifying the abstracts of systematic literature reviews., Bull Med Libr Assoc, 88, 332

J Hartley, 1996, Obtaining information accurately and quickly: Are structured abstract more efficient?, J Infor Sci, 22, 349, 10.1177/016555159602200503

SJ Pocock, 1987, Statistical problems in the reporting of clinical trials. A survey of three medical journals., N Engl J Med, 317, 426, 10.1056/NEJM198708133170706

A Taddio, 1994, Quality of nonstructured and structured abstracts of original research articles in the British Medical Journal, the Canadian Medical Association Journal and the Journal of the American Medical Association., CMAJ, 150, 1611

KC Harris, 2009, Effect of school-based physical activity interventions on body mass index in children: A meta-analysis., CMAJ, 180, 719, 10.1503/cmaj.080966

MT James, 2008, Meta-analysis: Antibiotics for prophylaxis against hemodialysis catheter-related infections., Ann Intern Med, 148, 596, 10.7326/0003-4819-148-8-200804150-00004

C Counsell, 1997, Formulating questions and locating primary studies for inclusion in systematic reviews., Ann Intern Med, 127, 380, 10.7326/0003-4819-127-5-199709010-00008

PC Gotzsche, 2000, Why we need a broad perspective on meta-analysis. It may be crucially important for patients., BMJ, 321, 585, 10.1136/bmj.321.7261.585

P Grossman, 2004, Mindfulness-based stress reduction and health benefits. A meta-analysis., J Psychosom Res, 57, 35, 10.1016/S0022-3999(03)00573-7

G Brunton, 2008, Chapter 2: Preparing a Cochrane review.

AJ Sutton, 1998, Systematic reviews of trials and other studies., Health Technol Assess, 2, 1, 10.3310/hta2190

JP Ioannidis, 2002, Commentary: Meta-analysis of individual participants' data in genetic epidemiology., Am J Epidemiol, 156, 204, 10.1093/aje/kwf031

LA Stewart, 1995, Practical methodology of meta-analyses (overviews) using updated individual patient data. Cochrane Working Group., Stat Med, 14, 2057, 10.1002/sim.4780141902

AW Chan, 2004, Empirical evidence for selective reporting of outcomes in randomized trials: Comparison of protocols to published articles., JAMA, 291, 2457, 10.1001/jama.291.20.2457

K Dwan, 2008, Systematic review of the empirical evidence of study publication bias and outcome reporting bias., PLoS ONE, 3, e3081, 10.1371/journal.pone.0003081

CA Silagy, 2002, Publishing protocols of systematic reviews: Comparing what was done to what was planned., JAMA, 287, 2831, 10.1001/jama.287.21.2831

2009, Research projects

2009, Protocols & work in progress.

SM Bagshaw, 2006, Acetylcysteine in the prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy: A case study of the pitfalls in the evolution of evidence., Arch Intern Med, 166, 161, 10.1001/archinte.166.2.161

GG Biondi-Zoccai, 2006, Compliance with QUOROM and quality of reporting of overlapping meta-analyses on the role of acetylcysteine in the prevention of contrast associated nephropathy: Case study., BMJ, 332, 202, 10.1136/bmj.38693.516782.7C

HS Sacks, 1987, Meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials., N Engl J Med, 316, 450, 10.1056/NEJM198702193160806

RJ Schroth, 2004, Hepatitis B vaccination for patients with chronic renal failure., Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 10.1002/14651858.CD003775.pub2

M Egger, 1997, Language bias in randomised controlled trials published in English and German., Lancet, 350, 326, 10.1016/S0140-6736(97)02419-7

G Gregoire, 1995, Selecting the language of the publications included in a meta-analysis: Is there a Tower of Babel bias?, J Clin Epidemiol, 48, 159, 10.1016/0895-4356(94)00098-B

P Jüni, 2002, Direction and impact of language bias in meta-analyses of controlled trials: Empirical study., Int J Epidemiol, 31, 115, 10.1093/ije/31.1.115

D Moher, 2000, What contributions do languages other than English make on the results of meta-analyses?, J Clin Epidemiol, 53, 964, 10.1016/S0895-4356(00)00188-8

Z Pan, 2005, Local literature bias in genetic epidemiology: An empirical evaluation of the Chinese literature., PLoS Med, 2, e334, 10.1371/journal.pmed.0020334

S Hopewell, 2007, Grey literature in meta-analyses of randomized trials of health care interventions., Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 10.1002/14651858.MR000010.pub3

H Melander, 2003, Evidence b(i)ased medicine—Selective reporting from studies sponsored by pharmaceutical industry: Review of studies in new drug applications., BMJ, 326, 1171, 10.1136/bmj.326.7400.1171

AJ Sutton, 2000, Empirical assessment of effect of publication bias on meta-analyses., BMJ, 320, 1574, 10.1136/bmj.320.7249.1574

PC Gotzsche, 2006, Believability of relative risks and odds ratios in abstracts: Cross sectional study., BMJ, 333, 231, 10.1136/bmj.38895.410451.79

M Bhandari, 2002, An observational study of orthopaedic abstracts and subsequent full-text publications., J Bone Joint Surg Am, 84-A, 615, 10.2106/00004623-200204000-00017

ES Rosmarakis, 2005, From conference abstract to full paper: Differences between data presented in conferences and journals., Faseb J, 19, 673, 10.1096/fj.04-3140lfe

M Toma, 2006, Transition from meeting abstract to full-length journal article for randomized controlled trials., JAMA, 295, 1281, 10.1001/jama.295.11.1281

Y Saunders, 2004, Systematic review of bisphosphonates for hypercalcaemia of malignancy., Palliat Med, 18, 418, 10.1191/0269216304pm914ra

KG Shojania, 2007, How quickly do systematic reviews go out of date? A survival analysis., Ann Intern Med, 147, 224, 10.7326/0003-4819-147-4-200708210-00179

K Bergerhoff, 2004, Do we need to consider ‘in process citations’ for search strategies? 12th Cochrane Colloquium; 2–6 October 2004; Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.

L Zhang, 2006, Reporting of the role of expert searcher in Cochrane reviews., Evid Based Libr Info Pract, 1, 3, 10.18438/B85K52

EH Turner, 2008, Selective publication of antidepressant trials and its influence on apparent efficacy., N Engl J Med, 358, 252, 10.1056/NEJMsa065779

MM Alejandria, 2002, Intravenous immunoglobulin for treating sepsis and septic shock., Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 10.1002/14651858.CD001090

S Golder, 2006, Developing efficient search strategies to identify reports of adverse effects in MEDLINE and EMBASE., Health Info Libr J, 23, 3, 10.1111/j.1471-1842.2006.00634.x

M Sampson, 2009, An evidence-based practice guideline for the peer review of electronic search strategies., J Clin Epidemiol

C Flores-Mir, 2006, Search and selection methodology of systematic reviews in orthodontics (2000–2004)., Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop, 130, 214, 10.1016/j.ajodo.2006.02.028

MP Major, 2006, An evaluation of search and selection methods used in dental systematic reviews published in English., J Am Dent Assoc, 137, 1252, 10.14219/jada.archive.2006.0382

MP Major, 2007, Benchmarking of reported search and selection methods of systematic reviews by dental speciality., Evid Based Dent, 8, 66, 10.1038/sj.ebd.6400504

MR Shah, 2005, Impact of the pulmonary artery catheter in critically ill patients: Meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials., JAMA, 294, 1664, 10.1001/jama.294.13.1664

P Edwards, 2002, Identification of randomized controlled trials in systematic reviews: Accuracy and reliability of screening records., Stat Med, 21, 1635, 10.1002/sim.1190

HM Cooper, 1989, Influences on the outcome of literature searches for integrative research reviews., Knowledge, 10, 179, 10.1177/107554708901000301

P Mistiaen, 2006, Telephone follow-up, initiated by a hospital-based health professional, for postdischarge problems in patients discharged from hospital to home., Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 10.1002/14651858.CD004510.pub3

AP Jones, 2005, High prevalence but low impact of data extraction and reporting errors were found in Cochrane systematic reviews., J Clin Epidemiol, 58, 741, 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2004.11.024

M Clarke, 2006, Compression stockings for preventing deep vein thrombosis in airline passengers., Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 10.1002/14651858.CD004002.pub2

MR Tramer, 1997, Impact of covert duplicate publication on meta-analysis: A case study., BMJ, 315, 635, 10.1136/bmj.315.7109.635

E von Elm, 2004, Different patterns of duplicate publication: An analysis of articles used in systematic reviews., JAMA, 291, 974, 10.1001/jama.291.8.974

PC Gotzsche, 1989, Multiple publication of reports of drug trials., Eur J Clin Pharmacol, 36, 429, 10.1007/BF00558064

C Allen, 2005, Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for pain in women with endometriosis., Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 10.1002/14651858.CD004753.pub2

P Glasziou, 2008, What is missing from descriptions of treatment in trials and reviews?, BMJ, 336, 1472, 10.1136/bmj.39590.732037.47

MJ Tracz, 2006, Testosterone use in men and its effects on bone health. A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials., J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 91, 2011, 10.1210/jc.2006-0036

HC Bucher, 2000, Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty versus medical treatment for non-acute coronary heart disease: Meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials., BMJ, 321, 73, 10.1136/bmj.321.7253.73

LL Gluud, 2006, Bias in clinical intervention research., Am J Epidemiol, 163, 493, 10.1093/aje/kwj069

J Pildal, 2007, Impact of allocation concealment on conclusions drawn from meta-analyses of randomized trials., Int J Epidemiol, 36, 847, 10.1093/ije/dym087

LP Moja, 2005, Assessment of methodological quality of primary studies by systematic reviews: Results of the metaquality cross sectional study., BMJ, 330, 1053, 10.1136/bmj.38414.515938.8F

D Moher, 1996, Assessing the quality of randomized controlled trials. Current issues and future directions., Int J Technol Assess Health Care, 12, 195, 10.1017/S0266462300009570

S Sanderson, 2007, Tools for assessing quality and susceptibility to bias in observational studies in epidemiology: A systematic review and annotated bibliography., Int J Epidemiol, 36, 666, 10.1093/ije/dym018

S Greenland, 1994, Invited commentary: A critical look at some popular meta-analytic methods., Am J Epidemiol, 140, 290, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a117248

P Jüni, 2001, Systematic reviews in health care: Assessing the quality of controlled clinical trials., BMJ, 323, 42, 10.1136/bmj.323.7303.42

R Kunz, 1998, The unpredictability paradox: Review of empirical comparisons of randomised and non-randomised clinical trials., BMJ, 317, 1185, 10.1136/bmj.317.7167.1185

EM Balk, 2002, Correlation of quality measures with estimates of treatment effect in meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials., JAMA, 287, 2973, 10.1001/jama.287.22.2973

PJ Devereaux, 2005, How strong is the evidence for the use of perioperative beta blockers in non-cardiac surgery? Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials., BMJ, 331, 313, 10.1136/bmj.38503.623646.8F

PJ Devereaux, 2002, Double blind, you are the weakest link—Good-bye!, ACP J Club, 136, A11, 10.7326/ACPJC-2002-136-1-A11

CA van Nieuwenhoven, 2001, Relationship between methodological trial quality and the effects of selective digestive decontamination on pneumonia and mortality in critically ill patients., JAMA, 286, 335, 10.1001/jama.286.3.335

GH Guyatt, 2002, Therapy. Users' guides to the medical literature, 55

DL Sackett, 1979, Controversy in counting and attributing events in clinical trials., N Engl J Med, 301, 1410, 10.1056/NEJM197912273012602

VM Montori, 2005, Randomized trials stopped early for benefit: A systematic review., JAMA, 294, 2203, 10.1001/jama.294.17.2203

GH Guyatt, 2002, Therapy and validity: The principle of intention-to-treat., 267

JA Berlin, 1997, Does blinding of readers affect the results of meta-analyses? University of Pennsylvania Meta-analysis Blinding Study Group., Lancet, 350, 185, 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)62352-5

AR Jadad, 1996, Assessing the quality of reports of randomized clinical trials: Is blinding necessary?, Control Clin Trials, 17, 1, 10.1016/0197-2456(95)00134-4

AG Pittas, 2004, Insulin therapy for critically ill hospitalized patients: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials., Arch Intern Med, 164, 2005, 10.1001/archinte.164.18.2005

R Lakhdar, 2008, Safety and tolerability of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor versus the combination of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor and angiotensin receptor blocker in patients with left ventricular dysfunction: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials., J Card Fail, 14, 181, 10.1016/j.cardfail.2007.11.008

R Bobat, 2005, Safety and efficacy of zinc supplementation for children with HIV-1 infection in South Africa: A randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trial., Lancet, 366, 1862, 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67756-2

JJ Deeks, 2001, Effect measures for meta-analysis of trials with binary outcomes., 10.1002/9780470693926.ch16

JJ Deeks, 2002, Issues in the selection of a summary statistic for meta-analysis of clinical trials with binary outcomes., Stat Med, 21, 1575, 10.1002/sim.1188

EA Engels, 2000, Heterogeneity and statistical significance in meta-analysis: An empirical study of 125 meta-analyses., Stat Med, 19, 1707, 10.1002/1097-0258(20000715)19:13<1707::AID-SIM491>3.0.CO;2-P

JF Tierney, 2007, Practical methods for incorporating summary time-to-event data into meta-analysis., Trials, 8, 16, 10.1186/1745-6215-8-16

S Michiels, 2005, Meta-analysis when only the median survival times are known: A comparison with individual patient data results., Int J Technol Assess Health Care, 21, 119, 10.1017/S0266462305050154

M Briel, 2004, Effects of statins on stroke prevention in patients with and without coronary heart disease: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials., Am J Med, 117, 596, 10.1016/j.amjmed.2004.04.022

M Jones, 2004, Epoetin alfa improves quality of life in patients with cancer: Results of metaanalysis., Cancer, 101, 1720, 10.1002/cncr.20569

DR Elbourne, 2002, Meta-analyses involving cross-over trials: Methodological issues., Int J Epidemiol, 31, 140, 10.1093/ije/31.1.140

D Follmann, 1992, Variance imputation for overviews of clinical trials with continuous response., J Clin Epidemiol, 45, 769, 10.1016/0895-4356(92)90054-Q

N Wiebe, 2006, A systematic review identifies a lack of standardization in methods for handling missing variance data., J Clin Epidemiol, 59, 342, 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2005.08.017

A Hrobjartsson, 2004, Placebo interventions for all clinical conditions., Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 10.1002/14651858.CD003974.pub2

PG Shekelle, 2004, Pharmacological and surgical treatment of obesity., Evid Rep Technol Assess (Summ), 1

AW Chan, 2005, Identifying outcome reporting bias in randomised trials on PubMed: Review of publications and survey of authors., BMJ, 330, 753, 10.1136/bmj.38356.424606.8F

PR Williamson, 2005, Identification and impact of outcome selection bias in meta-analysis., Stat Med, 24, 1547, 10.1002/sim.2025

PR Williamson, 2005, Outcome selection bias in meta-analysis., Stat Methods Med Res, 14, 515, 10.1191/0962280205sm415oa

JP Ioannidis, 2007, The appropriateness of asymmetry tests for publication bias in meta-analyses: A large survey., CMAJ, 176, 1091, 10.1503/cmaj.060410

M Briel, 2006, Effects of early treatment with statins on short-term clinical outcomes in acute coronary syndromes: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials., JAMA, 295, 2046, 10.1001/jama.295.17.2046

F Song, 2000, Publication and related biases., Health Technol Assess, 4, 1, 10.3310/hta4100

CH Schmid, 2004, Meta-regression detected associations between heterogeneous treatment effects and study-level, but not patient-level, factors., J Clin Epidemiol, 57, 683, 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2003.12.001

JP Higgins, 2004, Controlling the risk of spurious findings from meta-regression., Stat Med, 23, 1663, 10.1002/sim.1752

SG Thompson, 2005, Treating individuals 4: Can meta-analysis help target interventions at individuals most likely to benefit?, Lancet, 365, 341, 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)70200-2

RJ Uitterhoeve, 2004, Psychosocial interventions for patients with advanced cancer—A systematic review of the literature., Br J Cancer, 91, 1050, 10.1038/sj.bjc.6602103

L Fuccio, 2007, Meta-analysis: Duration of first-line proton-pump inhibitor based triple therapy for <italic>Helicobacter pylori</italic> eradication., Ann Intern Med, 147, 553, 10.7326/0003-4819-147-8-200710160-00008

M Egger, 1998, Bias in location and selection of studies., BMJ, 316, 61, 10.1136/bmj.316.7124.61

U Ravnskov, 1992, Cholesterol lowering trials in coronary heart disease: Frequency of citation and outcome., BMJ, 305, 15, 10.1136/bmj.305.6844.15

D Hind, 2007, Do health technology assessments comply with QUOROM diagram guidance? An empirical study., BMC Med Res Methodol, 7, 49, 10.1186/1471-2288-7-49

C Curioni, 2006, Rimonabant for overweight or obesity., Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 10.1002/14651858.CD006162.pub2

LR DeCamp, 2008, Use of antiemetic agents in acute gastroenteritis: A systematic review and meta-analysis., Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med, 162, 858, 10.1001/archpedi.162.9.858

EE Pakos, 2004, Radiotherapy vs. nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for the prevention of heterotopic ossification after major hip procedures: A meta-analysis of randomized trials., Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 60, 888, 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2003.11.015

K Skalsky, 2008, Treatment of human brucellosis: Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials., BMJ, 336, 701, 10.1136/bmj.39497.500903.25

DG Altman, 2001, The need for individual trial results in reports of systematic reviews., BMJ. Rapid response

PC Gotzsche, 2007, Data extraction errors in meta-analyses that use standardized mean differences., JAMA, 298, 430

S Lewis, 2001, Forest plots: Trying to see the wood and the trees., BMJ, 322, 1479, 10.1136/bmj.322.7300.1479

PN Papanikolaou, 2004, Availability of large-scale evidence on specific harms from systematic reviews of randomized trials., Am J Med, 117, 582, 10.1016/j.amjmed.2004.04.026

M Duffett, 2007, Surfactant therapy for acute respiratory failure in children: A systematic review and meta-analysis., Crit Care, 11, R66, 10.1186/cc5944

E Balk, 2006, Effectiveness of management strategies for renal artery stenosis: A systematic review., Ann Intern Med, 145, 901, 10.7326/0003-4819-145-12-200612190-00143

S Palfreyman, 2007, Dressings for venous leg ulcers: Systematic review and meta-analysis., BMJ, 335, 244, 10.1136/bmj.39248.634977.AE

JP Ioannidis, 2007, Uncertainty in heterogeneity estimates in meta-analyses., BMJ, 335, 914, 10.1136/bmj.39343.408449.80

KM Appleton, 2006, Effects of n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids on depressed mood: Systematic review of published trials., Am J Clin Nutr, 84, 1308, 10.1093/ajcn/84.6.1308

I Kirsch, 2008, Initial severity and antidepressant benefits: A meta-analysis of data submitted to the Food and Drug Administration., PLoS Med, 5, e45, 10.1371/journal.pmed.0050045

S Reichenbach, 2007, Meta-analysis: Chondroitin for osteoarthritis of the knee or hip., Ann Intern Med, 146, 580, 10.7326/0003-4819-146-8-200704170-00009

EM Hodson, 2008, Antiviral medications for preventing cytomegalovirus disease in solid organ transplant recipients., Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 10.1002/14651858.CD003774.pub3

SG Thompson, 2002, How should meta-regression analyses be undertaken and interpreted?, Stat Med, 21, 1559, 10.1002/sim.1187

AW Chan, 2004, Outcome reporting bias in randomized trials funded by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research., CMAJ, 171, 735, 10.1503/cmaj.1041086

S Hahn, 2000, Assessing the potential for bias in meta-analysis due to selective reporting of subgroup analyses within studies., Stat Med, 19, 3325, 10.1002/1097-0258(20001230)19:24<3325::AID-SIM827>3.0.CO;2-D

LW Green, 2006, Evaluating the relevance, generalization, and applicability of research: Issues in external validation and translation methodology., Eval Health Prof, 29, 126, 10.1177/0163278705284445

A Liberati, 2004, Antibiotic prophylaxis to reduce respiratory tract infections and mortality in adults receiving intensive care., Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 10.1002/14651858.CD000022.pub2

R Gonzalez, 2008, Meta-analysis: Combination endoscopic and drug therapy to prevent variceal rebleeding in cirrhosis., Ann Intern Med, 149, 109, 10.7326/0003-4819-149-2-200807150-00007

R D'Amico, 1998, Effectiveness of antibiotic prophylaxis in critically ill adult patients: Systematic review of randomised controlled trials., BMJ, 316, 1275, 10.1136/bmj.316.7140.1275

O Olsen, 2001, Quality of Cochrane reviews: Assessment of sample from 1998., BMJ, 323, 829, 10.1136/bmj.323.7317.829

S Hopewell, 2008, Reporting of adverse events in systematic reviews can be improved: Survey results., J Clin Epidemiol, 61, 597, 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2007.10.005

DJ Cook, 1996, Stress ulcer prophylaxis in critically ill patients. Resolving discordant meta-analyses., JAMA, 275, 308, 10.1001/jama.1996.03530280060038

AR Jadad, 1997, A guide to interpreting discordant systematic reviews., CMAJ, 156, 1411

L Clarke, 2007, How useful are Cochrane reviews in identifying research needs?, J Health Serv Res Policy, 12, 101, 10.1258/135581907780279648

2000, World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki: Ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects., JAMA, 284, 3043, 10.1001/jama.284.23.3043

M Clarke, 2007, Reports of clinical trials should begin and end with up-to-date systematic reviews of other relevant evidence: A status report., J R Soc Med, 100, 187, 10.1258/jrsm.100.4.187

C Dube, 2007, The use of aspirin for primary prevention of colorectal cancer: A systematic review prepared for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force., Ann Intern Med, 146, 365, 10.7326/0003-4819-146-5-200703060-00009

J Critchley, 2005, Haemoglobin colour scale for anaemia diagnosis where there is no laboratory: A systematic review., Int J Epidemiol, 34, 1425, 10.1093/ije/dyi195

J Lexchin, 2003, Pharmaceutical industry sponsorship and research outcome and quality: Systematic review., BMJ, 326, 1167, 10.1136/bmj.326.7400.1167

B Als-Nielsen, 2003, Association of funding and conclusions in randomized drug trials: A reflection of treatment effect or adverse events?, JAMA, 290, 921, 10.1001/jama.290.7.921

J Peppercorn, 2007, Association between pharmaceutical involvement and outcomes in breast cancer clinical trials., Cancer, 109, 1239, 10.1002/cncr.22528

V Yank, 2007, Financial ties and concordance between results and conclusions in meta-analyses: Retrospective cohort study., BMJ, 335, 1202, 10.1136/bmj.39376.447211.BE

AW Jorgensen, 2006, Cochrane reviews compared with industry supported meta-analyses and other meta-analyses of the same drugs: Systematic review., BMJ, 333, 782, 10.1136/bmj.38973.444699.0B

PC Gotzsche, 2007, Ghost authorship in industry-initiated randomised trials., PLoS Med, 4, e19, 10.1371/journal.pmed.0040019

A Akbari, 2008, Interventions to improve outpatient referrals from primary care to secondary care., Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 10.1002/14651858.CD005471.pub2

P Davies, 2001, The Campbell Collaboration., BMJ, 323, 294, 10.1136/bmj.323.7308.294

R Pawson, 2005, Realist review—A new method of systematic review designed for complex policy interventions., J Health Serv Res Policy, 10, 21, 10.1258/1355819054308530

T Greenhalgh, 2005, Storylines of research in diffusion of innovation: A meta-narrative approach to systematic review., Soc Sci Med, 61, 417, 10.1016/j.socscimed.2004.12.001

T Lumley, 2002, Network meta-analysis for indirect treatment comparisons., Stat Med, 21, 2313, 10.1002/sim.1201

G Salanti, 2008, Evaluation of networks of randomized trials., Stat Methods Med Res, 17, 279, 10.1177/0962280207080643

DG Altman, 2005, [Developing guidelines for reporting healthcare research: Scientific rationale and procedures.]., Med Clin (Barc), 125, 8

A Delaney, 2005, A systematic evaluation of the quality of meta-analyses in the critical care literature., Crit Care, 9, R575, 10.1186/cc3803

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DE Warn, 2002, Bayesian random effects meta-analysis of trials with binary outcomes: Methods for the absolute risk difference and relative risk scales., Stat Med, 21, 1601, 10.1002/sim.1189

JP Higgins, 2003, Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses., BMJ, 327, 557, 10.1136/bmj.327.7414.557

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D Ghersi, 2006, Issues in the design, conduct and reporting of clinical trials that impact on the quality of decision making. PhD thesis

E von Elm, 2008, Publication and non-publication of clinical trials: Longitudinal study of applications submitted to a research ethics committee., Swiss Med Wkly, 138, 197

JA Sterne, 2001, Funnel plots for detecting bias in meta-analysis: Guidelines on choice of axis., J Clin Epidemiol, 54, 1046, 10.1016/S0895-4356(01)00377-8

RM Harbord, 2006, A modified test for small-study effects in meta-analyses of controlled trials with binary endpoints., Stat Med, 25, 3443, 10.1002/sim.2380

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J Lau, 2006, The case of the misleading funnel plot., BMJ, 333, 597, 10.1136/bmj.333.7568.597

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JP Ioannidis, 2007, An exploratory test for an excess of significant findings., Clin Trials, 4, 245, 10.1177/1740774507079441

JAC Sterne, 2008, Chapter 10: Addressing reporting biases.