Atrazine and nitrate in drinking water and the risk of preterm delivery and low birth weight in four Midwestern states

Arbuckle, 1988, Water nitrates and CNS birth defects: a population-based case-controlled study, Arch. Environ. Health, 43, 162, 10.1080/00039896.1988.9935846 Aschengrau, 1989, Quality of community drinking water and the occurrence of spontaneous abortion, Arch. Environ. Health, 44, 283, 10.1080/00039896.1989.9935895 Balluz, 2014, CDC's environmental public health tracking network: an innovative dynamic surveillance system for you, J. Environ. Health, 76, 48 Barker, 2006, Adult consequences of fetal growth restriction, Clin. Obstet. Gynecol., 49, 270, 10.1097/00003081-200606000-00009 Brender, 2004, Dietary nitrites and nitrates, nitrosatable drugs, and neural tube defects, Epidemiology, 15, 330, 10.1097/01.ede.0000121381.79831.7b Brender, 2013, National birth defects prevention study. Prenatal nitrate intake from drinking water and selected birth defects in offspring of participants in the national birth defects prevention study, Environ. Health Perspect., 121, 1083, 10.1289/ehp.1206249 Bukowski, 2001, Agricultural contamination of groundwater as a possible risk factor for growth restriction or prematurity, J. Occup. Environ. Med., 43, 377, 10.1097/00043764-200104000-00016 Chevrier, 2011, Urinary biomarkers of prenatal atrazine exposure and adverse birth outcomes in the PELAGIE birth cohort, Environ. Health Perspect., 119, 1034, 10.1289/ehp.1002775 Comly HH. Landmark article Sept 8, 1945: Cyanosis in infants caused by nitrates in well-water. By Hunter H. Comly. JAMA. vol. 257(20), 1987, pp.2788-2792. Cooper, 2007, Atrazine and reproductive function: mode and mechanism of action studies, Birth Defects Res. B Dev. Reprod. Toxicol., 80, 98, 10.1002/bdrb.20110 Croen, 2001, Maternal exposure to nitrate from drinking water and diet and risk for neural tube defects, Am. J. Epidemiol., 153, 325, 10.1093/aje/153.4.325 Dorsch, 1984, Congenital malformations and maternal drinking water supply in rural South Australia: a case-control study, J. Epidemiol., 119, 473, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a113764 Du Preez, 2008, Reproduction, larval growth, and reproductive development in African clawed frogs (Xenopus laevis) exposed to atrazine, Chemosphere, 71, 546, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.09.051 Dwyer-Lindgren, 2014, Cigarette smoking prevalence in U.S. counties: 1996–2012, Popul. Health Metr., 12, 1 Environmental Protection Agency (U.S.), 2015. Pesticides: Topical and Chemical Fact Sheets: Atrazine. Available from: 〈http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/factsheets/atrazine_background.htm〉 (cited 2015 July 7). Exner, 2014, Nebraska's groundwater legacy: nitrate contamination beneath irrigated cropland, Water Resour. Res, 50, 4474, 10.1002/2013WR015073 Fan, 1996, Health implications of nitrate and nitrite in drinking water: an update on methemoglobinemia occurrence and reproductive and developmental toxicity, Regul. Toxicol. Pharm., 23, 35, 10.1006/rtph.1996.0006 Fan, 2007, Atrazine-induced aromatase expression is SF-1 dependent: implications for endocrine disruption in wildlife and reproductive cancers in humans, Environ. Health Perspect., 115, 720, 10.1289/ehp.9758 Gawriluk, 2015, BECN1, corpus luteum function, and preterm labor, Autophagy, 11, 183, 10.4161/15548627.2014.984269 Glass, 2015, Outcomes for extremely premature infants, Anesth. Analg., 120, 1337, 10.1213/ANE.0000000000000705 Grant, 1996, Spontaneous abortions possibly related to ingestion of nitrate-contaminated well water -LaGrange County, Indiana, 1991–1994, Morb. Mortal. Wkly Rep. (MMWR), 45, 569 Guillette, 2006, Endocrine disrupting contaminants--beyond the dogma, Environ. Health Perspect., 114, S9, 10.1289/ehp.8045 Haider, 2013, Nutrition Impact Model Study Group (anaemia). Anaemia, prenatal iron use, and risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes: systematic review and meta-analysis, BMJ, 346, f3443, 10.1136/bmj.f3443 Hamilton, 2015, 64 Hayes, 2010, Atrazine induces complete feminization and chemical castration in male African clawed frogs (Xenopus laevis), Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 107, 4612, 10.1073/pnas.0909519107 Heneweer, 2004, A comparison of human H295R and rat R2C cell lines as in vitro screening tools for effects on aromatase, Toxicol. Lett., 146, 183, 10.1016/j.toxlet.2003.10.002 Howe, 2011, Splines for trend analysis and continuous confounder control, Epidemiology, 22, 874, 10.1097/EDE.0b013e31823029dd Intapad, 2014, Sex differences in the developmental origins of cardiovascular disease, Physiology, 29, 122, 10.1152/physiol.00045.2013 Jayachandran, 1994, Occurrence of atrazine and its degradates as contaminants of subsurface drainage and shallow ground water, J. Environ. Qual., 23, 311, 10.2134/jeq1994.00472425002300020014x Jones, 2014, Community drinking water quality monitoring data: utility for public health research and practice, J. Public Health Manag. Pract., 20, 210, 10.1097/PHH.0b013e3182980ca2 Kucka, 2012, Atrazine acts as an endocrine disrupter by inhibiting cAMP-specific phosphodiesterase-4, Toxicol. Appl. Pharm., 265, 19, 10.1016/j.taap.2012.09.019 Lukens, 1987, Landmark perspective: the legacy of well-water methemoglobinemia, JAMA, 257, 2793, 10.1001/jama.1987.03390200133028 Manassaram, 2006, A review of nitrates in drinking water: maternal exposure and adverse reproductive and developmental outcomes, Environ. Health Perspect., 114, 320, 10.1289/ehp.8407 Maraka, 2016, Subclinical hypothyroidism in pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Thyroid, 10.1089/thy.2015.0418 Meisner, 1993, In vitro effects of N-nitrosoatrazine on hromosome breakage, Arch. Environ. Contam Toxicol., 24, 108, 10.1007/BF01061097 Migeot, 2013, Drinking-water exposure to a mixture of nitrate and low-dose atrazine metabolites and small-for-gestational age (SGA) babies: a historic cohort study, Environ. Res., 122, 58, 10.1016/j.envres.2012.12.007 Munger, 1997, Intrauterine growth retardation in Iowa communities with herbicide-contaminated drinking water supplies, Environ. Health Perspect., 105, 308, 10.1289/ehp.97105308 Ochoa-Acuña, 2009, Drinking-water herbicide exposure in Indiana and prevalence of small-for-gestational-age and preterm delivery, Environ. Health Perspect., 117, 1619, 10.1289/ehp.0900784 Rinsky, 2012, Atrazine exposure in public drinking water and preterm birth, Public Health Rep., 127, 72, 10.1177/003335491212700108 Sanderson, 2000, 2-Chloro-s-triazine herbicides induce aromatase (CYP19) activity in H295R human adrenocortical carcinoma cells: a novel mechanism for estrogenicity?, Toxicol. Sci., 54, 121, 10.1093/toxsci/54.1.121 Sanderson, 2002, Induction and inhibition of aromatase (CYP19) activity by various classes of pesticides in H295R human adrenocortical carcinoma cells, Toxicol. Appl. Pharm., 182, 44, 10.1006/taap.2002.9420 Savitz, 1997, Male pesticide exposure and pregnancy outcome, Am. J. Epidemiol., 146, 1025, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009231 Stoker, 2000, The effect of atrazine on puberty in male wistar rats: an evaluation in the protocol for the assessment of pubertal development and thyroid function, Toxicol. Sci., 58, 50, 10.1093/toxsci/58.1.50 Super, 1981, An epidemiological study of well-water nitrates in a group of South West African/Namibian infants, Water Res, 15, 1265, 10.1016/0043-1354(81)90103-2 Swan, 2003, Study for future families research group. Semen quality in relation to biomarkers of pesticide exposure, Environ. Health Perspect., 111, 1478, 10.1289/ehp.6417 United States Geologic Survey (U.S.GS), 2007. The Quality of Our Nation’s Waters: Pesticides in the Nation’s Streams and Ground Water, 1992–2001. Circular 1291. U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia. Villanueva, 2005, Atrazine in municipal drinking water and risk of low birth weight, preterm delivery, and small-for-gestational-age status, Occup. Environ. Med., 62, 400, 10.1136/oem.2004.016469 Vuong, 2016, National birth defects prevention study investigators. Prenatal Exposure to Nitrosatable Drugs, Dietary Intake of Nitrites, and Preterm Birth, Am. J. Epidemiol., 183, 634, 10.1093/aje/kwv250 Weyer, 2014, Assessing bottled water nitrate concentrations to evaluate total drinking water nitrate exposure and risk of birth defects, J. Water Health, 12, 755, 10.2166/wh.2014.237 Winchester, 2009, Agrichemicals in surface water and birth defects in the United States, Acta Paediatr., 98, 664, 10.1111/j.1651-2227.2008.01207.x