Toward an Explanation of Phonetic Symbolism

Cluster is adopted here from the psychological term denoting a group of words which tend to be recalled together in a learning experiment, owing, perhaps, to simple free association or to membership in a conceptual category. (James E. Deese and Stuart H. Hülse, eds.The Psychology of Learning, 3rd ed. [New York: McGraw-Hill, 1967], pp. 270–272.)

Yuen Ren Chao,Language and Symbolic Systems(Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1968), p. 205.

Bentley Madison, 1933, American Journal of Psychology, 76, 10.2307/1414187

Roger Brown,Words and Things, 2nd ed. (New York: Free Press, 1958), pp. 137–138.

James E. Deese,Psycholinguistics(New York: Allyn and Bacon, 1970), p. 103.

Dwight Bolinger,Aspects of Language(New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1968), pp. 234–238.

Charles K. Ogden,Opposition: A Linguistic and Psychological Analysis(rpt. Bloomington: Indiana Univ. Press, 1932), pp. 12–13.

Karwoski T. F., 1942, Journal of General Psychology, 199, 10.1080/00221309.1942.10545166

Osgood Charles E., 1952, Psychological Bulletin, 197, 10.1037/h0055737

Jenkins James J., 1958, American Journal of Psychology, 688, 10.2307/1420326

Fischer-Jørgensen Eli, 1967, For Roman Jakobson, 667

Markel Norman N., 1960, Studies in Linguistics, 47

10.2307/1414186

Tarte Robert D., 1969, Phonetic Symbolism in Adult Native Speakers of English: Three Studies

Crockett Dina B., 1970, Word, 107, 10.1080/00437956.1970.11435586

Adapted from Robert A. Hall, Jr.Introductory Linguistics(New York: Chilton Books, 1964), p. 49.

An example of this type of research is T. Iritani's study of “the influence of naming upon the description of the perceptual field,” as quoted by Heinz Werner and Bernard Kaplan inSymbol Formation: An Organismic-Developmental Approach to Language and the Expression of Thought(New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1963), pp. 219–226.

See n. 13 above.

Charles E. Osgood, George J. Suci, and Percy H. Tannenbaum,The Measurement of Meaning(Urbana: Univ. of Illinois Press, 1957), p. 72.

Pollio Howard R., 1963, Journal of Experimental Psychology, 454, 10.1037/h0044247

Charles E. Osgood,Method and Theory in Experimental Psychology(New York Oxford Univ. Press, 1953), p. 708.

Asch S. E., 1955, On Expressive Language, 29

Stephen Ullmann,Semantics: An Introduction to the Science of Meaning(New York: Barnes & Noble, 1967), p. 63.

Osgood Charles E., 1963, Universals of Language, 2, 322

Stevens Kenneth N., 1967, Readings in Acoustic Phonetics, 42

See n. 32 above.