Oral/metronomic cyclophosphamide-based chemotherapy as option for patients with castration-refractory prostate cancer – Review of the literature

Cancer Treatment Reviews - Tập 37 - Trang 444-455 - 2011
T. Nelius1, K. Rinard1, S. Filleur1,2
1Department of Urology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
2Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA

Tài liệu tham khảo

Jemal, 2010, Cancer statistics, 2010, CA Cancer J Clin, 60, 277, 10.3322/caac.20073 Crawford, 1989, A controlled trial of leuprolide with and without flutamide in prostatic carcinoma, N Engl J Med, 321, 419, 10.1056/NEJM198908173210702 Eisenberger, 1998, Bilateral orchiectomy with or without flutamide for metastatic prostate cancer, N Engl J Med, 339, 1036, 10.1056/NEJM199810083391504 Jemal, 2004, Cancer statistics, 2004, CA Cancer J Clin, 54, 8, 10.3322/canjclin.54.1.8 Kantoff, 1999, Hydrocortisone with or without mitoxantrone in men with hormone-refractory prostate cancer: results of the cancer and leukemia group B 9182 study, J Clin Oncol, 17, 2506, 10.1200/JCO.1999.17.8.2506 Tannock, 1996, Chemotherapy with mitoxantrone plus prednisone or prednisone alone for symptomatic hormone-resistant prostate cancer: a Canadian randomized trial with palliative end points, J Clin Oncol, 14, 1756, 10.1200/JCO.1996.14.6.1756 Fizazi, 2007, Addition of estramustine to chemotherapy and survival of patients with castration-refractory prostate cancer: a meta-analysis of individual patient data, Lancet Oncol, 8, 994, 10.1016/S1470-2045(07)70284-X Petrylak, 2004, Docetaxel and estramustine compared with mitoxantrone and prednisone for advanced refractory prostate cancer, N Engl J Med, 351, 1513, 10.1056/NEJMoa041318 Tannock, 2004, Docetaxel plus prednisone or mitoxantrone plus prednisone for advanced prostate cancer, N Engl J Med, 351, 1502, 10.1056/NEJMoa040720 Galmarini, 2009, Sagopilone, a microtubule stabilizer for the potential treatment of cancer, Curr Opin Investig Drugs, 10, 1359 Hussain, 2009, Phase II trial of weekly patupilone in patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer, Ann Oncol, 20, 492, 10.1093/annonc/mdn665 Kelly, 2009, Epothilones in prostate cancer, Urol Oncol Rosenberg, 2009, Phase I study of ixabepilone, mitoxantrone, and prednisone in patients with metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer previously treated with docetaxel-based therapy: a study of the department of defense prostate cancer clinical trials consortium, J Clin Oncol, 10.1200/JCO.2008.19.8002 Rosenberg, 2007, Activity of second-line chemotherapy in docetaxel-refractory hormone-refractory prostate cancer patients: randomized phase 2 study of ixabepilone or mitoxantrone and prednisone, Cancer, 110, 556, 10.1002/cncr.22811 Attard, 2009, Selective inhibition of CYP17 with abiraterone acetate is highly active in the treatment of castration-resistant prostate cancer, J Clin Oncol, 27, 3742, 10.1200/JCO.2008.20.0642 Attard, 2008, Phase I clinical trial of a selective inhibitor of CYP17, abiraterone acetate, confirms that castration-resistant prostate cancer commonly remains hormone driven, J Clin Oncol, 26, 4563, 10.1200/JCO.2007.15.9749 Danila, 2010, Phase II multicenter study of abiraterone acetate plus prednisone therapy in patients with docetaxel-treated castration-resistant prostate cancer, J Clin Oncol, 28, 1496, 10.1200/JCO.2009.25.9259 Reid, 2010, Significant and sustained antitumor activity in post-docetaxel, castration-resistant prostate cancer with the CYP17 inhibitor abiraterone acetate, J Clin Oncol, 28, 1489, 10.1200/JCO.2009.24.6819 Yap, 2008, Targeting CYP17: established and novel approaches in prostate cancer, Curr Opin Pharmacol, 8, 449, 10.1016/j.coph.2008.06.004 Tran, 2009, Development of a second-generation antiandrogen for treatment of advanced prostate cancer, Science, 324, 787, 10.1126/science.1168175 Aragon-Ching, 2009, VEGF inhibitors and prostate cancer therapy, Curr Mol Pharmacol, 2, 161, 10.2174/1874467210902020161 Figg, 2001, A randomized phase II trial of docetaxel (taxotere) plus thalidomide in androgen-independent prostate cancer, Semin Oncol, 28, 62, 10.1016/S0093-7754(01)90157-5 Sonpavde, 2010, Sunitinib malate for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer following docetaxel-based chemotherapy, Ann Oncol, 21, 319, 10.1093/annonc/mdp323 Chi, 2008, Custirsen (OGX-011): a second-generation antisense inhibitor of clusterin for the treatment of cancer, Expert Opin Investig Drugs, 17, 1955, 10.1517/13543780802528609 Molife, 2010, Phase II, two-stage, single-arm trial of the histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi) romidepsin in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), Ann Oncol, 21, 109, 10.1093/annonc/mdp270 Nelson, 2008, Phase 3, randomized, controlled trial of atrasentan in patients with nonmetastatic, hormone-refractory prostate cancer, Cancer, 113, 2478, 10.1002/cncr.23864 Tatarov, 2009, SRC family kinase activity is up-regulated in hormone-refractory prostate cancer, Clin Cancer Res, 15, 3540, 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-08-1857 Higano, 2008, Phase 1/2 dose-escalation study of a GM-CSF-secreting, allogeneic, cellular immunotherapy for metastatic hormone-refractory prostate cancer, Cancer, 113, 975, 10.1002/cncr.23669 Higano, 2009, Integrated data from 2 randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trials of active cellular immunotherapy with sipuleucel-T in advanced prostate cancer, Cancer, 115, 3670, 10.1002/cncr.24429 Slovin, 2009, Anti-epidermal growth factor receptor monoclonal antibody cetuximab plus Doxorubicin in the treatment of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer, Clin Genitourin Cancer, 7, E77, 10.3816/CGC.2009.n.028 Ziada, 2004, The use of trastuzumab in the treatment of hormone refractory prostate cancer; phase II trial, Prostate, 60, 332, 10.1002/pros.20065 Lutsiak, 2005, Inhibition of CD4(+)25+ T regulatory cell function implicated in enhanced immune response by low-dose cyclophosphamide, Blood, 105, 2862, 10.1182/blood-2004-06-2410 Damber, 2006, The anti-tumour effect of low-dose continuous chemotherapy may partly be mediated by thrombospondin, Cancer Chemother Pharmacol, 58, 354, 10.1007/s00280-005-0163-8 Fontana, 2009, Clinical and pharmacodynamic evaluation of metronomic cyclophosphamide, celecoxib, and dexamethasone in advanced hormone-refractory prostate cancer, Clin Cancer Res, 15, 4954, 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-08-3317 Raghavan, 1993, Oral cyclophosphamide for the management of hormone-refractory prostate cancer, Br J Urol, 72, 625, 10.1111/j.1464-410X.1993.tb16222.x Hanahan, 2000, Less is more, regularly: metronomic dosing of cytotoxic drugs can target tumor angiogenesis in mice, J Clin Invest, 105, 1045, 10.1172/JCI9872 Browder, 2000, Antiangiogenic scheduling of chemotherapy improves efficacy against experimental drug-resistant cancer, Cancer Res, 60, 1878 Man, 2002, Antitumor effects in mice of low-dose (metronomic) cyclophosphamide administered continuously through the drinking water, Cancer Res, 62, 2731 Shaked, 2005, Low-dose metronomic combined with intermittent bolus-dose cyclophosphamide is an effective long-term chemotherapy treatment strategy, Cancer Res, 65, 7045, 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-05-0765 Hanahan, 2000, The hallmarks of cancer, Cell, 100, 57, 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81683-9 Hanahan, 1996, Patterns and emerging mechanisms of the angiogenic switch during tumorigenesis, Cell, 86, 353, 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80108-7 Benjamin, 1999, Selective ablation of immature blood vessels in established human tumors follows vascular endothelial growth factor withdrawal, J Clin Invest, 103, 159, 10.1172/JCI5028 Klement, 2000, Continuous low-dose therapy with vinblastine and VEGF receptor-2 antibody induces sustained tumor regression without overt toxicity, J Clin Invest, 105, R15, 10.1172/JCI8829 Vacca, 1999, Antiangiogenesis is produced by nontoxic doses of vinblastine, Blood, 94, 4143, 10.1182/blood.V94.12.4143 Witte, 1998, Monoclonal antibodies targeting the VEGF receptor-2 (Flk1/KDR) as an anti-angiogenic therapeutic strategy, Cancer Metastasis Rev, 17, 155, 10.1023/A:1006094117427 Bocci, 2002, Protracted low-dose effects on human endothelial cell proliferation and survival in vitro reveal a selective antiangiogenic window for various chemotherapeutic drugs, Cancer Res, 62, 6938 Yap, 2005, Metronomic low-dose chemotherapy boosts CD95-dependent antiangiogenic effect of the thrombospondin peptide ABT-510: a complementation antiangiogenic strategy, Clin Cancer Res, 11, 6678, 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-05-0621 Bocci, 2003, Thrombospondin 1, a mediator of the antiangiogenic effects of low-dose metronomic chemotherapy, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 100, 12917, 10.1073/pnas.2135406100 Bertolini, 2003, Maximum tolerable dose and low-dose metronomic chemotherapy have opposite effects on the mobilization and viability of circulating endothelial progenitor cells, Cancer Res, 63, 4342 Hermans, 2003, Synergistic effect of metronomic dosing of cyclophosphamide combined with specific antitumor immunotherapy in a murine melanoma model, Cancer Res, 63, 8408 Di Lorenzo, 2007, Thalidomide in combination with oral daily cyclophosphamide in patients with pretreated hormone refractory prostate cancer: a phase I clinical trial, Cancer Biol Ther, 6, 313, 10.4161/cbt.6.3.3664 Maulard-Durdux, 1996, Phase II study of the oral cyclophosphamide and oral etoposide combination in hormone-refractory prostate carcinoma patients, Cancer, 77, 1144, 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0142(19960315)77:6<1144::AID-CNCR21>3.0.CO;2-0 Nelius, 2009, Clinical outcome of patients with docetaxel-resistant hormone-refractory prostate cancer treated with second-line cyclophosphamide-based metronomic chemotherapy, Med Oncol Bracarda, 2000, Oral estramustine and cyclophosphamide in patients with metastatic hormone refractory prostate carcinoma: a phase II study, Cancer, 88, 1438, 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0142(20000315)88:6<1438::AID-CNCR23>3.0.CO;2-O Glode, 2003, Metronomic therapy with cyclophosphamide and dexamethasone for prostate carcinoma, Cancer, 98, 1643, 10.1002/cncr.11713 Hellerstedt, 2003, Phase II trial of oral cyclophosphamide, prednisone, and diethylstilbestrol for androgen-independent prostate carcinoma, Cancer, 98, 1603, 10.1002/cncr.11686 Lord, 2007, Low dose metronomic oral cyclophosphamide for hormone resistant prostate cancer: a phase II study, J Urol, 177, 2136, 10.1016/j.juro.2007.01.143 Nicolini, 2004, Oral low-dose cyclophosphamide in metastatic hormone refractory prostate cancer (MHRPC), Biomed Pharmacother, 58, 447, 10.1016/j.biopha.2004.08.006 Nishimura, 2001, Oral combination of cyclophosphamide, uracil plus tegafur and estramustine for hormone-refractory prostate cancer, Oncology, 60, 49, 10.1159/000055296 Wozniak, 1993, Cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, and 5-fluorouracil in the treatment of metastatic prostate cancer. A Southwest Oncology Group study, Cancer, 71, 3975, 10.1002/1097-0142(19930615)71:12<3975::AID-CNCR2820711229>3.0.CO;2-D Slack, 1984, Criteria for evaluating patient responses to treatment modalities for prostatic cancer, Urol Clin North Am, 11, 337, 10.1016/S0094-0143(21)00194-4 Bubley, 1999, Eligibility and response guidelines for phase II clinical trials in androgen-independent prostate cancer: recommendations from the Prostate-Specific Antigen Working Group, J Clin Oncol, 17, 3461, 10.1200/JCO.1999.17.11.3461 Petrioli, 2008, The role of doxorubicin and epirubicin in the treatment of patients with metastatic hormone-refractory prostate cancer, Cancer Treat Rev, 34, 710, 10.1016/j.ctrv.2008.05.004 Oh, 2002, The evolving role of estrogen therapy in prostate cancer, Clin Prostate Cancer, 1, 81, 10.3816/CGC.2002.n.009 Nelius, 2010, Clinical outcome of patients with docetaxel-resistant hormone-refractory prostate cancer treated with second-line cyclophosphamide-based metronomic chemotherapy, Med Oncol, 27, 363, 10.1007/s12032-009-9218-8 Sternberg, 2009, Multinational, double-blind, phase III study of prednisone and either satraplatin or placebo in patients with castrate-refractory prostate cancer progressing after prior chemotherapy: the SPARC trial, J Clin Oncol, 27, 5431, 10.1200/JCO.2008.20.1228 Beer, 2007, Double-blinded randomized study of high-dose calcitriol plus docetaxel compared with placebo plus docetaxel in androgen-independent prostate cancer: a report from the ASCENT Investigators, J Clin Oncol, 25, 669, 10.1200/JCO.2006.06.8197 Sartor, 2010, Cabazitaxel or mitoxantrone with prednisone in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) previously treated with docetaxel: Final results of a multinational phase III trial (TROPIC), J Clin Oncol, 28, 15s Scher, 2010, Antitumour activity of MDV3100 in castration-resistant prostate cancer: a phase 1-2 study, Lancet, 375, 1437, 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60172-9 Kerbel, 2004, The anti-angiogenic basis of metronomic chemotherapy, Nat Rev Cancer, 4, 423, 10.1038/nrc1369 Rabascio, 2004, Assessing tumor angiogenesis: increased circulating VE-cadherin RNA in patients with cancer indicates viability of circulating endothelial cells, Cancer Res, 64, 4373, 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-04-0265