Acute and chronic complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus in children and adolescents

Pihoker, 2006, What type of diabetes do young people have?, Curr Diab Rep, 6, 108, 10.1007/s11892-006-0020-0 Pinhas-Hamiel, 1999, Clinical problem-solving: the importance of a name, N Engl J Med, 340, 1418, 10.1056/NEJM199905063401808 Pinhas-Hamiel, 2005, The global spread of type 2 diabetes mellitus in children and adolescents, J Pediatr, 146, 693, 10.1016/j.jpeds.2004.12.042 Hillier, 2003, Complications in young adults with early-onset type 2 diabetes: losing the relative protection of youth, Diabetes Care, 26, 2999, 10.2337/diacare.26.11.2999 Kawahara, 1994, Dropout of young non-insulin-dependent diabetics from diabetic care, Diabetes Res Clin Pract, 24, 181, 10.1016/0168-8227(94)90114-7 Pinhas-Hamiel, 1997, Diabetic ketoacidosis among obese African-American adolescents with NIDDM, Diabetes Care, 20, 484, 10.2337/diacare.20.4.484 Pinhas-Hamiel, 2005, Advances in epidemiology and treatment of type 2 diabetes in children, Adv Pediatr, 52, 223, 10.1016/j.yapd.2005.03.008 Sellers, 2000, Diabetic ketoacidosis: a complication of type 2 diabetes in Canadian aboriginal youth, Diabetes Care, 23, 1202, 10.2337/diacare.23.8.1202 Scott, 1997, Characteristics of youth-onset noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus at diagnosis, Pediatrics, 100, 84, 10.1542/peds.100.1.84 Dunger, 2004, ESPE/LWPES consensus statement on diabetic ketoacidosis in children and adolescents, Arch Dis Child, 89, 188, 10.1136/adc.2003.044875 2001, Hyperglycemic crises in patients with diabetes mellitus, Diabetes Care, 24, 1988, 10.2337/diacare.24.11.1988 Pettigrew, 2001, Index of suspicion, case 2: diagnosis—hyperglycemic nonketotic hypertonicity (HNKH), Pediatr Rev, 22, 169 Morales, 2004, Death caused by hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state at the onset of type 2 diabetes, J Pediatr, 144, 270, 10.1016/j.jpeds.2003.10.061 Carchman, 2005, A new challenge in pediatric obesity: pediatric hyperglycemic hyperosmolar syndrome, Pediatr Crit Care Med, 6, 20, 10.1097/01.PCC.0000149134.61673.77 Bhowmick, 2005, Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic crisis: an acute life-threatening event in children and adolescents with type 2 diabetes mellitus, Endocr Pract, 11, 23, 10.4158/EP.11.1.23 Pinhas-Hamiel, 2006, Acute necrotizing pancreatitis in an adolescent with type 2 diabetes, Curr Opin Pediatr, 18, 206, 10.1097/01.mop.0000193286.79399.43 McDonnell, 2005, Diabetic ketoacidosis, hyperosmolarity and hypernatremia: are high-carbohydrate drinks worsening initial presentation?, Pediatr Diabetes, 6, 90, 10.1111/j.1399-543X.2005.00107.x Fourtner, 2005, Hyperglycemic hyperosmolar non-ketotic syndrome in children with type 2 diabetes, Pediatr Diabetes, 6, 129, 10.1111/j.1399-543X.2005.00113.x Hollander, 2003, Fatal malignant hyperthermia-like syndrome with rhabdomyolysis complicating the presentation of diabetes mellitus in adolescent males, Pediatrics, 111, 1447, 10.1542/peds.111.6.1447 Dean, 1998, NIDDM-Y in First Nation children in Canada, Clin Pediatr (Phila), 37, 89, 10.1177/000992289803700205 Goland, 2003, Enhanced risk for premature vascular disease in adolescent-onset type 2 diabetes, Diabetes, 52, 1749-P Zdravkovic, 2004, Presentation and course of type 2 diabetes in youth in a large multi-ethnic city, Diabetic Med, 21, 1144, 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2004.01297.x Upchurch, 2003, Characteristics of 98 children and adolescents diagnosed with type 2 diabetes by their health care provider at initial presentation, Diabetes Care, 26, 2209, 10.2337/diacare.26.7.2209 Fagot-Campagna, 1998, Type 2 diabetes in Pima Indian children: cardiovascular risk factors at diagnosis and 10 years later, Diabetes, 47, A155 McGrath, 1999, Early presentation of type 2 diabetes mellitus in young New Zealand Maori, Diabetes Res Clin Pract, 43, 205, 10.1016/S0168-8227(99)00003-0 Ettinger, 2005, Microalbuminuria and abnormal ambulatory blood pressure in adolescents with type 2 diabetes mellitus, J Pediatr, 147, 67, 10.1016/j.jpeds.2005.02.003 Yokoyama, 1998, High incidence of diabetic nephropathy in early-onset Japanese NIDDM patients: risk analysis, Diabetes Care, 21, 1080, 10.2337/diacare.21.7.1080 Yoo, 2004, Prevalence of microalbuminuria in young patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus, J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab, 17, 1423, 10.1515/JPEM.2004.17.10.1423 Scott, 2006, First national audit of the outcomes of care in young people with diabetes in New Zealand: high prevalence of nephropathy in Maori and Pacific Islanders, N Z Med J, 119, U2015 Eppens, 2006, Prevalence of diabetes complications in adolescents with type 2 compared with type 1 diabetes, Diabetes Care, 29, 1300, 10.2337/dc05-2470 Yokoyama, 2000, Higher incidence of diabetic nephropathy in type 2 than in type 1 diabetes in early-onset diabetes in Japan, Kidney Int, 58, 302, 10.1046/j.1523-1755.2000.00166.x Krakoff, 2003, Incidence of retinopathy and nephropathy in youth-onset compared with adult-onset type 2 diabetes, Diabetes Care, 26, 76, 10.2337/diacare.26.1.76 Yokoyama, 1997, Existence of early-onset NIDDM Japanese demonstrating severe diabetic complications, Diabetes Care, 20, 844, 10.2337/diacare.20.5.844 Okudaira, 2000, Slightly elevated blood pressure as well as poor metabolic control are risk factors for the progression of retinopathy in early-onset Japanese type 2 diabetes, J Diabetes Complications, 14, 281, 10.1016/S1056-8727(00)00114-8 Wei, 2003, National surveillance for type 2 diabetes mellitus in Taiwanese children, JAMA, 290, 1345, 10.1001/jama.290.10.1345 Newfield, 2003, Dyslipidemia is common in pediatric patients with obesity and more so in type 2 diabetes, Diabetes, 52, A404 Hotu, 2004, Increasing prevalence of type 2 diabetes in adolescents, J Paediatr Child Health, 40, 201, 10.1111/j.1440-1754.2004.00337.x Yung, 2003, Dyslipidemia in youth with type 2 diabetes mellitus, Diabetes, 52, A405 Kershnar, 2006, Lipid abnormalities are prevalent in youth with type 1 and type 2 diabetes: the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study, J Pediatr, 149, 314, 10.1016/j.jpeds.2006.04.065 Roberts, 2005, Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in children, Front Biosci, 10, 2306, 10.2741/1699 Angulo, 1999, Independent predictors of liver fibrosis in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, Hepatology, 30, 1356, 10.1002/hep.510300604 Dean, 2001, Steatohepatitis in children with type 2 diabetes mellitus, Diabetes, 50, A378 Newfield, 2003, Non alcoholic steatohepatitis in children and adolescents with type 2 diabetes mellitus, Diabetes, 52, 1754-P Nadeau, 2005, Type 2 diabetes in children is frequently associated with elevated alanine aminotransferase, J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr, 41, 94, 10.1097/01.MPG.0000164698.03164.E5 Korner Gungor, 2005, Early signs of cardiovascular disease in youth with obesity and type 2 diabetes, Diabetes Care, 28, 1219, 10.2337/diacare.28.5.1219 Levitt Katz, 2005, Neuropsychiatric disorders at the presentation of type 2 diabetes mellitus in children, Pediatr Diabetes, 6, 84, 10.1111/j.1399-543X.2005.00105.x Pinhas-Hamiel, 1999, The type 2 family: a setting for development and treatment of adolescent type 2 diabetes mellitus, Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med, 153, 1063, 10.1001/archpedi.153.10.1063 Pinhas-Hamiel, 2003, Barriers to the treatment of adolescent type 2 diabetes: a survey of provider perceptions, Pediatr Diabetes, 4, 24, 10.1034/j.1399-5448.2003.00027.x Varni, 2003, The PedsQL in type 1 and type 2 diabetes: reliability and validity of the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory Generic Core Scales and type 1 Diabetes Module, Diabetes Care, 26, 631, 10.2337/diacare.26.3.631 Dean, 2002, Natural history of type 2 diabetes mellitus diagnosed in childhood: long term follow-up in young adults, Diabetes, 51, 99-OR Omori, 1994, Current status of pregnancy in diabetic women: a comparison of pregnancy in IDDM and NIDDM mothers, Diabetes Res Clin Pract, 24, S273, 10.1016/0168-8227(94)90261-5 Macintosh, 2006, Perinatal mortality and congenital anomalies in babies of women with type 1 or type 2 diabetes in England, Wales, and Northern Ireland: population based study, BMJ, 333, 177, 10.1136/bmj.38856.692986.AE Dabelea, 2000, Effect of diabetes in pregnancy on offspring: follow-up research in the Pima Indians, J Matern Fetal Med, 9, 83 Nelson, 1998, Intrauterine diabetes exposure and the risk of renal disease in diabetic Pima Indians, Diabetes, 47, 1489, 10.2337/diabetes.47.9.1489 Palmert, 2002, Screening for abnormal glucose tolerance in adolescents with polycystic ovary syndrome, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 87, 1017, 10.1210/jcem.87.3.8305 Ehtisham, 2000, Type 2 diabetes mellitus in UK children: an emerging problem, Diabet Med, 17, 867, 10.1046/j.1464-5491.2000.00409.x Szabo, 2001, Necrobiosis lipoidica in a 9-year-old girl with new-onset type II diabetes mellitus, Pediatr Dermatol, 18, 316, 10.1046/j.1525-1470.2001.01935.x Rettig, 2000, Necrobiosis lipodica diabeticorum, Clin Pediatr (Phila), 39, 439, 10.1177/000992280003900715 Nelson, 1988, Lower-extremity amputations in NIDDM: 12-yr follow-up study in Pima Indians, Diabetes Care, 11, 8, 10.2337/diacare.11.1.8 Sievers, 1999, Effect of glycemia on mortality in Pima Indians with type 2 diabetes, Diabetes, 48, 896, 10.2337/diabetes.48.4.896 Gahagan, 2003, Prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus in children, with special emphasis on American Indian and Alaska Native children, Pediatrics, 112, e328, 10.1542/peds.112.4.e328