Health risk assessment for nanoparticles: A case for using expert judgment

Anderson E.L., Hattis D.H. (1999). When and how can you specify a probability distribution when you don’t know much? Risk Anal. 19:43–68 Araujo L., Lobenberg R., Kreuter J. (1999). Influence of the surfactant concentration on the body distribution of nanoparticles. J. Drug Target. 6:373–385 Barnes P.J. (2001). Neurogenic inflammation in the airways. Respir. Physiol. 125:145–154 Brown D.M., Wilson M.R., MacNee W., Stone V., Donaldson K. (2001). Size-dependent proinflammatory effects of ultrafine polystyrene particles: A role for surface area and oxidative stress in the enhanced activity of ultrafines. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 175(3):191–199 Brown D.M., Stone V., Findlay P., MacNee W., Donaldson K. (2000). Increased inflammation and intracellular calcium caused by ultrafine carbon black is independent of transition metals or other soluble components. Occup. Environ. Med. 57(10):685–691 Brown J.S., Zeman K.L., Bennett W.D. (2002). Ultrafine particle deposition and clearance in the healthy and obstructed lung. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 166:1240–1247 Burnett R.T., Brook J., Dann T., Delocla C., Philips O., Cakmak S., Vincent R., Goldberg M.S., Kreski D. (2000). Association between particulate- and gas-phase components of urban air pollution and daily mortality in eight Canadian cities. Inhal. Toxicol. 12 (Suppl. 4):15–39 Campen M.J., Nolan J.P., Schladweiler M.C.J., Kodavanti U.P., Evansky P.A., Costa D.L., Watkinson W.P. (2001). Cardiovascular and thermoregulatory effects of inhaled PM-associated transition metals: A potential interaction between nickel and vanadium sulfate. Toxicol. Sci. 64:243–252 Campen M.J., Watkinson W.P., Lehmann J.R., Costa D.L. (1996). Modulation of residual oil fly ash (ROFA) particle toxicity in rats by pulmonary hypertension and ambient temperature. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 153:A542 Casman E.A., Morgan M.G., Dowlatabadi H. (1999). Mixed levels of uncertainty in complex policy models. Risk Anal. 19(1):33–42 Chalupa D.C., Morrow P.E., Oberdörster G., Utell M.J., Frampton M.W. (2004). Ultrafine particle deposition in subjects with asthma. Environ. Health Perspect 112:879–882 Cheng Y.S., Yeh H.C., Guilmette R.A., Simpson S.Q., Cheng K.H., Swift D.L. (1996). Nasal deposition of ultrafine particles in human volunteers and its relationship to airway geometry. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 25:274–291 Coleman K.P., Toscano W.A. Jr., Wiese T.E. (2003). QSAR models of the in vitro estrogen activity of bis phenol A analogs. QSAR Comb. Sci. 22:78–88 Cooke R.M., 1991. Experts in Uncertainty: Opinion and Subjective Probability in Science. Oxford University Press. Costa D.L., Lehmann J.R., Frazier L.T., Doerfler D., Ghio A. (1996). Pulmonary hypertension: A possible risk factor in particulate toxicity. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 149:A840 Cullen R.T., Tran C.L., Buchanan D., Davis J.M.C., Searl A., Jones A.D., Donaldson K. (2000). Inhalation of poorly soluble particles. I. Differences in inflammatory response and clearance during exposure. Inhal. Toxicol. 12(12):1089–1111 Dick C.A.J., Brown D.M., Donaldson K., Stone V. (2003). The role of free radicals in the toxic and inflammatory effects of four different ultrafine particle types. Inhal. Toxicol. 15(1):39–52 Dockery D.W., Pope C.A. III, Xu X., Spengler J.D., Ware J.H., Fay M.E., Ferris B.G. Jr., Speizer F.E. (1993). An association between air pollution and mortality in six U.S. cities. N. Engl. J. Med. 329:1753–1759 Donaldson K., 1999. In: Shuker L. and Levy L. eds. Mechanisms for Toxicity: In vitro; IEH Report on: Approaches to Predicting Toxicity from Occupational Exposure to Dusts. Report R11. Page Bros., Norwich, UK, pp. 17–26. Donaldson K., P.H. Beswick & P.S. Gilmour, 1996. Free radical activity associated with the surface of unifying factor in determining biological activity? Toxicol. Lett.(Pg) 1–3. Donaldson K., Stone V., Gilmore P.S., Brown D.M., MacNee W. (2000). Ultrafine particles: Mechanisms of lung injury. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. A 358:2741–2749 Dreher K., R. Jaskot, J. Richards & J. Lehmann, 1996. Acute pulmonary toxicity of size-fractionated ambient air particulate matter. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 153, A15. Evans J.S., Gray G.M., Sielken R.L., Smith A.E., Valdez-Flores C., Graham J.D. (1994). Use of probabilistic expert judgment in distributional analysis of carcinogenic potency. Risk Anal. 20:15–34 Fairley D. (1999). Daily mortality and air pollution in Santa Clara County, California: 1989–1996. Environ. Health Perspect. 107:637–641 Ferin J., Oberdörster G., Penney D.P. (1992). Pulmonary retention of ultrafine and fine particles in rats. Am. J. Respir. Cell Molec. Biol. 6:535–542 Genest C., Zidek J.V. (1986). Combining probability distributions: A critique and an annotated bibliography. Stat. Sci. 1: 114–148 Ghio A.J., Devlin R.B. (2001). Inflammatory lung injury after bronchial instillation of air pollution particles. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 164:704–708 Ghio A.J., Kim C., Devlin R.B. (2000). Concentrated ambient air particles induce mild pulmonary inflammation in healthy human volunteers. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 162:981–988 Godleski J.J., Sioutas C., Katler M., Koutrakis P. (1996). Death from inhalation of concentrated ambient air particles in animal models of pulmonary disease. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 153:A15 Hahn F.F., E.B. Barr, M. Ménache & J.C. Seagrave, 2005. Particle Size and Composition Related to Adverse Health Effects in Aged, Sensitive Rats. Research Report 129, Health Effects Institute, Cambridge, MA. Hawkins N.C., Evans J.S. (1989). Subjective estimation of toluene exposures: A calibration study of industrial hygienists. Appl. Ind. Hyg. 4:61–68 Helmer O. (1966). Social Technology. Basic Book, New York Heyder J., Gebhart J., Rudolf G., Schiller C.F., Stahlhofen W. (1986). Deposition of particles in the human respiratory tract in the size range 0.005–15 μm. J. Aerosol Sci. 17:811–825 Ibald-Mulli A., Stieber J., Wichmann H.-E., Koenig W., Peters A. (2001). Effects of air pollution on blood pressure: A population based approach. Am. J. Public Health 91:571–577 International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP), 1994. Human Respiratory Tract Model for Radiological Protection, ICRP Publication 66. Pergamon Press, Elmsford, NY. James A.C., W. Stahlhofen, G. Rudolf, R. Köbrich, J.K. Briant, M.J. Egan, W. Nixon & A. Birchall, 1994. In: Deposition of Inhaled Particles; Human Respiratory Tract Model for Radiological Protection, Annex D, Annals of the ICRP. Pergamon Press, Oxford, UK, pp. 231–299. Jani P.U., Florence A.T., McCarthy D.E. (1992). Further histological evidence of the gastrointestinal absorption of polystyrene nanospheres in the rat. Int. J. Pharm. 84:245–252 Jani P.U., McCarthy D.E., Florence A.T. (1994). Titanium dioxide (rutile) particle uptake from the rat GI tract and translocation to systemic organs after oral administration. Int. J. Pharm. 105:157–168 Jaques P.A., Kim C.S. (2000). Measurement of total lung deposition of inhaled ultrafine particles in healthy men and women. Inhal. Toxicol. 12:715–731 Jia G., Wang H., Yan L., Wang X., Pei R., Yan T., et al. (2005). Cytotoxicity of carbon nanomaterials: Single wall nanotube, multiwall nanotube, and fullerene. Environ. Sci. Technol. 39:1378–1383 Kahn H., Wiener A.J. (1967). The Year 2000, A Framework for Speculation. Macmillan, New York Kandlikar M., J. Risbey & S. Dessai, 2005. Representing and communicating deep uncertainity in climate change assessment. C R Geosci 2337, 443–455 Kirchner C., Liedl T., Kudera S., Pellegrino T., Munoz J.A., Gaub H.E. et al. (2001). Cytotoxicity of colloidal CdSe and CdSe/ZnS nanoparticles. Nano Lett. 5:331–338 Kreyling W., Semmler M., Erbe F., Mayer P., Takenaka S., Schulz H. et al. (2002). Translocation of ultrafine insoluble iridium particles from lung epithelium to extrapulmonary organs is size-dependent but very low. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 65A:1513–1530 Kuhlbusch T.A., Neumann S., Fissan H. (2004). Number size distribution, mass concentration, and particle composition of PM1, PM2.5, and PM10 in bag filling areas of carbon black production. J. Occup. Environ. Hyg. 1(10):660–671 Lademann J., Weigmann H.-J., Rickmeyer C., Barthelmes H., Schaefer H., Mueller G., Sterry W. (1999). Penetration of titanium dioxide microparticles in a sunscreen formulation into the horny layer and the follicular orifice. Skin Pharmacol. Appl. Skin Physiol. 12:247–256 Lam C.W., James J.T., McCluskey R., Arepalli S., Hunter R.L. (2006). A review of carbon nanotube toxicity and assessment of potential occupational and environmental health risks. CRC Crit. Rev. Toxicol. 36:189–217 Lison D., Lardot C., Huaux F., Zanetti G., Fubini B. (1997). Influence of particle surface area on the toxicity of insoluble manganese dioxide dusts. Arch. Toxicol. 71(12):725–729 Linstone H.A., Turoff M. (1975). The Delphi Method, Techniques and Applications. Addison Wesley, Reading, MA Lippmann M. (1999). Sampling Criteria for Fine Fractions of Ambient Air. In: Vincent J.H. (eds), Particle Size-Selective Sampling for Particulate Air Contaminants. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH), Cincinnati, OH, pp. 97–118 Lippmann M., K. Ito, A. Nadas & R.T. Burnett, 2000. Association of particulate matter components with daily mortality and morbidity in urban populations. Research Report 95, Health Effects Institute, Cambridge, MA. MacNee W., Donaldson K. (2003). Mechanism of lung injury caused by PM10 and ultrafine particles with special reference to COPD. Eur. Resp. J. 21:47S–51S Maynard A.D., Baron P.A., Foley M., Shvedova A.A., Kisin E.R., Castranova V. (2004). Exposure to carbon nanotube material: Aerosol release during the handling of unrefined single-walled carbon nanotube material. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A 67:87–107 Moghimi S.M., Hunter A.C., Murray J.C. (2001). Long-circulating and target-specific nanoparticles: Theory to practice. Pharmacol. Rev. 53:283–318 Moolgavkar S.H., Luebeck E.G. (1996). A critical review of the evidence on particulate air pollution and mortality. Epidemiology 7:420–428 Moolgavkar S.H., Luebeck E.G., Hall T.A., Anderson E.L. (1995). Air pollution and daily mortality in Philadelphia. Epidemiology 6:476–484 Morgan M.G., Henrion M. (1990). Uncertainty: A Guide to Dealing with Uncertainty in Quantitative Risk and Policy Analysis. Cambridge, University Press Morgan M.G., Keith D.(1995). Subjective judgments by climate experts. Environ. Sci. Technol. 29(10):468–476 Morgan K. (2005). Development of a preliminary framework for informing the risk analysis and risk management of nanoparticles. Risk Anal. 25(6):1–15 Mossman B.T., Bignon J., Corn M., Seaton A., Gee J.B.L. (1990). Asbestos: Scientific developments and implications for public policy. Science 247:294–301 Nemmar A., Hoet P.H.M., Vanquickenborne B., Dinsdale D., Thomeer M., Hoylaerts M.F., Vanbilloen H., Mortelmans L., Nemery B. (2002). Passage of inhaled particles into the blood circulation in humans. Circulation 105:411–414 NRC/NAS Committee on the Institutional Means for Assessment of Risks to Public Health, Risk Assessment in the Federal Government (The Redbook), 1983. Oberdörster G., Oberdörster E., Oberdörster J. (2005). Invited review: Nanotechnology: An emerging discipline evolving from studies of ultrafine particles. Environ. Health Perspect. 113(7):823–839 Oberdörster G., Ferin J., Lehnert B.E. (1994). Correlation between particle size, in vivo particle persistence, and lung injury. Environ. Health Perspect. 102(Suppl. 5):173–179 Oberdörster G. (2000). Toxicology of ultrafine particles: In vivo studies. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond., Ser. A 358:2719–2740 Oberdörster G., Gelein R.M., Ferin J., Weiss B. (1995).Association of particulate air pollution and acute mortality: Involvement of ultrafine particles? Inhal. Toxicol. 7: 111–124 Oberdörster G., Sharp Z., Atudorei V., Elder A., Gelein R., Kreyling W., Cox C. (2005b). Translocation of inhaled ultrafine particles to the brain. Inhal. Toxicol. 16:437–445 Oberdörster G., Maynard A., Donaldson K., Castranova V., Fitzpatrick J., Ausman K., Carter J., Karn B., Kreyling W., Lai D., Olin S., Monteiro-Riviere N., Warheit D., Yang H., ILSI Research Foundation/Risk Science Institute Nanomaterial Toxicity Screening Working Group (2005c). Principles for Characterizing the Potential Human Health Effects from Exposure to Nanomaterials: Elements of a Screening Strategy. Part. Fiber Toxicol. 2:8–43 Pekkanen J., Brunner E.J., Anderson H.R., Tiittanen P., Atkinson R.W. (2000). Daily concentrations of air pollution and plasma fibrinogen in London. Occup. Environ. Med. 57:818–822 Penttinen P., Timonen K.L., Tiittanen P., Mirme A., Ruuskanen J., Pekkanen J. (2001). Ultrafine particles in urban air and respiratory health among adult asthmatics. Eur. Resp. J. 17:428–435 Peters A., Wichmann H.E., Tuch T., Heinrich J., Heyder J. (1997b). Respiratory effects are associated with the number of ultra-fine particles. Am. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 155:1376–1383 Peters A., Doring A., Wichmann H.-E., Koenig W. (1997a). Increased plasma viscosity during an air pollution episode: A link to mortality? Lancet 349:1582–1587 Peters A., Frohlich M., Doring A., Immervoll T., Wichmann H-E., Hutchinson W.L., Pepys M.B., Koenig W. (2001). Particulate air pollution is associated with an acute phase response in men; results from the MONICA-Augsburg Study. Eur. Heart J. 22:1198–1204 Phalen R.F. (1999). Airway Anatomy and Physiology. In: Vincent J.H. (eds), Particle Size-Selective Sampling for Particulate Air Contaminants. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH), Cincinnati, OH, USA Pope C.A. III, Burnett R.T., Thun M.J., et al. (2002). Lung cancer, cardiopulmonary mortality, and long-term exposure to fine particulate air pollution. JAMA 287:1132–1141 Preining O. (1998). The physical nature of very, very small particles and its impact on their behaviour. J. Aerosol Sci. 29:481–495 Quan C. & L.C. Chen, 2005. In: Toxicity of Manufactured Nanomaterials; Proceedings of the 2nd International Symposium on Nanotechnology and Occupational Health, Minneapolis, MN, p. 24. Ramachandran G. (2001). Retrospective exposure assessment using Bayesian methods. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 45(8):651–667 Ramachandran G., Vincent J.H. (1999). A Bayesian approach to retrospective exposure assessment. Appl. Occup. Environ. Hyg. 14:547–557 Ramachandran G., Banerjee S., Vincent J.H. (2003) Expert judgment and occupational hygiene: Application to aerosol speciation in the nickel primary production industry. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 47:461–475 Ramachandran G., Watts W.F., Kittelson D. (2005). Mass, surface area, and number metric in diesel occupational exposure assessment. J. Environ. Monit. 7(7):728–735 Renwick L.C., Donaldson K., Clouter A. (2001). Impairment of alveolar macrophage phagocytosis by ultrafine particles. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 172:119–127 Risbey J.S. & M. Kandlikar, 2002. Expert assessment of uncertainties in detection and attribution of climate change. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 1317–1326. Risbey J.S., Kandlikar M., Karoly D.J. (2000). A protocol to articulate and quantify uncertainties in climate change detection and attribution. Climate Res. 16(1):61–78 Roco M.C., 2005, International perspective on government nanotechnology funding in 2005. JNR 7(6). The Royal Society and The Royal Academy of Engineering, 2004. Nanoscience and Nanotechnologies: Opportunities and Uncertainties. Salvi S., Blomberg A., Rudell B., Kelly F., Sandstrom T., Holgate S.T., Frew A. (1999). Acute inflammatory responses in the airways and peripheral blood after short-term exposure to diesel exhaust in healthy human volunteers. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 159:702–709 Salvi S., Nordenhall C., Blomberg A., Rudell B., Pourazer J., Kelly F.J., Wilson S., Sandstrom T., Holgate S.T., Frew, A. (2000). Acute exposure to diesel exhaust increases IL-8 and GRO-a production in healthy human airways. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 161:550–557 Samet J.M., S.L. Zeger & K. Berhane, 1995. In: The Association of Mortality and Particulate Air Pollution; Particulate Air Pollution and Daily Mortality: Replication and Validation of Selected Studies (The Phase I.A Report of the Particle Epidemiology Evaluation Project). Health Effects Institute, Cambridge, MA, pp. 3–104. Samet J.M., S.L. Zeger, F. Domenici, F. Curreiro, I. Coursac, D.W. Dockery, J. Schwartz & A. Zanobetti, 2000. The National Morbidity, Mortality, and Air Pollution Study, Part II: Morbidity and Mortality from Air Pollution in the United States. Research Report 94, Health Effects Institute, Cambridge, MA. Samet J.M., S.L. Zeger, J.E. Kelsall, J. Xu & L.S. Kalkstein, 1997. In: Weather, Air Pollution and Mortality in Philadelphia 1973–1980; Particulate Air Pollution and Daily Mortality: Analyses of the Effects of Weather and Multiple Air Pollutants (The Phae 1.B. Report of the Particle Epidemiology Evaluation Project). Health Effects Institute, Cambridge, MA, pp. 1–30. Schulz J., Hohenberg H., Pflücker F., Gärtner E., Will T., Pfeiffer S., Wepf R., Wendel V., Gers-Barlag H., Wittern K.-P. (2002). Distribution of sunscreens on skin. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 54(Suppl. 1): S157–S163 Schwartz J. (2001). Air pollution and blood markers of cartdiovascular risk. Environ. Health Perspect. 109 (Suppl. 3):405–409 Schwartz J. (1994). Air pollution and daily mortality: A review and meta analysis. Environ. Res. 64:36–52 Schwartz J., Dockery D.W. (1992). Increased mortality in Philadelphia associated with daily air pollution concentrations. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 145:600–604 Schwartz J., Dockery D.W., Neas L.M. (1996). Is daily mortality associated specifically with fine particles. J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. 46:927–939 Scientific Committee on Cosmetic and Non-Food Products (SCCNFP), 2000. Opinion concerning Titanium Dioxide (Colipa n S75). SCCNP: Brussels, 2000 www.europa.eu.int/comm/health/ph_risk/committees/sccp/docshtml/sccp_out135_en.htm. Seaton A., Soutar A., Crawford V., Elton R., McNerlan S., Cherrie J., Watt M., Agius R., Stout R. (1999). Particulate air pollution and the blood. Thorax 54:1027–1032 Seaton A., MacNee W., Donaldson K., Godden D. (1995). Particulate air pollution and acute health effects. Lancet 345:176–178 Service R.F. (2004). Nanotechnology grows up. Science 304:1732–1734 Sexton K., Callahan M.A., Bryan E.F. (1995). Estimating exposure and dose to characterize health risks: The role of human tissue monitoring in exposure assessment. Environ. Health Perspect. 103(Suppl. 3):13–29 Siegel J.E., Graham J.D., Stoto M.A. (1990). Allocating resources mong AIDS research strategies. Policy Sci. 23:1–23 Stone V., J. Shaw, D.M. Brown, W. MacNee, S.P. Faux & K.␣Donaldson, 1998. The role of oxidative stress in the prolonged inhibitory effect of ultrafine carbon black on epithelial cell function. Toxicol. In vitro 12(6), 649 (pp. 10). Tan M.-H., Commens C.A., Burnett L., Snitch P.J. (1996). A pilot study on the percutaneous absorption of microfine titanium dioxide from sunscreens. Aust. J. Dermatol. 37:185–187 Tran C.L., Buchanan D., Cullen R.T., Searl A., Jones A.D., Donaldson K. (2000). Inhalation of poorly soluble particles. II. Influence of particle surface area on inflammation and clearance. Inhal. Toxicol. 12(12):1113–1126 US Environmental Protection Agency, 2004. An Examination of EPA Risk Assessment Principles and Practices. Office of the Science Advisor. EPA/100/B-04/001. US Environmental Protection Agency, 1996. Air Quality Criteria for Particulate Matter, EPA/600/P-95/001cf. Utell M.J., Frampton M.W. (2000). Acute health effects of ambient air pollution: The ultrafine particle hypothesis. J. Aerosol Med. 13(4):355–359 Vedal S. (1997). Ambient particles and health: Lines that divide. J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. 475:551–581 Vincent R., P. Kumarathasan, P. Goegan, S.G. Bjarnason, J.␣Guenette, D. Berube, I.Y. Adamson, S. Desjardins, R.T. Burnett, F.J. Miller & B. Battistini, 2001. Inhalation Toxicology of Urban Ambient Particulate Matter: Acute Cardiovascular Effects in Rats. Research Report 104, Health Effects Institute, Boston, MA. Walker K.D., Catalano P., Hammitt J.K., Evans J.S. (2003) Use of expert judgment in exposure assessment: Part 2. Calibration of expert judgments about personal exposures to benzene. J. Expo. Anal. Environ. Epidemiol. 13:1–16 Walker K.D., Macintosh D., Evans J.S. (2001). Use of expert judgment in exposure assessment: Part I. Characterization of personal exposure to benzene. J. Expo. Anal. Environ. Epidemiol. 11:308– 322 Warheit D.B., Brock W.J., Lee K.P., Webb T.R., Reed K.L. (2005a). Comparative pulmonary toxicity inhalation and instillation studies with different TiO2 particle formulations: Impact of surface treatments on particle toxicity. Toxicol. Sci. 88(2):514–524 Warheit D.B., T.R. Webb, K.L. Reed, C. Sayes, Y. Liu & V.L. Colvin, 2005b. In: Pulmonary Effects of Nanoscale Titania and Quartz Particles: Role of Particle Size and Surface Area; Proceedings of the 2nd International Symposium on Nanotechnology and Occupational Health, Minneapolis, MN, p. 28. Watkinson W.P., Campen M.J., Costa D.L. (1998). Cardiac arrhythmia induction after exposure to residual oil fly ash particles in a rodent model of pulmonary hypertension. Toxicol. Sci. 41:209–216 Wichmann H.-E., C. Spix, T. Tuch, G. Wolke, A. Peters, J.␣Heinrich, W.G. Kreyling & G. Heyder, 2000. Daily mortality and fine and ultrafine particles in Erfurt, Germany. Part I: Role of particle number and particle mass. Research Report 98, Health Effects Institute, Cambridge, MA. Winkler R.L. (1986). Expert resolution. Manage. Sci. 32:298–306 Winkler R.L. (1968). The consensus of subjective probability distributions. Manage. Sci. 15(2):B61–B75 Wolff S.K., Hawkins N.C., Kennedy S.M., Graham J.D. (1990). Selecting experimental data for use in quantitative risk assessment: An expert judgment approach. Toxicol. Ind. Health 6:275–295