BMP signaling and early embryonic patterning

Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews - Tập 16 - Trang 265-278 - 2005
Satoshi Kishigami1, Yuji Mishina1
1Molecular Developmental Biology Section, Laboratory of Reproductive and Developmental Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA

Tài liệu tham khảo

Urist, 1965, Bone: formation by autoinduction, Science, 150, 893, 10.1126/science.150.3698.893 Kingsley, 1994, The TGF-beta superfamily: new members, new receptors, and new genetic tests of function in different organisms, Genes Dev, 8, 133, 10.1101/gad.8.2.133 Zhao, 2003, Consequences of knocking out BMP signaling in the mouse, Genesis, 35, 43, 10.1002/gene.10167 Wozney, 1992, The bone morphogenetic protein family and osteogenesis, Mol Reprod Dev, 32, 160, 10.1002/mrd.1080320212 Sampath, 1981, Dissociative extraction and reconstitution of extracellular matrix components involved in local bone differentiation, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 78, 7599, 10.1073/pnas.78.12.7599 Reddi, 1994, Bone and cartilage differentiation, Curr Opin Genet Dev, 4, 737, 10.1016/0959-437X(94)90141-O Hogan, 1996, Bone morphogenetic proteins in development, Curr Opin Genet Dev, 6, 432, 10.1016/S0959-437X(96)80064-5 Whitman, 1998, Smads and early developmental signaling by the TGFbeta superfamily, Genes Dev, 12, 2445, 10.1101/gad.12.16.2445 Mishina, 2003, Function of bone morphogenetic protein signaling during mouse development, Front Biosci, 8, d855, 10.2741/1097 Ray, 1991, The control of cell fate along the dorsal–ventral axis of the Drosophila embryo, Development, 113, 35, 10.1242/dev.113.1.35 Dale, 1992, Bone morphogenetic protein 4: a ventralizing factor in early Xenopus development, Development, 115, 573, 10.1242/dev.115.2.573 Jones, 1992, DVR-4 (bone morphogenetic protein-4) as a posterior-ventralizing factor in Xenopus mesoderm induction, Development, 115, 639, 10.1242/dev.115.2.639 Wrana, 1994, Mechanism of activation of the TGF-beta receptor, Nature, 370, 341, 10.1038/370341a0 Heldin, 1997, TGF-beta signalling from cell membrane to nucleus through SMAD proteins, Nature, 390, 465, 10.1038/37284 Franzen, 1993, Cloning of a TGF beta type I receptor that forms a heteromeric complex with the TGF beta type II receptor, Cell, 75, 681, 10.1016/0092-8674(93)90489-D Carcamo, 1994, Type I receptors specify growth-inhibitory and transcriptional responses to transforming growth factor beta and activin, Mol Cell Biol, 14, 3810, 10.1128/MCB.14.6.3810 Massague, 1996, TGFbeta signaling: receptors, transducers, and Mad proteins, Cell, 85, 947, 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81296-9 de Caestecker, 2004, The transforming growth factor-beta superfamily of receptors, Cytokine Growth Factor Rev, 15, 1, 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2003.10.004 Giudice, 2001, Conserved cellular and molecular mechanisms in development, Cell Biol Int, 25, 1081, 10.1006/cbir.2001.0793 Sasai, 2001, Regulation of neural determination by evolutionarily conserved signals: anti-BMP factors and what next?, Curr Opin Neurobiol, 11, 22, 10.1016/S0959-4388(00)00169-0 Piccolo, 1999, The head inducer Cerberus is a multifunctional antagonist of Nodal BMP and Wnt signals, Nature, 397, 707, 10.1038/17820 Belo, 2000, Cerberus-like is a secreted BMP and nodal antagonist not essential for mouse development, Genesis, 26, 265, 10.1002/(SICI)1526-968X(200004)26:4<265::AID-GENE80>3.0.CO;2-4 Anderson, 2002, Chordin and noggin promote organizing centers of forebrain development in the mouse, Development, 129, 4975, 10.1242/dev.129.21.4975 Bachiller, 2000, The organizer factors Chordin and Noggin are required for mouse forebrain development, Nature, 403, 658, 10.1038/35001072 Bachiller, 2003, The role of chordin/Bmp signals in mammalian pharyngeal development and DiGeorge syndrome, Development, 130, 3567, 10.1242/dev.00581 Shawlot, 2000, The cerberus-related gene, Cerr1, is not essential for mouse head formation, Genesis, 26, 253, 10.1002/(SICI)1526-968X(200004)26:4<253::AID-GENE60>3.0.CO;2-D Tam, 1997, Mouse gastrulation: the formation of a mammalian body plan, Mech Dev, 68, 3, 10.1016/S0925-4773(97)00123-8 Beddington, 1999, Axis development and early asymmetry in mammals, Cell, 96, 195, 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80560-7 Behringer, 2000, A flattened mouse embryo: leveling the playing field, Genesis, 28, 23, 10.1002/1526-968X(200009)28:1<23::AID-GENE30>3.0.CO;2-G Rossant, 2004, Emerging asymmetry and embryonic patterning in early mouse development, Dev Cell, 7, 155, 10.1016/j.devcel.2004.07.012 Lu, 2001, From fertilization to gastrulation: axis formation in the mouse embryo, Curr Opin Genet Dev, 11, 384, 10.1016/S0959-437X(00)00208-2 Thomas, 1998, Hex: a homeobox gene revealing peri-implantation asymmetry in the mouse embryo and an early transient marker of endothelial cell precursors, Development, 125, 85, 10.1242/dev.125.1.85 Rivera-Perez, 2003, Dynamic morphogenetic events characterize the mouse visceral endoderm, Dev Biol, 261, 470, 10.1016/S0012-1606(03)00302-6 Srinivas, 2004, Active cell migration drives the unilateral movements of the anterior visceral endoderm, Development, 131, 1157, 10.1242/dev.01005 Nagy, 2001, Chimaeras and mosaics for dissecting complex mutant phenotypes, Int J Dev Biol, 45, 577 Nagy, 2000, Cre recombinase: the universal reagent for genome tailoring, Genesis, 26, 99, 10.1002/(SICI)1526-968X(200002)26:2<99::AID-GENE1>3.0.CO;2-B Winnier, 1995, Bone morphogenetic protein-4 is required for mesoderm formation and patterning in the mouse, Genes Dev, 9, 2105, 10.1101/gad.9.17.2105 Lawson, 1999, Bmp4 is required for the generation of primordial germ cells in the mouse embryo, Genes Dev, 13, 424, 10.1101/gad.13.4.424 Ying, 2000, Requirement of Bmp8b for the generation of primordial germ cells in the mouse, Mol Endocrinol, 14, 1053, 10.1210/me.14.7.1053 Ying, 2001, Cooperation of endoderm-derived BMP2 and extraembryonic ectoderm-derived BMP4 in primordial germ cell generation in the mouse, Dev Biol, 232, 484, 10.1006/dbio.2001.0173 Fujiwara, 2002, Distinct requirements for extra-embryonic and embryonic bone morphogenetic protein 4 in the formation of the node and primitive streak and coordination of left–right asymmetry in the mouse, Development, 129, 4685, 10.1242/dev.129.20.4685 Nagy, 1993, Derivation of completely cell culture-derived mice from early-passage embryonic stem cells, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 90, 8424, 10.1073/pnas.90.18.8424 Zhang, 1996, Mice deficient for BMP2 are nonviable and have defects in amnion/chorion and cardiac development, Development, 122, 2977, 10.1242/dev.122.10.2977 Mishina, 1995, Bmpr encodes a type I bone morphogenetic protein receptor that is essential for gastrulation during mouse embryogenesis, Genes Dev, 9, 3027, 10.1101/gad.9.24.3027 Mishina, 2002, Generation of Bmpr/Alk3 conditional knockout mice, Genesis, 32, 69, 10.1002/gene.10038 Tallquist, 2000, Epiblast-restricted Cre expression in MORE mice: a tool to distinguish embryonic vs. extra-embryonic gene function, Genesis, 26, 113, 10.1002/(SICI)1526-968X(200002)26:2<113::AID-GENE3>3.0.CO;2-2 Davis, 2004, BMP receptor IA is required in the mammalian embryo for endodermal morphogenesis and ectodermal patterning, Dev Biol, 270, 47, 10.1016/j.ydbio.2004.01.048 Qi, 2004, BMP4 supports self-renewal of embryonic stem cells by inhibiting mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 101, 6027, 10.1073/pnas.0401367101 Ying, 2003, BMP induction of Id proteins suppresses differentiation and sustains embryonic stem cell self-renewal in collaboration with STAT3, Cell, 115, 281, 10.1016/S0092-8674(03)00847-X Gu, 1999, The type I serine/threonine kinase receptor ActRIA (ALK2) is required for gastrulation of the mouse embryo, Development, 126, 2551, 10.1242/dev.126.11.2551 Roelen, 1994, Expression of TGF-beta s and their receptors during implantation and organogenesis of the mouse embryo, Dev Biol, 166, 716, 10.1006/dbio.1994.1350 Yoshikawa, 2000, The ActR-I activin receptor protein is expressed in notochord, lens placode and pituitary primordium cells in the mouse embryo, Mech Dev, 91, 439, 10.1016/S0925-4773(99)00320-2 Kishigami, 2004, BMP signaling through ACVRI is required for left–right patterning in the early mouse embryo, Dev Biol, 276, 185, 10.1016/j.ydbio.2004.08.042 Mishina, 1999, Multiple roles for activin-like kinase-2 signaling during mouse embryogenesis, Dev Biol, 213, 314, 10.1006/dbio.1999.9378 de Sousa Lopes, 2004, BMP signaling mediated by ALK2 in the visceral endoderm is necessary for the generation of primordial germ cells in the mouse embryo, Genes Dev, 18, 1838, 10.1101/gad.294004 Ying, 2001, Induction of primordial germ cells from murine epiblasts by synergistic action of BMP4 and BMP8B signaling pathways, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 98, 7858, 10.1073/pnas.151242798 Kaartinen, 2001, Removal of the floxed neo gene from a conditional knockout allele by the adenoviral Cre recombinase in vivo, Genesis, 31, 126, 10.1002/gene.10015 Beppu, 2000, BMP type II receptor is required for gastrulation and early development of mouse embryos, Dev Biol, 221, 249, 10.1006/dbio.2000.9670 Tremblay, 2001, Mouse embryos lacking Smad1 signals display defects in extra-embryonic tissues and germ cell formation, Development, 128, 3609, 10.1242/dev.128.18.3609 Lechleider, 2001, Targeted mutagenesis of Smad1 reveals an essential role in chorioallantoic fusion, Dev Biol, 240, 157, 10.1006/dbio.2001.0469 Reissmann, 2001, The orphan receptor ALK7 and the Activin receptor ALK4 mediate signaling by Nodal proteins during vertebrate development, Genes Dev, 15, 2010, 10.1101/gad.201801 Zhou, 1993, Nodal is a novel TGF-beta-like gene expressed in the mouse node during gastrulation, Nature, 361, 543, 10.1038/361543a0 Conlon, 1994, A primary requirement for nodal in the formation and maintenance of the primitive streak in the mouse, Development, 120, 1919, 10.1242/dev.120.7.1919 Brennan, 2001, Nodal signalling in the epiblast patterns the early mouse embryo, Nature, 411, 965, 10.1038/35082103 Norris, 1999, Asymmetric and node-specific nodal expression patterns are controlled by two distinct cis-acting regulatory elements, Genes Dev, 13, 1575, 10.1101/gad.13.12.1575 Varlet, 1997, nodal expression in the primitive endoderm is required for specification of the anterior axis during mouse gastrulation, Development, 124, 1033, 10.1242/dev.124.5.1033 Meno, 1999, Mouse Lefty2 and zebrafish antivin are feedback inhibitors of nodal signaling during vertebrate gastrulation, Mol Cell, 4, 287, 10.1016/S1097-2765(00)80331-7 Perea-Gomez, 2002, Nodal antagonists in the anterior visceral endoderm prevent the formation of multiple primitive streaks, Dev Cell, 3, 745, 10.1016/S1534-5807(02)00321-0 Yamamoto, 2004, Nodal antagonists regulate formation of the anteroposterior axis of the mouse embryo, Nature, 428, 387, 10.1038/nature02418 Furuta, 1998, BMP4 is essential for lens induction in the mouse embryo, Genes Dev, 12, 3764, 10.1101/gad.12.23.3764 Fujiwara, 2001, Bone morphogenetic protein 4 in the extraembryonic mesoderm is required for allantois development and the localization and survival of primordial germ cells in the mouse, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 98, 13739, 10.1073/pnas.241508898 Shawlot, 1999, Lim1 is required in both primitive streak-derived tissues and visceral endoderm for head formation in the mouse, Development, 126, 4925, 10.1242/dev.126.22.4925 Dewulf, 1995, Distinct spatial and temporal expression patterns of two type I receptors for bone morphogenetic proteins during mouse embryogenesis, Endocrinology, 136, 2652, 10.1210/en.136.6.2652 Baur, 2000, Combinatorial signaling through BMP receptor IB and GDF5: shaping of the distal mouse limb and the genetics of distal limb diversity, Development, 127, 605, 10.1242/dev.127.3.605 Yi, 2000, The type I BMP receptor BMPRIB is required for chondrogenesis in the mouse limb, Development, 127, 621, 10.1242/dev.127.3.621 Norris, 2002, The Foxh1-dependent autoregulatory enhancer controls the level of Nodal signals in the mouse embryo, Development, 129, 3455, 10.1242/dev.129.14.3455 Lu, 2004, Multiple roles for Nodal in the epiblast of the mouse embryo in the establishment of anterior–posterior patterning, Dev Biol, 273, 149, 10.1016/j.ydbio.2004.06.004 Nomura, 1998, Smad2 role in mesoderm formation, left–right patterning and craniofacial development, Nature, 393, 786, 10.1038/31693 Waldrip, 1998, Smad2 signaling in extraembryonic tissues determines anterior–posterior polarity of the early mouse embryo, Cell, 92, 797, 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81407-5 Tremblay, 2000, Formation of the definitive endoderm in mouse is a Smad2-dependent process, Development, 127, 3079, 10.1242/dev.127.14.3079 Vincent, 2003, Cell fate decisions within the mouse organizer are governed by graded Nodal signals, Genes Dev, 17, 1646, 10.1101/gad.1100503 Zhu, 1998, Smad3 mutant mice develop metastatic colorectal cancer, Cell, 94, 703, 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81730-4 Datto, 1999, Targeted disruption of Smad3 reveals an essential role in transforming growth factor beta-mediated signal transduction, Mol Cell Biol, 19, 2495, 10.1128/MCB.19.4.2495 Yang, 1999, Targeted disruption of SMAD3 results in impaired mucosal immunity and diminished T cell responsiveness to TGF-beta, EMBO J, 18, 1280, 10.1093/emboj/18.5.1280 Dunn, 2004, Combinatorial activities of Smad2 and Smad3 regulate mesoderm formation and patterning in the mouse embryo, Development, 131, 1717, 10.1242/dev.01072 Sirard, 1998, The tumor suppressor gene Smad4/Dpc4 is required for gastrulation and later for anterior development of the mouse embryo, Genes Dev, 12, 107, 10.1101/gad.12.1.107 Yang, 1998, The tumor suppressor SMAD4/DPC4 is essential for epiblast proliferation and mesoderm induction in mice, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 95, 3667, 10.1073/pnas.95.7.3667 Chu, 2004, Differential requirements for Smad4 in TGFbeta-dependent patterning of the early mouse embryo, Development, 131, 3501, 10.1242/dev.01248 Hamada, 2002, Establishment of vertebrate left–right asymmetry, Nat Rev Genet, 3, 103, 10.1038/nrg732 Meyers, 1999, Differences in left–right axis pathways in mouse and chick: functions of FGF8 and SHH, Science, 285, 403, 10.1126/science.285.5426.403 Wright, 2001, Mechanisms of left–right asymmetry: what's right and what's left?, Dev Cell, 1, 179, 10.1016/S1534-5807(01)00036-3 Capdevila, 2000, Mechanisms of left–right determination in vertebrates, Cell, 101, 9, 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80619-4 Palmer, 2004, Symmetry breaking and the evolution of development, Science, 306, 828, 10.1126/science.1103707 Logan, 1998, The transcription factor Pitx2 mediates situs-specific morphogenesis in response to left–right asymmetric signals, Cell, 94, 307, 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81474-9 Piedra, 1998, Pitx2 participates in the late phase of the pathway controlling left–right asymmetry, Cell, 94, 319, 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81475-0 Yoshioka, 1998, Pitx2, a bicoid-type homeobox gene, is involved in a lefty-signaling pathway in determination of left–right asymmetry, Cell, 94, 299, 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81473-7 Fujinaga, 1997, Development of sidedness of asymmetric body structures in vertebrates, Int J Dev Biol, 41, 153 Nonaka, 1998, Randomization of left–right asymmetry due to loss of nodal cilia generating leftward flow of extraembryonic fluid in mice lacking KIF3B motor protein, Cell, 95, 829, 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81705-5 Essner, 2002, Conserved function for embryonic nodal cilia, Nature, 418, 37, 10.1038/418037a Okada, 1999, Abnormal nodal flow precedes situs inversus in iv and inv mice, Mol Cell, 4, 459, 10.1016/S1097-2765(00)80197-5 Nonaka, 2002, Determination of left–right patterning of the mouse embryo by artificial nodal flow, Nature, 418, 96, 10.1038/nature00849 Collignon, 1996, Relationship between asymmetric nodal expression and the direction of embryonic turning, Nature, 381, 155, 10.1038/381155a0 Lowe, 1996, Conserved left–right asymmetry of nodal expression and alterations in murine situs inversus, Nature, 381, 158, 10.1038/381158a0 Lowe, 2001, Genetic dissection of nodal function in patterning the mouse embryo, Development, 128, 1831, 10.1242/dev.128.10.1831 Brennan, 2002, Nodal activity in the node governs left–right asymmetry, Genes Dev, 16, 2339, 10.1101/gad.1016202 Saijoh, 2003, Left–right patterning of the mouse lateral plate requires nodal produced in the node, Dev Biol, 256, 160, 10.1016/S0012-1606(02)00121-5 Oh, 1997, The signaling pathway mediated by the type IIB activin receptor controls axial patterning and lateral asymmetry in the mouse, Genes Dev, 11, 1812, 10.1101/gad.11.14.1812 Song, 1999, The type II activin receptors are essential for egg cylinder growth, gastrulation, and rostral head development in mice, Dev Biol, 213, 157, 10.1006/dbio.1999.9370 Oh, 2002, Gene-dosage-sensitive genetic interactions between inversus viscerum (iv), nodal, and activin type IIB receptor (ActRIIB) genes in asymmetrical patterning of the visceral organs along the left–right axis, Dev Dyn, 224, 279, 10.1002/dvdy.10103 Raya, 2004, Sequential transfer of left–right information during vertebrate embryo development, Curr Opin Genet Dev, 14, 575, 10.1016/j.gde.2004.07.011 Rankin, 2000, Regulation of left–right patterning in mice by growth/differentiation factor-1, Nat Genet, 24, 262, 10.1038/73472 Wall, 2000, Mesendoderm induction and reversal of left–right pattern by mouse Gdf1, a Vg1-related gene, Dev Biol, 227, 495, 10.1006/dbio.2000.9926 Yeo, 2001, Nodal signals to Smads through cripto-dependent and cripto-independent mechanisms, Mol Cell, 7, 949, 10.1016/S1097-2765(01)00249-0 Yan, 1999, Conserved requirement for EGF-CFC genes in vertebrate left–right axis formation, Genes Dev, 13, 2527, 10.1101/gad.13.19.2527 Gaio, 1999, A role of the cryptic gene in the correct establishment of the left–right axis, Curr Biol, 9, 1339, 10.1016/S0960-9822(00)80059-7 Meno, 1998, lefty-1 is required for left–right determination as a regulator of lefty-2 and nodal, Cell, 94, 287, 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81472-5 Sakuma, 2002, Inhibition of Nodal signalling by Lefty mediated through interaction with common receptors and efficient diffusion, Genes Cells, 7, 401, 10.1046/j.1365-2443.2002.00528.x Yamamoto, 2003, Nodal signaling induces the midline barrier by activating Nodal expression in the lateral plate, Development, 130, 1795, 10.1242/dev.00408 Branford, 2004, Nodal signaling: cryptic lefty mechanism of antagonism decoded, Curr Biol, 14, 341, 10.1016/j.cub.2004.04.020 Chen, 2004, Two modes by which Lefty proteins inhibit nodal signaling, Curr Biol, 14, 618, 10.1016/j.cub.2004.02.042 Cheng, 2004, Lefty blocks a subset of TGFbeta signals by antagonizing EGF-CFC coreceptors, PLoS Biol, 2, 30, 10.1371/journal.pbio.0020030 Meno, 2001, Diffusion of nodal signaling activity in the absence of the feedback inhibitor Lefty2, Dev Cell, 1, 127, 10.1016/S1534-5807(01)00006-5 Meno, 1997, Two closely-related left–right asymmetrically expressed genes, lefty-1 and lefty-2: their distinct expression domains, chromosomal linkage and direct neuralizing activity in Xenopus embryos, Genes Cells, 2, 513, 10.1046/j.1365-2443.1997.1400338.x Branford, 2000, Regulation of gut and heart left–right asymmetry by context-dependent interactions between Xenopus lefty and BMP4 signaling, Dev Biol, 223, 291, 10.1006/dbio.2000.9739 Ulloa, 2001, Lefty inhibits receptor-regulated Smad phosphorylation induced by the activated transforming growth factor-beta receptor, J Biol Chem, 276, 21397, 10.1074/jbc.M010783200 Ramsdell, 1999, Cardiac looping and the vertebrate left–right axis: antagonism of left-sided Vg1 activity by a right-sided ALK2-dependent BMP pathway, Development, 126, 5195, 10.1242/dev.126.23.5195 Rodriguez Esteban, 1999, The novel Cer-like protein Caronte mediates the establishment of embryonic left–right asymmetry, Nature, 401, 243, 10.1038/45738 Yokouchi, 1999, Antagonistic signaling by Caronte, a novel Cerberus-related gene, establishes left–right asymmetric gene expression, Cell, 98, 573, 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80045-8 Piedra, 2002, BMP signaling positively regulates Nodal expression during left right specification in the chick embryo, Development, 129, 3431, 10.1242/dev.129.14.3431 Schlange, 2002, BMP2 is a positive regulator of Nodal signaling during left–right axis formation in the chicken embryo, Development, 129, 3421, 10.1242/dev.129.14.3421 Chang, 2000, Smad5 is essential for left–right asymmetry in mice, Dev Biol, 219, 71, 10.1006/dbio.1999.9594 Ebisawa, 1999, Characterization of bone morphogenetic protein-6 signaling pathways in osteoblast differentiation, J Cell Sci, 112, 3519, 10.1242/jcs.112.20.3519 Macias-Silva, 1998, Specific activation of Smad1 signaling pathways by the BMP7 type I receptor, ALK2, J Biol Chem, 273, 25628, 10.1074/jbc.273.40.25628 Solloway, 1999, Early embryonic lethality in Bmp5; Bmp7 double mutant mice suggests functional redundancy within the 60A subgroup, Development, 126, 1753, 10.1242/dev.126.8.1753 Dudley, 1995, A requirement for bone morphogenetic protein-7 during development of the mammalian kidney and eye, Genes Dev, 9, 2795, 10.1101/gad.9.22.2795 Luo, 1995, BMP-7 is an inducer of nephrogenesis, and is also required for eye development and skeletal patterning, Genes Dev, 9, 2808, 10.1101/gad.9.22.2808 Tsukui, 1999, Multiple left–right asymmetry defects in Shh(−/−) mutant mice unveil a convergence of the shh and retinoic acid pathways in the control of Lefty-1, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 96, 11376, 10.1073/pnas.96.20.11376 Zhang, 2001, Smoothened mutants reveal redundant roles for Shh and Ihh signaling including regulation of L/R symmetry by the mouse node, Cell, 106, 781, 10.1016/S0092-8674(01)00385-3 Monsoro-Burq, 2001, BMP4 plays a key role in left–right patterning in chick embryos by maintaining Sonic Hedgehog asymmetry, Mol Cell, 7, 789, 10.1016/S1097-2765(01)00223-4 Thomas, 1996, A human chondrodysplasia due to a mutation in a TGF-beta superfamily member, Nat Genet, 12, 315, 10.1038/ng0396-315 Thomas, 1997, Disruption of human limb morphogenesis by a dominant negative mutation in CDMP1, Nat Genet, 17, 58, 10.1038/ng0997-58 Johnson, 1996, Mutations in the activin receptor-like kinase 1 gene in hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia type 2, Nat Genet, 13, 189, 10.1038/ng0696-189 Lane, 2000, Heterozygous germline mutations in BMPR2, encoding a TGF-beta receptor, cause familial primary pulmonary hypertension. The International PPH Consortium, Nat Genet, 26, 81, 10.1038/79226 Zhou, 2001, Germline mutations in BMPR1A/ALK3 cause a subset of cases of juvenile polyposis syndrome and of Cowden and Bannayan–Riley–Ruvalcaba syndromes, Am J Hum Genet, 69, 704, 10.1086/323703 Howe, 2001, Germline mutations of the gene encoding bone morphogenetic protein receptor 1A in juvenile polyposis, Nat Genet, 28, 184, 10.1038/88919 Imbeaud, 1995, Insensitivity to anti-mullerian hormone due to a mutation in the human anti-mullerian hormone receptor, Nat Genet, 11, 382, 10.1038/ng1295-382 Pashmforoush, 2004, Nkx2-5 pathways and congenital heart disease; loss of ventricular myocyte lineage specification leads to progressive cardiomyopathy and complete heart block, Cell, 117, 373, 10.1016/S0092-8674(04)00405-2 Rountree, 2004, BMP receptor signaling is required for postnatal maintenance of articular cartilage, PLoS Biol, 2, e355, 10.1371/journal.pbio.0020355 Mishina, 2004, Bone morphogenetic protein type IA receptor signaling regulates postnatal osteoblast function and bone remodeling, J Biol Chem, 279, 27560, 10.1074/jbc.M404222200 Oh, 2000, Activin receptor-like kinase 1 modulates transforming growth factor-beta 1 signaling in the regulation of angiogenesis, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 97, 2626, 10.1073/pnas.97.6.2626 Zhang, 2003, Identification of the haematopoietic stem cell niche and control of the niche size, Nature, 425, 836, 10.1038/nature02041 He, 2004, BMP signaling inhibits intestinal stem cell self-renewal through suppression of Wnt-beta-catenin signaling, Nat Genet, 36, 1117, 10.1038/ng1430 Jamin, 2002, Requirement of Bmpr1a for Mullerian duct regression during male sexual development, Nat Genet, 32, 408, 10.1038/ng1003 Yuhki, 2004, BMPR1A signaling is necessary for hair follicle cycling and hair shaft differentiation in mice, Development, 131, 1825, 10.1242/dev.01079 Andl, 2004, Epithelial Bmpr1a regulates differentiation and proliferation in postnatal hair follicles and is essential for tooth development, Development, 131, 2257, 10.1242/dev.01125 Ming Kwan, 2004, Essential roles of BMPR-IA signaling in differentiation and growth of hair follicles and in skin tumorigenesis, Genesis, 39, 10, 10.1002/gene.20021 Kobielak, 2003, Defining BMP functions in the hair follicle by conditional ablation of BMP receptor IA, J Cell Biol, 163, 609, 10.1083/jcb.200309042 Gaussin, 2002, Endocardial cushion and myocardial defects after cardiac myocyte-specific conditional deletion of the bone morphogenetic protein receptor ALK3, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 99, 2878, 10.1073/pnas.042390499 Jiao, 2003, An essential role of Bmp4 in the atrioventricular septation of the mouse heart, Genes Dev, 17, 2362, 10.1101/gad.1124803 Oh, 2004, Cardiac muscle plasticity in adult and embryo by heart-derived progenitor cells, Ann N Y Acad Sci, 1015, 182, 10.1196/annals.1302.015 Kaartinen, 2004, Cardiac outflow tract defects in mice lacking ALK2 in neural crest cells, Development, 131, 3481, 10.1242/dev.01214 Dudas, 2004, Craniofacial defects in mice lacking BMP type I receptor Alk2 in neural crest cells, Mech Dev, 121, 173, 10.1016/j.mod.2003.12.003 Chen, 2004, BMP10 is essential for maintaining cardiac growth during murine cardiogenesis, Development, 131, 2219, 10.1242/dev.01094