Environmental feasibility of partial substitution of gasoline with ethanol in the Province of Siena (Italy)

Agger, 2011, pH catalyzed pretreatment of corn bran for enhanced enzymatic arabinoxylan degradation, New Biotech., 28, 125, 10.1016/j.nbt.2010.09.012 APAT, 2002, National Manual of Emission Factors Ármannsson, 2005, CO2 emissions from geothermal power plants and natural geothermal activity in Iceland, Geothermics, 34, 286, 10.1016/j.geothermics.2004.11.005 ARSIA, 2009 Bonilla, 2010, The roles of cleaner production in the sustainable development of modern societies: an introduction to this special issue, J. Clean Prod., 18, 1, 10.1016/j.jclepro.2009.09.001 Börjesson, 2009, Good or bad bioethanol from a greenhouse gas perspective – what determines this?, Appl. Energy, 85, 589, 10.1016/j.apenergy.2008.11.025 Børjesson, 2011, Agricultural crop-based biofuels – resource efficiency and environmental performance including direct land use changes, J. Clean Prod., 19, 108, 10.1016/j.jclepro.2010.01.001 BP, 2011 Camera di Commercio di Siena, 2011 Cherubini, 2009, Energy- and greenhouse gas-based LCA of biofuel and bioenergy systems: key issues, ranges and recommendations, Resour. Conserv. Recycl., 53, 434, 10.1016/j.resconrec.2009.03.013 Cherubini, 2010, Crop residues as raw materials for biorefinery systems – a LCA case study, Appl. Energy, 87, 47, 10.1016/j.apenergy.2009.08.024 Christensen, H., 2011. Personal communication. Coppola, 2009, Sustainability of bioethanol production from wheat with recycled residues as evaluated by emergy assessment, Biomass Bioenerg., 33, 1626, 10.1016/j.biombioe.2009.08.003 D.G.E.R.M, 2008 Demirabas, 2009, Biorefineries: current activities and future developments, Energy Convers. Manage., 50, 2782, 10.1016/j.enconman.2009.06.035 DONG, 2006 Ecoinvent, 2010 El-Halwagi, 2012, Design of integrated biorefineries, 365 Energetic Plan for the Province of Siena (Piano Energetico per la Provincia di Siena), 2010. Available from: http://www.provincia.siena.it/var/prov/storage/original/application/5dc40ecfc5c2f1d984abec7c6fd8d0d8.pdf. European Commission, 2003 European Commission, 2009 European Commission, 2010 Gabrielle, 2008, Life-cycle assessment of straw use in bio-ethanol production: a case study based on biophysical, Biomass Bioenerg., 32, 431, 10.1016/j.biombioe.2007.10.017 Ghatak, 2011, Biorefineries from the perspective of sustainability: feedstocks, products, and process, Renew. Sust. Energ. Rev., 15, 4042, 10.1016/j.rser.2011.07.034 Giarola, 2012, A comprehensive approach to the design of ethanol supply chains including carbon trading effects, Energ. Policy, 107, 175 Gnansounou, 2011, Life-cycle assessment of biofuels, 25 Huang, 2011, Bioconversion of lignocellulose into bioethanol: process intensification and mechanism research, Bioenerg. Res., 4, 225, 10.1007/s12155-011-9125-7 International Energy Agency (IEA), 2008 International Energy Agency (OECD/IEA), 2011 International Energy Agency (OECD/IEA), 2011, 10.1787/co2_fuel-2011-en IPCC, 2006 IPCC, 2007, Climate change 2007: the physical science basis ISO 14040, 2006 ISO 14044, 2006 ISO 14064, 2006 ISTAT, 2008. Available from: http://agri.istat.it/sag_is_pdwout/jsp/consultazioneDati.jsp. Jensen, K.H., Thyø, K.A., 2007. 2nd Generation Bioethanol for Transport: the IBUS Concept. Boundary Conditions and Environmental Assessment. Master thesis Department of Manufacturing Engineering and Management Technical University of Denmark. Available from: http://www.man.dtu.dk/upload/institutter/ipl/publ/2.gen%20bioethanol_for_transport_report.pdf. Jury, 2010, Life Cycle Assessment of biogas production by monofermentation of energy crops and injection into the natural gas grid, Biomass Bioenerg., 34, 54, 10.1016/j.biombioe.2009.09.011 Kahiluoto, 2011, Potential of agrifood wastes in mitigation of climate change and eutrophication – two case regions, Biomass Bioenerg., 35, 1938, 10.1016/j.biombioe.2011.01.058 Keller, 1996, Integrated bioprocess development for bioethanol Production, 351 Kim, 2005, Life cycle assessment of various cropping systems utilized for producing biofuels: bioethanol and biodiesel, Biomass Bioenerg., 29, 426, 10.1016/j.biombioe.2005.06.004 Larsen, 2008, The IBUS process-lignocellulosic bioethanol close to a commercial reality, Chem. Eng. Technol., 31, 765, 10.1002/ceat.200800048 2004 Lyko, 2009, Coupled production in biorefineries – combined use of biomass as a source of energy, fuels and materials, J. Biotechnol., 142, 78, 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2009.03.016 Marland, 2003, Managing soil organic carbon in agriculture: the net effect on greenhouse gas emissions, Tellus, 55B, 613, 10.1034/j.1600-0889.2003.00054.x Naik, 2010, Production of first and second generation biofuels: a comprehensive review, Renew. Sust. Energ. Rev., 14, 578, 10.1016/j.rser.2009.10.003 Nemecek, 2007 Neupane, 2011, Attributional life cycle assessment of woodchips for bioethanol production, J. Clean Prod., 19, 733, 10.1016/j.jclepro.2010.12.002 Petersen, 2009, Optimization of hydrothermal pretreatment of wheat straw for production of bioethanol at low water consumption without addition of chemicals, Biomass Bioenerg., 33, 834, 10.1016/j.biombioe.2009.01.004 Pimentel, 2005, Ethanol production using corn, switchgrass, and wood; biodiesel production using soybean and sunflower, Nat. Resour. Res., 14, 65, 10.1007/s11053-005-4679-8 REGES Project, 2010 Reijnders, 2007, Life cycle greenhouse gas emissions, fossil fuel demand and solar energy conversion efficiency in European bioethanol production for automotive purposes, J. Clean Prod., 15, 1806, 10.1016/j.jclepro.2006.05.007 Scacchi, 2010, Greenhouse gases emissions and energy use of wheat grain-based bioethanol fuel blends, Sci. Total Environ., 408, 5010, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.07.046 Searchinger, 2008, Use of U.S. croplands for biofuels increases greenhouse gases through emissions from land-use change, Science, 319, 1238, 10.1126/science.1151861 Singh, 2010, Key issues in life cycle assessment of ethanol production from lignocellulosic biomass: challenges and perspectives, Bioresour. Technol., 101, 5003, 10.1016/j.biortech.2009.11.062 Star Colibri, 2010 Tan, 2008, Role of energy policy in renewable energy accomplishment: the case of second-generation bioethanol, Energ. Policy, 36, 3360, 10.1016/j.enpol.2008.05.016 Thomsen, 2006, Preliminary results on optimization of pilot scale pretreatment of wheat straw used in coproduction of bioethanol and electricity, Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol., 129-132, 448, 10.1385/ABAB:130:1:448 Thomsen, 2008, Hydrothermal treatment of wheat straw at pilot plant scale using a three-step reactor system aiming at high hemicellulose recovery, high cellulose digestibility and low lignin hydrolysis, Bioresour. Technol., 99, 4221, 10.1016/j.biortech.2007.08.054 Tiezzi, 2002 Ulgiati, 2001, A comprehensive energy and economic assessment of biofuels: when “Green” is not enough, Crit. Rev. Plant Sci., 20, 71, 10.1080/20013591099191 von Blottnitz, 2007, A review of assessments conducted on bio-ethanol as a transportation fuel from a net energy, greenhouse gas, and environmental life cycle perspective, J. Clean Prod., 15, 607, 10.1016/j.jclepro.2006.03.002