Global and Local (Glocal) Health: The WHO Healthy Cities Programme

Global Change and Human Health - Tập 2 - Trang 34-45 - 2001
Evelyne de Leeuw1
1Collaborating Centre for Research on Healthy Cities Faculty of Health Sciences, WHO, Esbjerg, Denmark

Tóm tắt

Urban health is likely to be one of the momentous challenges of the twenty-first century. Ever increasing numbers of people move to urban environments; the failure to adequately link urban planning to public health is described in this paper, and the WHO Healthy Cities Programme initiated in 1986 is presented as a vehicle to redress that problem. This article describes the foundations, scope and purpose of the Healthy Cities Programme with currently more than four thousand participating towns, communities and cities. Healthy Cities are put in a context of other global agency's agendas. Evaluation efforts in Healthy Cities are described for which a proper inquiry perspective is provided. The Healthy City notion is defined and operationalised and an overview is given of various evaluation enterprises. The paper is concluded with a description of the MARI Framework (Monitoring, Accountability, Reporting and Impact Assessment) currently operational in the European Region of WHO.

Tài liệu tham khảo

Aicher, (1998) Designing Healthy Cities-Prescri tions, Princi les, and Practice. Krieger Publishing Co. APEC, Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation, APEC Industrial Science and Technology Working Group (2000) Healthy Futures for APEC Megacities. Volume 1 Summary Report of a Foresight Project. The APEC Center for Technology Foresight, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Bangkok Ashton, J. (1991) Healthy Cities. Open University Press, Milton Keynes Barton, H. & C. Tsourou (2000) Healthy Urban Planning. SPON Press, London Boutilier, M., S. Cleverly & R. Labonté (2000 ) Community as a setting for Health Promotion. Chapter 7 in: In: Poland, B., Rootman, I. & Green, L., eds. (2000) Settings for Health Promotion. Sage, Beverly Hills Bracht, N. (1999) Health Promotion at the Community Level, 2nd edition. Sage, Beverly Hills Capello, R. (1999) Il Paradigma delle Reti di Città:una isura delle Esternalità di Rete Urbane. Economia Pubblica, 6, 41–68 Capello, R. (2000) The City-Network Paradigm:Measuring Urban Network Externalities. Urban Studies, 37 (11), 1925–1945 Curtice, L. (1995) Towards the evaluation of the second hase of the WHO Healthy Cities Project. WHO Internal document, January 1995 Czerwinksi, S. (1999) Nutritional status and its health consequences among low-income urban regnant women:diet and environmental toxicants. Ch.11 (210–230) in: Schell, L.M. & S.J. Ulijaszek, eds. (1999) Urbanism, Health and Human Biology in Industrialised Countries. Society for the Study of Human Biology Symposium 39. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge Dowler, E. (1999) Urban overty and nutrition in the United Kingdom. Ch. 9 (175–191) in: Schell, L.M. & S.J. Ulijaszek, eds. (1999) Urbanism, Health and Human Biology in Industrialised Countries. Society for the Study of Human Biology Symposium 39. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge Doyle, Y., D. Brunning, C. Cryer, S. Hedley & C.Russell Hodgson (1996) Healthy Cities Indicators: Analysis of Data from Cities across Europe. Edited by P.Webster & C. Price. World Health Organization European Regional Office, Copenhagen Duhl, L., ed. (1963) The Urban Condition:People and Policy in the Metropolis. New York, Simon & Schuster European Commission (1994) European Commission Expert Group on the Urban Environment;European Sustainable Cities Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, Luxembourg (also available at http://europa.eu.int/comm/environment/ urban/rport-en.pdf) Garcia, P. & M. McCarthy (1994) Measuring Health. A stein the development of city health profiles World Health Organization European Regional Office, Copenhagen Gillies, P. ( 1998) Effectiveness of alliances and partnerships for health promotion. Health Promotion International 13 (2) 99–120 Goumans, M. & J. Springett (1997) From projects to policy:‘Healthy Cities’ as a mechanism for policy change for health? Health Promotion International, 12 (4) 311–322 Goumans, M. (1998) Innovations in a Fuzzy Domain.Healthy Cities and (Health)Policy Development in the Netherlands and the United Kingdom. PhD Thesis Universiteit aastricht, aastricht Hancock, T. & L. Duhl (1988) Promoting Health in the Urban Context. WHO Healthy Cities Papers No.1.FADL Publishers, Copenhagen Johnston, F.E. & P. Gordon-Larsen (1999) Poverty, nutrition and obesity in the USA Ch. 10 (192–209) in: Schell, L.M. & S.J. Ulijaszek, eds. (1999) Urbanism, Health and Human Biology in Industrialised Countries. Society for the Study of Human Biology Symposium 39. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge Kaasjager, D.C., L.J.G. van der Maesen & H.G.J. Nijhuis, eds. (1989) The New Public Health in an Urban Context. Paradoxes and Solutions WHO Healthy Cities Papers No. 4. FADL Publishers, Copenhagen Kenzer, M. (1999) Healthy cities:a guide to the literature. Environment and urbanization 11 (1) 201–220 Kickbusch, I. (1989) Good lanets are hard to find WHO Healthy Cities Papers No.5. FADL Publishers, Copenhagen Leeuw, E. de (1989a) The Sane Revolution-Health Promotion:backgrounds, scope, rospects Van Gorcum, Assen/Maastricht- Leeuw, E. de (1989b) Health Policy. An exploratory inquiry into the development of policy for the new public health in The Netherlands PhD dissertation, University of Limburg, Maastricht, The Netherlands Leeuw, E. de (1993) Health policy, epidemiology and power:the interest web. Health Promotion International, 8 (1) 49–52 Leeuw, E. de (1999) Healthy Cities:Urban Social Entrepreneurship for Health. Health Promotion International, 14 (3) 261–269 Leeuw, E. de (2000a) Nurturing Healthy Cities:Research Res onsibility and Accountability. Proceedings, International Conference on Healthy Cities and Urban Policy Research. Tokyo Dental and Medical University, Tokyo, 12–16 March Leeuw, E. de (2000b) Beyond community action: communication arrangements and policy networks In: Poland, B., Rootman, I. & Green, L., eds. (2000) Settings for Health Promotion. Sage, Beverly Hills Leeuw, E. de (2000c) WHO European Healthy Cities Project-Phase III. Analysis of 1999 Annual Reports World Health Organisation Collaborating Centre for Research on Healthy Cities, Maastricht Leeuw, E. de, M. O'Neill, M. Goumans & F.de Bruijn (1992) Healthy Cities Research Agenda. Proceedings of an expert panel. RHC Monograph Series No.2. Maastricht Leeuw, E. de, E. Abbema & M. Commers (1998) Healthy Cities Policy Evaluation.Final Report. World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Research on Healthy Cities, Maastricht Milewa, T. & E. de Leeuw (1995) Reason and protest in the new urban public health movement:an observation on the sociological analysis of political discourse in the ‘healthy city’. British Journal of Sociology 47 (4), 657–670 Minkler, M., ed. (1997) Community Organizing and Community Building for Health Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick, New Jersey, London National Institute of Public Health (2000) Denmark 's network of healthy cities.A process evaluation National Institute of Public Health, Copenhagen (ISBN 8-778-99015-7) Newman, P. & J. Kenworthy (1999) Sustainability and cities:overcoming automobile dependence Island Press, Washington DC Price, C. & A. Tsouros (1996) Our Cities, Our Future: Policies and Action Plans for Health and Sustainable Development. World Health Organization European Regional Offi ce, Healthy City Project Of ce, Copenhagen Schell, L.M. & S.J. Ulijaszek, eds. (1999) Urbanism, Health and Human Biology in Industrialised Countries. Society for the Study of Human Biology Symposium 39. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge Springett, J. (1998) Quality measures and evaluation of Healthy City policy initiatives: the Liver pool experience. Pp. 165–188, Ch.9 in: Davies, J.K. & G Macdonald, eds. (1998) Quality, Evidence and Effectiveness in Health Promotion. Striving for certainties Routledge, London/New York Taket, A. & L. White (2000) Partnership and Participation. Decision-making in the multi agency setting Wiley, New York Tsouros, A. (1994). The WHO Healthy Cities Project:State of the art and future lans Copenhagen: WHO/EURO/HCPO. Tsouros, A. & I. Krampac (1997) National Healthy Cities Networks in Europe. Third edition. WHO/EURO & EURONET, Copenhagen Werna, E. & T. Harpham (1995) The Evaluation of Healthy City Projects in Developing Countries. Habitat Int'l, 19 (4), 629–641 Werna, E. & T. Harpham (1996) The Implementation of the Healthy Cities Project in Developing Countries:Lessons from Chittagong Habitat Int'l, 20 (2), 221–228 Werna, E., T. Harpham, I. Blue & G. Goldstein (1998) Healthy city projects in developing countries.An international a roach to local problems Earthscan, London WHO (1995) Building a healthy city:a practioners guide.A ste-by-ste a roach to im lementing healthy city rojects in low-income countries A manual prepared by the Unit of Urban Environmental Health, Division of Operational Support in Environmental Health, WHO, Geneva (WHO/EOS/95.10) WHO Healthy Cities Project (1988b) A Guide to Assessing Healthy Cities WHO Healthy Cities Papers No.3. FADL Publishers, Copenhagen WHO Healthy Cities Project (1988a) Five-Year Planning Framework. WHO Healthy Cities Papers No.2. FADL Publishers, Copenhagen WHO/EURO (1998) City Health Profiles.A review of progress World Health Organization European Regional Office, Copenhagen WHO/EURO (1999) Monitoring, Accountability, Reporting, and Impact assessment, ARI: A Framework for Phase III Healthy Cities. Prepared for WHO Healthy Cities Project Business Meeting, Bologna, 1999 World Health Organization European Regional Office, Copenhagen WHO & Health Canada (1986) Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion.Ottawa WHO (1997)The Jakarta Declaration:New Players for a New Era. WHO/Republik Indonesia, Geneva/Jakarta WHO (2000) Healthy Cities in Action: 5 case-studies from Africa, Asi a, Middle East and Latin America. WHO/UNDP-LIFE Healthy City Projects in Five Countries:An Evaluation. Department of Protection of the Human Environment, WHO, Geneva (WHO/SDE/PHE/00.02)