Mental Illness Discrimination in Mental Health Treatment Programs: Intersections of Race, Ethnicity, and Sexual Orientation

Andersen, M. L., & Collins, P. H. (2004). Conceptualizing race, class, and gender. In M. L. Andersen & P. H. Collins (Eds.), Race, class, and gender: An anthology (5th ed., pp. 75–98). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth/Thomson Learning. Angell, B., Cooke, A., & Kovac, K. (2005). First person accounts of stigma. In P. W. Corrigan (Ed.), On the stigma of mental illness: Practical strategies for research and social change (pp. 69–98). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. Avery, A. M., Hellman, R. E., & Sudderth, L. K. (2001). Satisfaction with mental health services among sexual minorities with major mental illness. American Journal of Public Health, 91(6), 990–991. Balsam, K. F., Molina, Y., Beadnell, B., Simoni, J., & Walters, K. (2011). Measuring multiple minority stress: The LGBT People of Color Microaggressions Scale. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 17, 163–174. doi:10.1037/a0023244. Charles, J. L. K. (2013). Mental health provider-based stigma: Understanding the experience of clients and families. Social Work in Mental Health, 11, 360–375. doi:10.1080/15332985.2013.775998. Cole, E. R. (2009). Intersectionality and research in psychology. American Psychologist, 64, 170–180. doi:10.1037/a0014564. Constantine, J. G. (2007). Racial microaggressions against African American clients in cross-racial counseling relationships. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 54, 1–16. doi:10.1037/0022-0167.54.1.1. Constantine, J. G., & Sue, D. W. (2007). Perceptions of racial microaggressions among black supervisees in cross-racial dyads. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 54, 142–153. doi:10.1037/0022-0167.54.2.142. Creswell, J. W., & Miller, D. L. (2000). Determining validity in qualitative inquiry. Theory into Practice, 39, 124–130. Delphin-Rittmon, M., Bellamy, C. D., Ridgway, P., Guy, K., Ortiz, J., Flanagan, E., et al. (2013). ‘I never really discuss that with my clinician’: U. S. consumer perspectives on the place of culture in behavioural healthcare. Diversity and Equality in Health and Care, 10, 143–154. Drisko, J. W. (1997). Strengthening qualitative studies and reports: Standards to promote academic integrity. Journal of Social Work Education, 33, 185–197. Frye, M. (1983). The politics of reality. Trumansburg, NY: The Crossing. Gonzales, L., Davidoff, K. C., Nadal, K. L., & Yanos, P. T. (2015). Microaggressions experienced by persons with mental illnesses: An exploratory study. Journal of Psychiatric Rehabilitation, 38, 234–241. doi:10.1037/prj0000096. Hansson, L., Stjernswärd, S., & Svensson, B. (2014). Perceived and anticipated discrimination in people with mental illness—An interview study. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 68, 100–106. doi:10.3109/08039488.2013.775339. Heflinger, C. A., & Hinshaw, S. P. (2010). Stigma in child and adolescent mental health services research: Understanding professional and institutional stigmatization of youth with mental health problems and their families. Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research, 37, 61–70. doi:10.1007/s10488-010-0294-z. Holley, L. C., Stromwall, L. K., & Bashor, K. E. (2012). Reconceptualizing stigma: Toward a critical anti-oppression paradigm. Stigma Research and Action, 2, 51–61. doi:10.5463/SRA.v1i1.9. Holley, L., C., Stromwall, L. K., & Tavassoli, K. (2015). Teaching note—Oppression of people with mental illnesses: Incorporating content into multiple-issue diversity courses. Journal of Social Work Education, 51, 398–406. doi:10.1080/10437797.2015.1012940. Hyman, I. (2008). Self-disclosure and its impact on individuals who receive mental health services (HHS Publication No. [SMA]-08-4337). Rockville, MD: Center for Mental Health Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Retrieved from http://store.samhsa.gov/shin/content//SMA08-4337/SMA08-4337.pdf. Kidd, S. A., Veltman, A., Gately, C., Chan, K. J., & Cohen, J. N. (2011). Lesbian, gay, and transgender persons with severe mental illness: Negotiating wellness in the context of multiple sources of stigma. American Journal of Psychiatric Rehabilitation, 14, 13–39. doi:10.1080/15487768.2011.546277. La Pelle, N. (2004). Simplifying qualitative data analysis using general purpose software tools. Field Methods, 16, 85–108. doi:10.1177/1525822X03259227. Link, B. G., & Phelan, J. C. (2001). Conceptualizing stigma. Annual Review of Sociology, 27, 363–385. Mays, V., & Cochran, S. (2001). Mental health correlates of perceived discrimination among lesbian, gay, and bisexual adults in the United States. American Journal of Public Health, 91, 1869–1876. Meyer, I. H. (2003). Prejudice, social stress, and mental health in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations: Conceptual issues and research evidence. Psychological Bulletin, 129, 674–697. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.129.5.674. Miles, M. B., & Huberman, A. M. (1994). Qualitative data analysis: An expanded sourcebook (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Newhill, C. E., & Harris, D. (2007). African American consumers’ perceptions of racial disparities in mental health services. Social Work in Public Health, 23, 107–124. doi:10.1080/19371910802151861. Ottati, V., Bodenhausen, G. V., & Newman, L. S. (2005). Social psychological models of mental illness stigma. In P. W. Corrigan (Ed.), On the stigma of mental illness (pp. 99–128). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. Pascoe, E. A., & Richman, L. S. (2009). Perceived discrimination and health: A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 135, 531–554. doi:10.1037/a0016059. Peris, T. S., Teachman, B. A., & Nosek, B. A. (2008). Implicit and explicit stigma of mental illness: Links to clinical care. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 196, 752–760. Pescosolido, B. A., Martin, J. K., Lang, A., & Olafsdottir, S. (2008). Rethinking theoretical approaches to stigma: A framework integrating normative influences on stigma (FINIS). Social Science and Medicine, 67, 431–440. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2008.03.018. Quinn, D. M., & Chaudoir, S. R. (2009). Living with a concealable stigmatized identity: The impact of anticipated stigma, centrality, salience, and cultural stigma on psychological distress and health. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 97, 634–651. doi:10.1037/a0015815. Schmitt, M. T., Branscombe, N. R., Postmes, T., & Garcia, A. (2014). The consequences of perceived discrimination for psychological well-being: A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 140, 921–948. doi:10.1037/a0035754. Schulze, B. (2007). Stigma and mental health professionals: A review of the evidence on an intricate relationship. International Review of Psychiatry, 19, 137–155. Schulze, B., & Angermeyer, M. C. (2003). Subjective experiences of stigma: A focus group study of schizophrenic patients, their relatives and mental health professionals. Social Science and Medicine, 56, 299–312. Stuber, J. P., Rocha, A., Christian, A., & Link, B. G. (2014). Conceptions of mental illness: Attitudes of mental health professionals and the general public. Psychiatric Services, 65, 490–497. doi:10.1176/appi.ps.201300136. Sue, D. W. (2010). Microaggressions in everyday life: Race, gender, and sexual orientation. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. Stromwall, L. K., Holley, L. C., & Bashor, K. E. (2011). Stigma in the mental health workplace: Perspectives of peer employees and clinicians. Community Mental Health Journal, 47, 472–481. doi:10.1007/s10597-010-9349-6. Szymanski, D. M., & Gupta, A. (2009). Examining the relationship between multiple internalized oppressions and African American, gay, bisexual, and questioning persons’ self-esteem and psychological distress. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 56, 110–118. doi:10.1037/a0013317. Tracy, S. J. (2013). Qualitative research methods: Collecting evidence, crafting analysis, communicating impact. West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2001). Mental health: Culture, race and ethnicity—A supplement to mental health: A report of the Surgeon General. Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Office of the Surgeon General. van der Sanden, R. L. M., Stutterheim, S. E., Pryor, J. B., Kok, G., & Bos, A. E. R. (2014). Coping with stigma by association and family burden among family members of people with mental illness. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 202, 710–717. doi:10.1097/NMD.0000000000000189. Warner, L. R., & Shields, S. A. (2013). The intersections of sexuality, gender, and race: Identity research at the crossroads. Sex Roles, 68, 803–810. doi:10.1007/s11199-013-0281-4. Williams, D., & Mohammed, S. (2009). Discrimination and racial disparities in health: Evidence and needed research. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 32, 20–47. doi:10.1007/s10865-008-9185-0. Young, I. M. (1990). Justice and the politics of difference. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.