Ocular Allergy Overview

Singh, 2007, Allergens associated with ocular and nasal symptoms: an epidemiologic study, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 119, S223, 10.1016/j.jaci.2006.12.245 Singh, 2007, Ocular allergy: a national epidemiologic study, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 119, S154, 10.1016/j.jaci.2006.11.538 Singh, 2007, Epidemiology of ocular allergy symptoms in United States adults (1988–1994), Ann Allergy Singh, 2007, Epidemiology of ocular allergy symptoms in regional parts of the United States in the adult population (1988–1994), Ann Allergy Bousquet, 1993, Heterogeneity of atopy. I. Clinical and immunologic characteristics of patients allergic to cypress pollen, Allergy, 48, 183, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1993.tb00711.x Nathan, 1999, Prevalence of allergic rhinitis in the United States, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 99, s808, 10.1016/S0091-6749(97)80040-1 Juniper, 1998, Measuring quality of life in children with rhinoconjunctivitis, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 101, 163, 10.1016/S0091-6749(98)70380-X Juniper, 1999, Validation of the standardized version of the Rhinoconjunctivitis Quality of Life Questionnaire, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 104, 364, 10.1016/S0091-6749(99)70380-5 Wuthrich, 1998, Epidemiological survey in hay fever patients: symptom prevalence and severity and influence on patient management, Schweiz Med Wochenschr, 128, 139 Palmer, 1995, Tear film, pharmacology of eye drops, and toxicity, Curr Opin Ophthalmol, 6, 11, 10.1097/00055735-199508000-00003 Spector, 1994, Conjunctivitis medicamentosa, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 94, 134, 10.1016/0091-6749(94)90081-7 Soparkar, 1997, Acute and chronic conjunctivitis due to over-the-counter ophthalmic decongestants, Arch Ophthalmol, 115, 34, 10.1001/archopht.1997.01100150036004 Zierhut, 2000, Immunology of uveitis and ocular allergy, Acta Ophthalmol Scand, 78, 22, 10.1034/j.1600-0420.2000.078s230022.x Udell, 1983, Chemical mediators of inflammation, Int Ophthalmol Clin, 23, 15, 10.1097/00004397-198302310-00004 Dinowitz, 1994, Ocular manifestations of immunologic and rheumatologic inflammatory disorders, Curr Opin Ophthalmol, 5, 91, 10.1097/00055735-199412000-00015 Haynes, 1977, The ocular manifestations of Wegener's granulomatosis. Fifteen years experience and review of the literature, Am J Med, 63, 131, 10.1016/0002-9343(77)90125-5 Bistner, 1994, Allergic- and immunologic-mediated diseases of the eye and adnexae, Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract, 24, 711, 10.1016/S0195-5616(94)50080-9 Dinowitz, 2000, Ocular allergic diseases: differential diagnosis, examination techniques, and testing, Clin Allergy Immunol, 15, 127 Butrus, 1988, Importance of limbal examination in ocular allergic disease, Ann Ophthalmol, 20, 101 Tuft, 1992, Role of Staphylococcus aureus in chronic allergic conjunctivitis, Ophthalmology, 99, 180, 10.1016/S0161-6420(92)31995-5 Cvenkel, 1997, Conjunctival scrapings and impression cytology in chronic conjunctivitis. Correlation with microbiology, Eur J Ophthalmol, 7, 19, 10.1177/112067219700700104 Hodges, 2007, Classification of ocular allergy, Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol, 7, 424, 10.1097/ACI.0b013e3282ef6937 Allansmith, 1988, Ocular allergy, Clin Allergy, 18, 1, 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1988.tb02837.x Rothenberg, 1988, Ocular allergy. Mast cells and eosinophils, Int Ophthalmol Clin, 28, 267, 10.1097/00004397-198802840-00004 Leonardi, 2002, The central role of conjunctival mast cells in the pathogenesis of ocular allergy, Curr Allergy Asthma Rep, 2, 325, 10.1007/s11882-002-0061-7 Udell, 1989, Time course of human conjunctival mast cell degranulation in response to compound 48/80, Acta Ophthalmol Suppl, 192, 154 Li, 1996, Compound 48/80-induced conjunctivitis in the mouse: kinetics, susceptibility, and mechanism, Int Arch Allergy Immunol, 109, 277, 10.1159/000237250 Woodward, 1986, Conjunctival immediate hypersensitivity: re-evaluation of histamine involvement in the vasopermeability response, Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 27, 57 Bachert, 1998, Histamine–a major role in allergy?, Clin Exp Allergy, 28, 15, 10.1046/j.1365-2222.1998.0280s6015.x Leonardi, 1996, Tear histamine and histaminase during the early (EPR) and late (LPR) phases of the allergic reaction and the effects of lodoxamide, Eur J Ophthalmol, 6, 106, 10.1177/112067219600600202 Lightman, 1995, Therapeutic considerations: symptoms, cells and mediators, Allergy, 50, 10, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1995.tb04251.x Struck, 1998, [Histamine in tears in allergic rhinoconjunctivitis], Ophthalmologe, 95, 241, 10.1007/s003470050269 Kari, 1985, Tear histamine during allergic conjunctivitis challenge, Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol, 223, 60, 10.1007/BF02150945 Trocme, 1994, The eye and the eosinophil, Surv Ophthalmol, 39, 241, 10.1016/0039-6257(94)90197-X Hingorani, 1998, Eosinophil surface antigen expression and cytokine production vary in different ocular allergic diseases, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 102, 821, 10.1016/S0091-6749(98)70023-5 Leonardi, 1997, Effect of lodoxamide and disodium cromoglycate on tear eosinophil cationic protein in vernal keratoconjunctivitis, Br J Ophthalmol, 81, 23, 10.1136/bjo.81.1.23 Bielory, 2004, Ocular allergy and dry eye syndrome, Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol, 4, 421, 10.1097/00130832-200410000-00014 Bielory, 2000, Allergic and immunologic disorders of the eye. Part II: ocular allergy, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 106, 1019, 10.1067/mai.2000.111238 Bielory, 2000, Allergic and immunologic disorders of the eye. Part I: immunology of the eye, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 106, 805, 10.1067/mai.2000.111029 Gary, 1988, Characterization of the conjunctival vasopermeability response to leukotrienes and their involvement in immediate hypersensitivity, Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 29, 119 Woodward, 1989, Interactive effects of peptidoleukotrienes and histamine on microvascular permeability and their involvement in experimental cutaneous and conjunctival immediate hypersensitivity, Eur J Pharmacol, 164, 323, 10.1016/0014-2999(89)90473-1 Simons, 1993, H1-receptor antagonists: does a dose-response relationship exist?, Ann Allergy, 71, 592 Umemoto, 1987, Histamine receptors on rat ocular surface, Ophthalmic Res, 19, 200, 10.1159/000265494 Cook, 2002, Mechanisms of antihistamines and mast cell stabilizers in ocular allergic inflammation, Curr Drug Targets Inflamm Allergy, 1, 167, 10.2174/1568010023344733 Bielory, 2005, Histamine receptors and the conjunctiva, Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol, 5, 437, 10.1097/01.all.0000183113.63311.11 Abelson, 1981, H2-receptors in the human ocular surface, Arch Ophthalmol, 99, 302, 10.1001/archopht.1981.03930010304018 McGill, 2000, Conjunctival cytokines in ocular allergy, Clin Exp Allergy, 30, 1355, 10.1046/j.1365-2222.2000.00974.x Foster, 1995, The pathophysiology of ocular allergy: current thinking, Allergy, 50, 6, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1995.tb04250.x Bonini, 1993, IgE and non-IgE mechanisms in ocular allergy, Ann Allergy, 71, 296 Metz, 1996, Phenotypic characterization of T cells infiltrating the conjunctiva in chronic allergic eye disease, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 98, 686, 10.1016/S0091-6749(96)70103-3 Dursun, 2002, Experimentally induced dry eye produces ocular surface inflammation and epithelial disease, Adv Exp Med Biol, 506, 647, 10.1007/978-1-4615-0717-8_91 Stern, 2004, The role of the lacrimal functional unit in the pathophysiology of dry eye, Exp Eye Res, 78, 409, 10.1016/j.exer.2003.09.003 Gao, 2004, ICAM-1 expression predisposes ocular tissues to immune-based inflammation in dry eye patients and Sjogrens syndrome-like MRL/lpr mice, Exp Eye Res, 78, 823, 10.1016/j.exer.2003.10.024 Bielory, 2007, Differential diagnoses of conjunctivitis for clinical allergist-immunologists, Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol, 98, 105, 10.1016/S1081-1206(10)60681-3 Nowak, 1998, Asthma and atopy in Western and Eastern communities–current status and open questions, Clin Exp Allergy, 28, 1043, 10.1046/j.1365-2222.1998.00373.x Sly, 1999, Changing prevalence of allergic rhinitis and asthma, Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol, 82, 233, 10.1016/S1081-1206(10)62603-8 Strachan, 1997, Worldwide variations in prevalence of symptoms of allergic rhinoconjunctivitis in children: the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC), Pediatr Allergy Immunol, 8, 161, 10.1111/j.1399-3038.1997.tb00156.x Noon, 1911, Prophylactic inoculation against hay fever, Lancet, 1572, 10.1016/S0140-6736(00)78276-6 Friedlaender, 1995, Management of ocular allergy, Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol, 75, 212 Bielory, 2002, Chapter 5: Allergic and immunologic disorders of the eye, 75 Dart, 1986, Perennial allergic conjunctivitis: definition, clinical characteristics and prevalence. A comparison with seasonal allergic conjunctivitis, Trans Ophthalmol Soc U K, 105, 513 Boquete, 2000, Factors influencing the clinical picture and the differential sensitization to house dust mites and storage mites, J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol, 10, 229 Valdivieso, 1999, Dust mites but not grass pollen are important sensitizers in asthmatic children in the Ecuadorian Andes, J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol, 9, 288 Bertel, 2001, [Conjunctival provocation test with Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus in the diagnosis of allergic conjunctivitis from house mites], J Fr Ophtalmol, 24, 581 van Hage-Hamsten, 1987, Predominance of mite allergy over allergy to pollens and animal danders in a farming population, Clin Allergy, 17, 417, 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1987.tb02035.x Montan, 1999, Vernal keratoconjunctivitis in a Stockholm ophthalmic centre–epidemiological, functional, and immunologic investigations, Acta Ophthalmol Scand, 77, 559, 10.1034/j.1600-0420.1999.770516.x Tanaka, 2004, The relation of conjunctival and corneal findings in severe ocular allergies, Cornea, 23, 464, 10.1097/01.ico.0000114836.13127.45 Bonini, 2000, Vernal keratoconjunctivitis revisited: a case series of 195 patients with long-term followup, Ophthalmology, 107, 1157, 10.1016/S0161-6420(00)00092-0 Rehany, 1995, Corneal hydrops associated with vernal conjunctivitis as a presenting sign of keratoconus in children, Ophthalmology, 102, 2046, 10.1016/S0161-6420(95)30755-5 Bielory, 2002, Ocular allergic diseases: differential diagnosis, examination techniques and testing, J Toxicol Cutaneous Ocul Toxicol, 21, 329, 10.1081/CUS-120016394 Giuri, 1998, [Corneal ulcerative lesions in type-I immediate hypersensitivity], Oftalmologia, 44, 20 Tabbara, 1999, Ocular complications of vernal keratoconjunctivitis, Can J Ophthalmol, 34, 88 Casey, 1997, Atopic keratoconjunctivitis, Int Ophthalmol Clin, 37, 111, 10.1097/00004397-199703720-00009 Tuft, 1991, Clinical features of atopic keratoconjunctivitis, Ophthalmology, 98, 150, 10.1016/S0161-6420(91)32322-4 Bonini, 1999, Atopic and vernal keratoconjunctivitis: a model for studying atopic disease, Curr Probl Dermatol, 28, 88, 10.1159/000060604 Power, 1998, Long-term follow-up of patients with atopic keratoconjunctivitis, Ophthalmology, 105, 637, 10.1016/S0161-6420(98)94017-9 Bielory, 2001, Allergic ocular disease. A review of pathophysiology and clinical presentations, Clin Rev Allergy Immunol, 20, 183, 10.1385/CRIAI:20:2:183 Norris, 1987, Screening for cataracts in patients with severe atopic eczema, Clin Exp Dermatol, 12, 21, 10.1111/j.1365-2230.1987.tb01847.x Ibarra-Duran, 1992, [Cataracts and atopic dermatitis in children. A study of 68 patients], Bol Med Hosp Infant Mex, 49, 851 Ohmachi, 1994, [Eye complications in atopic dermatitis], Arerugi, 43, 796 Hutnik, 1999, Cataracts in systemic diseases and syndromes, Curr Opin Ophthalmol, 10, 22, 10.1097/00055735-199902000-00005 Castrow, 1981, Atopic cataracts versus steroid cataracts, J Am Acad Dermatol, 5, 64, 10.1016/S0190-9622(81)70079-3 Chan, 2001, Expression of interleukin-4 in the epidermis of transgenic mice results in a pruritic inflammatory skin disease: an experimental animal model to study atopic dermatitis, J Invest Dermatol, 117, 977, 10.1046/j.0022-202x.2001.01484.x Nivenius, 2004, No apparent association between periocular and ocular microcolonization and the degree of inflammation in patients with atopic keratoconjunctivitis, Clin Exp Allergy, 34, 725, 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2004.1950.x Katelaris, 1999, Giant papillary conjunctivitis–a review, Acta Ophthalmol Scand Suppl, 17, 10.1111/j.1600-0420.1999.tb01166.x Calonge, 1999, Classification of ocular atopic/allergic disorders and conditions: an unsolved problem, Acta Ophthalmol Scand Suppl, 10, 10.1111/j.1600-0420.1999.tb01164.x Palmisano, 1993, Causative factors in unilateral giant papillary conjunctivitis, CLAO J, 19, 103 Mondino, 1982, Allergic and toxic reactions of soft contact lens wearers, Surv Ophthalmol, 26, 337, 10.1016/0039-6257(82)90126-6 Meisler, 1981, An immunopathologic study of giant papillary conjunctivitis associated with an ocular prosthesis, Am J Ophthalmol, 92, 368, 10.1016/0002-9394(81)90526-2 Ballow, 1989, Immune responses in monkeys to lenses from patients with contact lens induced giant papillary conjunctivitis, CLAO J, 15, 64 Berdy, 2000, Ocular allergic disorders and dry eye disease: associations, diagnostic dilemmas, and management, Acta Ophthalmol Scand Suppl, 32, 10.1034/j.1600-0420.2000.078s230032.x Stern, 1998, The pathology of dry eye: the interaction between the ocular surface and lacrimal glands, Cornea, 17, 584, 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deficiencies and dry eye, Arch Ophthalmol, 122, 273, 10.1001/archopht.122.2.273 Ousler, 2004, An evaluation of the ocular drying effects of 2 systemic antihistamines: loratadine and cetirizine hydrochloride, Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol, 93, 460, 10.1016/S1081-1206(10)61413-5 Burstein, 1985, The effects of topical drugs and preservatives on the tears and corneal epithelium in dry eye, Trans Ophthalmol Soc U K, 104, 402 Pflugfelder, 2004, Antiinflammatory therapy for dry eye, Am J Ophthalmol, 137, 337, 10.1016/j.ajo.2003.10.036 Calonge, 2001, The treatment of dry eye, Surv Ophthalmol, 45, S227, 10.1016/S0039-6257(00)00205-8 Calonge, 2000, Ocular allergies: association with immune dermatitis, Acta Ophthalmol Scand Suppl, 69, 10.1034/j.1600-0420.2000.078s230069.x Zug, 1996, Dermatologic diagnosis and treatment of itchy red eyelids, Surv Ophthalmol, 40, 293, 10.1016/S0039-6257(96)82004-2 Bielory, 1995, Allergic and immunologic pediatric disorders of the eye, J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol, 5, 309 Gurwood, 2001, Contact dermatitis, Optometry, 72, 36 Anibarro, 1991, Allergic contact blepharoconjunctivitis caused by phenylephrine eyedrops, Contact Dermatitis, 25, 323, 10.1111/j.1600-0536.1991.tb01882.x Rafael, 1998, Allergic contact blepharoconjunctivitis caused by phenylephrine, associated with persistent patch test reaction, Contact Dermatitis, 39, 143, 10.1111/j.1600-0536.1998.tb05874.x Wilson, 1979, Adverse external ocular effects of topical ophthalmic medications, Surv Ophthalmol, 24, 57, 10.1016/0039-6257(79)90125-5 de Groot, 1988, The role of contact allergy in the spectrum of adverse effects caused by cosmetics and toiletries, Contact Dermatitis, 19, 195, 10.1111/j.1600-0536.1988.tb02894.x Estlander, 1996, Occupational conjunctivitis associated with type IV allergy to methacrylates, Allergy, 51, 56, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1996.tb04551.x Estlander, 1998, Occupational allergic contact dermatitis and blepharoconjunctivitis caused by gold, Contact Dermatitis, 38, 40, 10.1111/j.1600-0536.1998.tb05635.x Fisher, 1987, Allergic contact dermatitis and conjunctivitis from benzalkonium chloride, Cutis, 39, 381 Fuchs, 1993, [Benzalkonium chloride–a relevant contact allergen or irritant? Results of a multicenter study of the German Contact Allergy Group], Hautarzt, 44, 699 Stern, 1989, Complications of topical antimicrobial agents, Int Ophthalmol Clin, 29, 137, 10.1097/00004397-198902930-00001 Tosti, 1988, Thimerosal: a hidden allergen in ophthalmology, Contact Dermatitis, 18, 268, 10.1111/j.1600-0536.1988.tb02831.x Gaspari, 1993, Contact allergy to ophthalmic dipivalyl epinephrine hydrochloride: demonstration by patch testing, Contact Dermatitis, 28, 35, 10.1111/j.1600-0536.1993.tb03321.x Marsh, 1978, Patch testing in ocular drug allergies, Trans Ophthalmol Soc U K, 98, 278 Villarreal, 1998, Reliability of diagnostic tests for contact allergy to mydriatic eyedrops, Contact Dermatitis, 38, 150, 10.1111/j.1600-0536.1998.tb05682.x Mannis, 1989, Allergic blepharoconjunctivitis. Avoiding misdiagnosis and mismanagement, Postgrad Med, 86, 123, 10.1080/00325481.1989.11704418 Resano, 1999, Allergic contact blepharoconjunctivitis due to phenylephrine eye drops, J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol, 9, 55 Kaiserman, 2003, Severe allergic blepharoconjunctivitis induced by a dye for eyelashes and eyebrows, Ocul Immunol Inflamm, 11, 149, 10.1076/ocii.11.2.149.15921 O'Callaghan, 1999, Role of exoproteins in bacterial keratitis: the Fourth Annual Thygeson Lecture, presented at the Ocular Microbiology and Immunology Group Meeting, November 7, 1998, Cornea, 18, 532, 10.1097/00003226-199909000-00003 Leung, 1993, Toxic shock syndrome toxin-secreting Staphylococcus aureus in Kawasaki syndrome, Lancet, 342, 1385, 10.1016/0140-6736(93)92752-F Marrack, 1990, The staphylococcal enterotoxins and their relatives, Science, 248, 1066, 10.1126/science.2343314 Seal, 1985, Microbial and immunological investigations of chronic non-ulcerative blepharitis and meibomianitis, Br J Ophthalmol, 69, 604, 10.1136/bjo.69.8.604 Weber, 1997, Acute red eye. Differentiating viral conjunctivitis from other, less common causes, Postgrad Med, 101, 185, 10.3810/pgm.1997.05.246 Rao, 1996, Ocular chlamydial infections. Clinicomicrobiological correlation, Cornea, 15, 62, 10.1097/00003226-199601000-00011 Chung, 2000, Eye disorders: bacterial conjunctivitis, West J Med, 173, 202, 10.1136/ewjm.173.3.202 Chisari, 2004, Ciprofloxacin as treatment for conjunctivitis, J Chemother, 16, 156, 10.1179/joc.2004.16.2.156 Rietveld, 2003, Diagnostic impact of signs and symptoms in acute infectious conjunctivitis: systematic literature search, BMJ, 327, 789, 10.1136/bmj.327.7418.789 Weinstock, 1996, Common eye disorders: six patients to treat, pitfalls to avoid, Postgrad Med, 99, 119, 10.1080/00325481.1996.11946101 Ruppert, 1996, Differential diagnosis of pediatric conjunctivitis (red eye), Nurse Pract, 21, 12, 10.1097/00006205-199607000-00002 Bodtger, 2004, Prognostic value of asymptomatic skin sensitization to aeroallergens, Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol, 4, 5, 10.1097/00130832-200402000-00003 Bodtger, 2003, Asymptomatic skin sensitization to birch predicts later development of birch pollen allergy in adults: a 3-year follow-up study, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 111, 149, 10.1067/mai.2003.37 Sivko, 1971, [Vasomotor conjunctivitis], Oftalmol Zh, 26, 306 Bielory, 2006, Vasomotor (perennial chronic) conjunctivitis, Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol, 6, 355, 10.1097/01.all.0000244796.48981.24 Feniksova, 1990, [Study of the changes in microcirculatory bed in children with vasomotor rhinitis based on biomicroscopy of conjunctival blood vessels], Vestn Otorinolaringol, 42 Sacchetti, 2006, Hyperosmolar conjunctival provocation for the evaluation of nonspecific hyperreactivity in healthy patients and patients with allergy, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 118, 872, 10.1016/j.jaci.2006.06.022 Lindgren, 2002, Ocular, nasal, dermal and general symptoms among commercial airline crews, Int Arch Occup Environ Health, 75, 475, 10.1007/s00420-002-0330-8 Enberg, 1989, Perennial nonallergic rhinitis: a retrospective review, Ann Allergy, 63, 513 Leynaert, 1999, Perennial rhinitis: an independent risk factor for asthma in nonatopic subjects: results from the European Community Respiratory Health Survey, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 104, 301, 10.1016/S0091-6749(99)70370-2 Mullarkey, 1980, Allergic and nonallergic rhinitis: their characterization with attention to the meaning of nasal eosinophilia, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 65, 122, 10.1016/0091-6749(80)90196-7 Davies, 1998, Why is allergy increasing?–environmental factors, Clin Exp Allergy, 28, 8, 10.1046/j.1365-2222.1998.0280s6008.x Rusznak, 1994, The impact of pollution on allergic disease, Allergy, 49, 21, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1994.tb04234.x Riedl, 2005, Initial high-dose nasal allergen exposure prevents allergic sensitization to a neoantigen, J Immunol, 174, 7440, 10.4049/jimmunol.174.11.7440 Devouassoux, 2002, Chemical constituents of diesel exhaust particles induce IL-4 production and histamine release by human basophils, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 109, 847, 10.1067/mai.2002.122843 Diaz-Sanchez, 2000, Diesel exhaust particles directly induce activated mast cells to degranulate and increase histamine levels and symptom severity, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 106, 1140, 10.1067/mai.2000.111144 Saxon, 2000, Diesel exhaust as a model xenobiotic in allergic inflammation, Immunopharmacology, 48, 325, 10.1016/S0162-3109(00)00234-4 Diaz-Sanchez, 1999, Nasal challenge with diesel exhaust particles can induce sensitization to a neoallergen in the human mucosa, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 104, 1183, 10.1016/S0091-6749(99)70011-4 Nel, 1998, Enhancement of allergic inflammation by the interaction between diesel exhaust particles and the immune system, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 102, 539, 10.1016/S0091-6749(98)70269-6 Diaz-Sanchez, 1997, Combined diesel exhaust particulate and ragweed allergen challenge markedly enhances human in vivo nasal ragweed-specific IgE and skews cytokine production to a T helper cell 2-type pattern, J Immunol, 158, 2406, 10.4049/jimmunol.158.5.2406 Peterson, 1996, Global increases in allergic respiratory disease: the possible role of diesel exhaust particles, Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol, 77, 263, 10.1016/S1081-1206(10)63318-2 Takenaka, 1995, Enhanced human IgE production results from exposure to the aromatic hydrocarbons from diesel exhaust: direct effects on B-cell IgE production, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 95, 103, 10.1016/S0091-6749(95)70158-3 Pastorello, 1988, Clinical reliability of diagnostic tests in allergic rhinoconjunctivitis, Boll Ist Sieroter Milan, 67, 377