A cognitive-behavioral approach to anorexia nervosa
Tóm tắt
The initial section of this paper presents a rationale for describing the development of anorexia nervosa in cognitive-behavioral terms. The limitations of conceptualizing the disorder simply as a behavioral pattern maintained by environmental contingencies or negative reinforcement are discussed. The remainder of the paper outlines a basic cognitive-behavioral model for intervention that is based on Beck's cognitive therapy. Recommendations particularly relevant to the management of anorexic clients are presented, including techniques for developing motivation for psychotherapy and for monitoring weight gain and food intake. Common irrational beliefs and systematic cognitive distortions are described. Assessment procedures and behavioral strategies that complement the cognitive approach are presented. Detailed examples are provided to illustrate the specific cognitive strategies that are recommended for evoking and modifying the irrational beliefs and assumptions of anorexic clients.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Amdur, M. J., Tucker, G. J., Detre, T., & Markhus, K. Anorexia nervosa: An interactional study.Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 1969,148 559–566.
Bandura, A. The self-system in reciprocal determinism.American Psychologist 1978,33 344–358.
Beck, A. T.Depression: Clinical, experimental, and theoretical aspects. New York: Harper & Row, 1967.
Beck, A. T. Role of fantasies in psychotherapy and psychopathology.Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 1970,150 3–17.
Beck, A. T.Cognitive theory and the emotional disorders. New York: International Universities Press, 1976.
Beck, A. T., & Emery, G.Cognitive therapy of anxiety and phobic disorders. Philadelphia: Center for Cognitive Therapy, 1979.
Beck, A. T., Rush, A. J., Shaw, B. F., & Emery, G. Cognitive therapy of depression: A treatment manual. Philadelphia: Center for Cognitive Therapy, 1978.
Beck, A. T., Rush, A. J., Shaw, B. F., & Emery, G.Cognitive therapy of depression: A treatment manual. New York: Guilford Press, 1979.
Bemis, K. M. Current approaches to the etiology and treatment of anorexia nervosa.Psychological Bulletin. 1978,85 593–617.
Ben-Tovim, D. I., Hunter, M., & Crisp, A. H. Discrimination and evaluation of shape and size in anorexia nervosa: An exploratory study.Research Communications in Psychology, Psychiatry, and Behavior 1977,2 241–257.
Berkman, J. M. Anorexia nervosa, anterior-pituitary insufficiency, Simmonds' cachexia, and Sheehan's disease.Postgraduate Medicine 1948,3 237–246.
Bhanji, S., & Thompson, J. Operant conditioning in the treatment of anorexia nervosa: A review and retrospective study of 11 cases.British Journal of Psychiatry 1974,124 166–172.
Bliss, E. L., & Branch, C. H. H.Anorexia nervosa: Its history, psychology, and biology. New York: Paul Hoeber, 1960.
Bond, D. D. Anorexia nervosa.Rocky Mountain Medical Journal 1949,46 1012–1019.
Boskind-Lodahl, M. Cinderella's step-sisters: A feminist perspective on anorexia nervosa and bulimia.Signs: The Journal of Women in Culture and Society 1976,2 342–356.
Brady, J. P., & Rieger, W. Behavioral treatment of anorexia nervosa. In T. Thompson & W. S. Dockens (Eds.),Applications of behavior modification: International symposium on behavior modification at Minneapolis, 1972. New York: Academic Press, 1975.
Browning, C. H., & Miller, S. I. Anorexia nervosa: A study in prognosis and management.American Journal of Psychiatry 1968,124 1128–1132.
Bruch, H. Perceptual and conceptual disturbances in anorexia nervosa.Psychosomatic Medicine 1962,24 187–194.
Bruch, H. Instinct and interpersonal experience.Comprehensive Psychiatry 1970,11 495–506.
Bruch, H.Eating disorders: Obesity, anorexia nervosa, and the person within. New York: Basic Books, 1973.
Bruch, H. Psychological antecedents of anorexia nervosa. In R. A. Vigersky (Ed.),Anorexia nervosa. New York: Raven Press, 1977.
Bruch, H.The golden cage: The enigma of anorexia nervosa. Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 1978.
Cantwell, D. P., Sturzenberger, S., Burroughs, J., Salkin, B., & Green, J. K. Anorexia nervosa: An affective disorder?Archives of General Psychiatry 1977,34 1087–1093.
Casper, R. C., & Davis, J. M. On the course of anorexia nervosa.American Journal of Psychiatry 1977,134 974–978.
Casper, R. C., Halmi, K. A., Goldberg, S. C., Eckert, E. D., & Davis, J. M. Disturbances in body image estimation as related to other characteristics and outcome in anorexia nervosa.British Journal of Psychiatry 1979,134 60–66.
Crisp, A. H. Clinical and therapeutic aspects of anorexia nervosa: A study of 30 cases.Journal of Psychosomatic Research 1965,9 67–78.
Crisp, A. H. The possible significance of some behavioral correlates of weight and carbohydrate intake.Journal of Psychosomatic Research 1967,11 117–131.
Crisp, A. H. Premorbid factors in adult disorders of weight, with particular reference to primary anorexia nervosa (weight phobia): A literature review.Journal of Psychosomatic Research 1970,14 1–22.
Crisp, A. H. The differential diagnosis of anorexia nervosa.Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine 1977,70 686–690.
Crisp, A. H., & Fransella, F. Conceptual changes during recovery from anorexia nervosa.British Journal of Medical Psychology 1972,45 395–405.
Crisp, A. H., & Kalucy, R. S. Aspects of the perceptual disorder in anorexia nervosa.British Journal of Medicine Psychology 1974,47 349–361.
Dally, P. J.Anorexia nervosa. New York: Grune and Stratton, 1969.
Dubois, F. S. Compulsion neurosis with cachexia (anorexia nervosa).American Journal of Psychiatry 1949,106 107–115.
Ellis, A.Reason and emotion in psychotherapy. New York: Stuart, 1962.
Farquharson, R. F., & Hyland, H. H. Anorexia nervosa: The course of 15 patients treated from 20–30 years previously.Canadian Medical Association Journal 1966,94 411–419.
Frazier, S. H. Anorexia nervosa.Diseases of the Nervous System 1965,26 155–159.
Fries, H. Secondary amenorrhea, self-induced weight reduction, and anorexia nervosa.Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 1974,248(Suppl.).
Frisch, R. E. Food intake, fatness, and reproductive ability. In R. A. Vigersky (Ed.),Anorexia nervosa. New York: Raven Press, 1977.
Galdston, R. Mind over matter: Observations on 50 patients hospitalized with anorexia nervosa.American Academy of Child Psychiatry Journal 1974,13 246–263.
Garfinkel, P. E., & Garner, D. M. Anorexia Nervosa:A Multidimensional Perspective, New York: Brunner-Mazel, 1982.
Garfinkel, P. E., Garner, D. M., & Moldofsky, H. The role of behavior modification in the treatment of anorexia nervosa.Journal of Pediatric Psychology 1977,2 113–121.
Garfinkel, P. E., Moldofsky, H., & Garner, D. M. Prognosis in anorexia nervosa as influenced by clinical features, treatment, and self-perception.Canadian Medical Association Journal 1977,117 1041–1045.
Garfinkel, P. E., Moldofsky, H., & Garner, D. M. The stability of perceptual disturbances in anorexia nervosa.Psychological Medicine 1979,9 703–708.
Garfinkel, P. E., Moldofsky, H., Garner, D., Stancer, H. C., & Coscina, D. V. Body awareness in anorexia nervosa: Disturbances in “body image” and “satiety.”Psychosomatic Medicine 1978,40 487–498.
Garner, D. M., & Garfinkel, P. E. Body image in anorexia nervosa. Measurement, theory and clinical implications.International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine 1981,11 263–284.
Garner, D. M., & Garfinkel, P. E. Socio-cultural factors in anorexia nervosa.Lancet 1978,2 674.
Garner, D. M., & Garfinkel, P. E. Socio-cultural factors in the development of anorexia nervosa,Psychological Medicine 1980,10 649–656.
Garner, D. M., Garfinkel, P. E., & Bemis, K. M. A Multidimensional psychotherapy for anorexia nervosa.International Journal of Eating Disorders 1982,1 3–46.
Garner, D. M., Garfinkel, P. E., & Olmsted, M. P. An overview of the socio-cultural factors in the development of anorexia nervosa. In P. L. Darby, P. E. Garfinkel, D. M. Garner, and D. V. Coscina (eds.)Anorexia Nervosa: Recent Developments. New York: Allan R. Liss, Inc., in press.
Garner, D. M., Garfinkel, P. E., & Moldofsky, H. Perceptual experiences in anorexia nervosa and obesity.Canadian Psychiatric Association Journal 1978,23 249–263.
Garner, D. M., Garfinkel, P. E., Schwartz, D., & Thompson, M. The cultural pressure on women for thinness,Psychological Report 1980,47 483–491.
Garner, D. M., Garfinkel, P. E., Stancer, H. C., & Moldofsky, H. Body image disturbances in anorexia nervosa and obesity.Psychosomatic Medicine 1976,38 227–336.
Goldberg, S. C., Halmi, K. A., Casper, R., Eckert, E., & Davis, J. M. Pretreatment predictors of weight change in anorexia nervosa. In R. A. Vigersky (Ed.),Anorexia nervosa. New York: Raven Press, 1977.
Hallsten, E. A. Adolescent anorexia nervosa treated by desensitization.Behaviour Research and Therapy 1965,3 87–91.
Hauserman, N., & Lavin, P. Post-hospitalization continuation treatment of anorexia nervosa.Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry 1977,8 309–313.
Hautzinger, M. Anorexia nervosa: A behavior-analytical model.Behavioral Analysis and modification 1980,4 210–223.
Hollon, S. D., & Beck, A. T. Cognitive therapy of depression. In P. C. Kendall & S. D. Hollon (Eds.),Cognitive-behavioral interventions: Theory, research, and procedures. New York: Academic Press, 1979.
Holmberg, N. G., & Nylander, I. Weight loss in secondary amenorrhea: A gynaecologic, endocrinologic, and psychiatric investigation of 54 consecutive clinic cases.Acta Obstetrica et Gynecologica Scandinavica 1971,50 241–246.
Hsu, L., Crisp, A. H., & Harding, B. Outcome of anorexia nervosa.Lancet 1979,1 61–65.
Katz, J. Hormonal abnormality found in patients with anorexia nervosa.Journal of the American Medical Association 1975,232 9–11.
Kay, D. W. K. Anorexia nervosa: A study in prognosis.Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine 1953,46 669–674.
Kay, D. W. K., & Leigh, D. The natural history, treatment, and prognosis of anorexia nervosa, based on a study of 38 patients.Journal of Mental Science (The British Journal of Psychiatry) 1954,100 411–431.
Kendall, P. C., & Korgeski, G. P. Assessment and cognitive-behavioral interventions.Cognitive Therapy and Research 1979,3 1–21.
Keys, A., Brozek, J., Henschel, A., Mickelson, O., & Taylor, H. L.The biology of human starvation (2 vols.). Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1950.
King, A. Primary and secondary anorexia nervosa syndromes.British Journal of Psychiatry 1963,109 470–479.
Kron, L., Katz, J. L., Gorzynski, G., & Weiner, H. Hyperactivity in anorexia nervosa: A fundamental clinical feature.Comprehensive Psychiatry 1978,19 433–440.
Leon, G. R. Cognitive-behavior therapy for eating disturbances. In P. C. Kendall & S. D. Hollon (Eds.),Cognitive-behavioral intervention: Theory, research, and procedures. New York: Academic Press, 1979.
Lewinsohn, P. M., & Graf, M. Pleasant activities and depression.Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 1973,41 261–268.
Lewinsohn, P. M., & Libet, J. Pleasant events activity, and depressions.Journal of Abnormal Psychology 1972,79 291–295.
Mahoney, M. J.Cognition and Behavior Modification. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Ballinger, 1974.
Maxmen, J. S., Siberfarb, P. M., & Ferrell, R. B. Anorexia nervosa: Practical initial management in a general hospital.Journal of the American Medical Association 1974,229 801–803.
Mayer, J.Overweight: Causes, Cost, and Control. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1968.
Mayer, J. General discussion.Advances in Psychosomatic Medicine 1972,7 322–336.
Meyer, J. E. Anorexia nervosa of adolescence: The central syndrome of the anorexia nervosa group.British Journal of Psychiatry 1971,118 539–542.
Morgan, M. G., & Russell, G. F. M. Value of family background and clinical features as predictors of long-term outcome in anorexia nervosa: 4 year follow-up study of 41 patients.Psychological Medicine 1975,5 355–372.
Nemiah, J. C. The psychosomatic nature of anorexia nervosa.Advances in Psychosomatic Medicine 1972,7 316–321.
Parker, J. B., Jr., Blazer, D., & Wyrick, L. Anorexia nervosa: A combined therapeutic approach.Southern Medical Journal 1977,70 448–452.
Pertschunk, M. J. Behavior therapy: Extended follow-up. In R. A. Vigersky (Ed.),Anorexia nervosa. New York: Raven Press, 1977.
Rahman, L., Richardson, H. B., & Ripley, H. S. Anorexia nervosa with psychiatric observations.Psychosomatic Medicine 1939,1 335–365.
Rollins, N., & Piazza, E. Diagnosis of anorexia nervosa: A critical reappraisal.American Academy of Child Psychiatry Journal 1978,17 126–137.
Rosman, B. L., Minuchin, S., Baker, L., & Liebman, R. A family approach to anorexia nervosa: Study, treatment, and outcome. In R. A. Vigersky (Ed.),Anorexia nervosa. New York: Raven Press, 1977.
Rowland, C. V. Anorexia nervosa: A survey of the literature and review of 30 cases.International Psychiatry Clinics 1970,7 37–137.
Russell, G. F. M. Anorexia nervosa: Its identity as an illness and its treatment. In J. H. Price (Ed.),Modern trends in psychological medicine: II. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1970.
Ryle, J. A. Anorexia nervosa.Lancet 1936,231 893–899.
Schmidt, M. P. W., & Duncan, B. A. B. Modifying eating behavior in anorexia nervosa.American Journal of Nursing 1974,74 1646–1648.
Selvini-Palazzoli, M. Anorexia nervosa. In S. Arieti (Ed.),World biennial of psychiatry and psychotherapy (Vol. 1). New York: Basic Books, 1971.
Selvini-Palazzoli, M.Self-starvation: From individual to family therapy in the treatment of anorexia nervosa (Rev. ed.). New York: Jason Aronson, 1978).
Slade, P. D., & Russell, G. F. M. Awareness of body dimensions in anorexia nervosa: Cross-sectional and longitudinal studies.Psychological Medicine 1973,3 188–199. (a)
Slade, P. D., & Russell, G. F. M. Experimental investigations of bodily perception in anorexia nervosa and obesity.Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics 1973,22 359–363. (b)
Story, I. Caricature and impersonating the other: Observations from the psychotherapy of anorexia nervosa.Psychiatry 1976,39 176–188.
Sturzenberger, S., Cantwell, D. P., Burroughs, J., Salkin, P., & Green, J. K. A follow-up study of adolescent psychiatric inpatients with anorexia nervosa.American Academy of Child Psychiatry Journal 1977,16 703–715.
Theander, S. Anorexia nervosa: A psychiatric investigation of 94 female patients.Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 1970,214(Suppl.).
Thomas, H.Anorexia nervosa. New York: International Universities Press, 1967.
Thomas, H. Treatment.Advances in Psychosomatic Medicine 1972,7 300–315.
Ushakov, G. K. Anorexia Nervosa. In J. G. Howells (Ed.)Modern perspectives in adolescent psychiatry. Edinburgh: Oliver & Boyd, 1971.
Vigersky, R. A. (Ed.).Anorexia nervosa. New York: Raven Press, 1977.
Warren, M. P., & VandeWiele, R. L. Clinical and metabolic features of anorexia nervosa.American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1973,117 435–449.
Warren, W. A study of anorexia nervosa in young girls.Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 1968,9 27–40.
Wright, W. S., Manwell, M. K. C., & Merrett, J. D. Anorexia nervosa: A discriminant function analysis.British Journal of Psychiatry 1969,115 827–831.