A Longitudinal Field Investigation of Gender Differences in Individual Technology Adoption Decision-Making Processes

Ajzen, 1985, From intentions to actions: A theory of planned behavior, 11 Ajzen, 1991, The theory of planned behavior, Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50, 179, 10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T Ajzen, 1992, Application of the theory of planned behavior to leisure choice, Journal of Leisure Research, 24, 207, 10.1080/00222216.1992.11969889 Ajzen, 1986, Prediction of goal-directed behavior: Attitudes, intentions, and perceived behavioral control, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 22, 453, 10.1016/0022-1031(86)90045-4 Bagozzi, 1981, Attitudes, intentions, and behavior: A test of some key hypotheses, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 41, 607, 10.1037/0022-3514.41.4.607 Bagozzi, 1992, State versus action orientation and the theory of reasoned action: An application to coupon usage, Journal of Consumer Research, 18, 505, 10.1086/209277 Bagozzi, 1995, A comparison of leading theories for the prediction of goal-directed behaviors, British Journal of Social Psychology, 34, 437, 10.1111/j.2044-8309.1995.tb01076.x Baird, 1976, Sex differences in task and social-emotional behavior, Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 3, 109 Bargh, 1999, The unbearable automaticity of being, American Psychologist, 54, 462, 10.1037/0003-066X.54.7.462 Barnett, 1989, Managers, values, and executive decisions: An exploration of the role of gender, career stage, organizational level, function, and the importance of ethics, relationships and results in managerial decision-making, Journal of Business Ethics, 8, 747, 10.1007/BF00383775 Barnett, 1991, The relationship between women's work and family roles and their subjective well-being and psychological distress, 111 Baucom, 1983, Sex role identity and the decision to regain control among women: A learned helplessness investigation, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44, 334, 10.1037/0022-3514.44.2.334 Baucom, 1984, Sex role identity and sex-stereotyped tasks in the development of learned helplessness in women, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46, 422, 10.1037/0022-3514.46.2.422 Becker, 1986, Influence again: An examination of reviews and studies of gender differences in social influence, 178 Bem, 1974, On predicting some of the people some of the time: The search for cross-situational consistencies in behavior, Psychological Review, 81, 506, 10.1037/h0037130 Bem, 1981, The BSRI and gender schema theory: A reply to Spence and Helmreich, Psychological Review, 88, 369, 10.1037/0033-295X.88.4.369 Bentler, 1979, Attitudes cause behaviors: A structured equation analysis, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 40, 226, 10.1037/0022-3514.40.2.226 Berger, 1993, A framework for understanding the relationship between environmental attitudes and consumer behavior, 4, 157 Bergeron, 1990, Investigating the support role of the information center, MIS Quarterly, 14, 247, 10.2307/248887 Blau, 1967 Bozionelos, 1996, Psychology of computer use: XXXIX. Prevalence of computer anxiety in British managers and professionals, Psychological Reports, 78, 995, 10.2466/pr0.1996.78.3.995 Brenner, 1988, An examination of race and sex differences in managerial work values, Journal of Vocational Behavior, 32, 336, 10.1016/0001-8791(88)90024-3 Carlson, 1971, Sex differences in ego functioning: Exploratory studies of agency and communion, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 37, 10.1037/h0031947 Chen, 1985, Gender differences in adolescents' uses of and attitudes toward computers, 10, 200 Chodorow, 1974, Family structure and feminine personality Cohen, 1988 Compeau, 1995, Computer self-efficacy: Development of a measure and initial test, MIS Quarterly, 19, 189, 10.2307/249688 Conner, 1998, Extending the theory of planned behavior: A review and avenues for further research, Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 28, 1429, 10.1111/j.1559-1816.1998.tb01685.x Cragg, 1993, Small-firm computing: Motivators and Inhibitors, MIS Quarterly, 17, 47, 10.2307/249509 Crawford, 1995, Cognition in social context, Special Issue: Psychological and Psychobiological Perspectives on Sex Differences in Cognition: I. Theory and Research. Learning and Individual Differences, 7, 341 Crow, 1991, Gender and values: What is the impact on decision making?, Sex Roles, 25, 255, 10.1007/BF00289858 Davis, 1989, Perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and user acceptance of information technology, MIS Quarterly, 13, 319, 10.2307/249008 Davis, 1989, User acceptance of computer technology: A comparison of two theoretical models, Management Science, 35, 982, 10.1287/mnsc.35.8.982 Davis, 1985, What do intention scales measure?, Journal of General Psychology, 119, 391, 10.1080/00221309.1992.9921181 Dawson, 1995, Women and men, morality and ethics, Business Horizons, 38, 61, 10.1016/0007-6813(95)90010-1 Deaux, 1985, Sex and gender, 36, 49 Eagly, 1978, Sex differences in influenceability, Psychological Bulletin, 85, 86, 10.1037/0033-2909.85.1.86 Eagly, 1981, Sex of researchers and sex-typed communications as determinants of sex differences in influenceability: A meta-analysis of social influence studies, Psychological Bulletin, 90, 1, 10.1037/0033-2909.90.1.1 Eccles, 1987, Gender roles and women's achievement-related decisions, Psychology of Women Quarterly, 11, 135, 10.1111/j.1471-6402.1987.tb00781.x Erikson, 1968 Fazio, 1978, Attitudinal qualities relating to the strength of the attitude-perception and attitude-behavior relationship, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 14, 398, 10.1016/0022-1031(78)90035-5 Fazio, 1978, On the predictive validity of attitudes: The roles of direct experience and confidence, Journal of Personality, 46, 228, 10.1111/j.1467-6494.1978.tb00177.x Fazio, 1981, Direct experience and attitude-behavior consistency, 14, 161 Felter, 1985, Sex differences on the California statewide assessment of computer literacy, Sex Roles, 13, 181, 10.1007/BF00287909 Franke, 1997, Gender differences in ethical perceptions of business practices: A social role theory perspective, Journal of Applied Psychology, 82, 920, 10.1037/0021-9010.82.6.920 Galbraith, 1993, Decision rules used by male and female business students in ethical value judgements, Journal of Business Ethics, 12, 227, 10.1007/BF01686450 Garai, 1968, Sex differences in mental and behavioral traits, Genetic Psychology Monographs, 77, 169 Gianakos, 1988, Student sex and sex role in relation to college major choice, Career Development Quarterly, 36, 259, 10.1002/j.2161-0045.1988.tb00494.x Gill, 1987, Measuring gender differences: The expressive dimension and critique of androgyny scales, Sex Roles, 17, 375, 10.1007/BF00288142 Gilligan, 1982 Gould, 1983, Work involvement: A comparison of dual wage earner and single wage earner families, Journal of Applied Psychology, 68, 313, 10.1037/0021-9010.68.2.313 Harrison, 1997, Executive decisions about adoption of information technology in small business: Theory and empirical tests, Information Systems Research, 8, 171, 10.1287/isre.8.2.171 Heckhausen, 1990, Intentional action and action slips, Psychological Review, 97, 36, 10.1037/0033-295X.97.1.36 Hennig, 1977 Hodgson, 1987, Gender-integrated management teams, Business Quarterly, 52, 68 Hoffman, 1972, Early childhood experiences and women's achievement motives, Journal of Social Issues, 28, 129, 10.1111/j.1540-4560.1972.tb00022.x James, 1890 Johansen, 1996 Kagan, 1964, Acquisition and significance of sex-typing and sex role identity, 1, 137 Kanter, 1977 Kanter, 1987, Men and women of the corporation revisited, Management Review, 76, 14 Kelman, 1958, Compliance, identification, and internalization: Three processes of opinion change, Journal of Conflict Resolution, 2, 51, 10.1177/002200275800200106 Kohlberg, 1969, Continuities and discontinuities in childhood and adult moral development, Human Development, 12, 3, 10.1159/000270857 Kohlberg, 1966, A cognitive-developmental analysis of children's sex-role concepts and attitudes, 82 Landau, 1976, A simulation study of administrators' behavior toward employees who receive job offers, Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 6, 291, 10.1111/j.1559-1816.1976.tb02405.x Landauer, 1995 Lefkowitz, 1994, Sex-related differences in job attitudes and dispositional variables: Now you see them, …, Academy of Management Journal, 37, 323, 10.2307/256832 Lu, 1999, Do people move when they say they will? Inconsistencies in individual migration behavior, Population and Environment: A Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies, 20, 467, 10.1023/A:1023365119874 Lundeberg, 1994, Highly confident but wrong: Gender differences and similarities in confidence judgments, Journal of Educational Psychology, 86, 114, 10.1037/0022-0663.86.1.114 Maccoby, 1974 Mathieson, 1991, Predicting user intentions: Comparing the technology acceptance model with the theory of planned behavior, Information Systems Research, 2, 173, 10.1287/isre.2.3.173 Miller, 1976 Minton, 1971, Maternal control and obedience in the two-year-old, Child Development, 42, 1873, 10.2307/1127592 Minton, 1980 Mirowsky, 1990, Control or defense? Depression and the sense of control over good and bad outcomes, Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 31, 71, 10.2307/2137046 Moore, 1991 Morris, M. G, &, Venkatesh, V. (In press), Age differences in technology adoption decisions: Implications for a changing workforce, Personnel Psychology. Morrow, 1986, Attitudinal and behavioral correlates of computer anxiety, Psychological Reports, 59, 1199, 10.2466/pr0.1986.59.3.1199 Nisbett, 1980 Norman, 1993 Norman, 1995, The theory of planned behaviour and exercise: An investigation into the role of prior behaviour, behavioural intentions and attitude variabilty, European Journal of Social Psychology, 25, 403, 10.1002/ejsp.2420250405 O'Neil, 1982, Gender-role conflict and strain in men's lives: Implications for psychiatrists, psychologists, and other human-service providers, 5 Ouellette, 1998, Habit and intention in everyday life: The multiple processes by which past behavior predicts future behavior, Psychological Bulletin, 124, 54, 10.1037/0033-2909.124.1.54 Parsons, 1955 Pindyck, 1981 Powell, 1997, Gender differences in risk behaviour in financial decision-making: An experimental analysis, Journal of Economic Psychology, 18, 605, 10.1016/S0167-4870(97)00026-3 Randall, 1991, Ethical decision making in the medical profession: An application of the theory of planned behavior, Journal of Business Ethics, 10, 111, 10.1007/BF00383614 Roberts, 1991, Gender and the influence of evaluations in self assessments in achievement settings, Psychological Bulletin, 109, 297, 10.1037/0033-2909.109.2.297 Rosenkrantz, 1968, Sex-role stereotypes and self-concepts in college students, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 32, 287, 10.1037/h0025909 Ross, 1998 Rotter, 1969, Group and individual effects in problem solving, Journal of Applied Psychology, 53, 338, 10.1037/h0027771 Sargent, 1981 Sauser, 1978, Sex differences in job satisfaction: A reexamination, Personnel Psychology, 31, 537, 10.1111/j.1744-6570.1978.tb00461.x Schuler, 1975, Sex, organizational level, and outcome importance: Where the differences are, Personnel Psychology, 28, 365, 10.1111/j.1744-6570.1975.tb01544.x Sheppard, 1988, The theory of reasoned action: A meta-analysis of past research with recommendations for modifications and future research, Journal of Consumer Research, 15, 325, 10.1086/209170 Sichel, 1997 Skitka, 1996, Gender as schematic category: A role construct approach, Social Behavior and Personality, 24, 53, 10.2224/sbp.1996.24.1.53 Sparks, 1997, The Dimensional Structure of the Perceived Behavioral Control Construct, Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 27, 418, 10.1111/j.1559-1816.1997.tb00639.x Steffen, 1988, Problem solving by hospital managers, Health Care Management Review, 13, 25, 10.1097/00004010-198823000-00004 Stein, 1973, The socialization of achievement orientation in females, Psychological Bulletin, 80, 345, 10.1037/h0035261 Stockard, 1988, Gender roles and behavior in social dilemmas: Are there sex differences in cooperation and in its justification?, Social Psychology Quarterly, 51, 154, 10.2307/2786837 Szajna, 1993, The effects of information system user expectations on their performance and perceptions, MIS Quarterly, 17, 493, 10.2307/249589 Talaga, 1995, Are there gender differences in predicting retirement decisions?, Journal of Applied Psychology, 80, 16, 10.1037/0021-9010.80.1.16 Tashakkori, 1993, Gender, ethnicity, and the structure of self-esteem: An attitude theory approach, Journal of Social Psychology, 133, 479, 10.1080/00224545.1993.9712172 Tashakkori, 1991, Race differences in self-perception and locus of control during adolescence and early adulthood: Methodological implications, Genetic, Social, and General Psychology Monographs, 117, 133 Taylor, 1982, Psychological androgyny: Theories, methods, and conclusions, Psychological Bulletin, 92, 347, 10.1037/0033-2909.92.2.347 Taylor, 1995, Understanding information technology usage: A test of competing models, Information Systems Research, 6, 144, 10.1287/isre.6.2.144 Thoits, 1987, Gender and marital status differences in control and employment, Monthly Labor Review, 114, 10 Van Roosmalen, 1992, Adolescent smoking intentions: Gender differences in peer context, Adolescence, 27, 87 Venkatesh, 2000, A theoretical extension of the technology acceptance model: Four longitudinal field studies, Management Science, 10.1287/mnsc.46.2.186.11926 Venkatesh, 2000, Why don't men ever stop to ask for directions? Gender, social influence, and their role in technology acceptance and usage behavior, MIS Quarterly, 10.2307/3250981 Venkatesh, 1999, Computer technology training in the workplace: A longitudinal investigation of the effect of mood, Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 79, 1, 10.1006/obhd.1999.2837 Warshaw, 1980, A new model for predicting behavioral intentions: An alternative to Fishbein, Journal of Marketing Research, 17, 153, 10.2307/3150927 Warshaw, 1985, The accuracy of behavioral intention versus behavioral expectation for predicting behavioral goals, Journal of Psychology, 119, 599, 10.1080/00223980.1985.9915469 Warshaw, 1985, Disentangling behavioral intention and behavioral expectation, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 21, 213, 10.1016/0022-1031(85)90017-4 Weiner, 1993 Weller, 1976, Birth order, sex, and occupational interest, Journal of Vocational Behavior, 8, 45, 10.1016/0001-8791(76)90032-4 Williams, 1982 Wilson, 1994, Gender differences in motivations for course selection: Academically talented students in an intensive summer program, Sex Roles, 31, 349, 10.1007/BF01544594