Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine (SMFM) Consult Series #49: Cesarean scar pregnancy

Riaz, 2015, Cesarean scar ectopic pregnancy: imaging features, current treatment options, and clinical outcomes, Abdom Imaging, 40, 2589, 10.1007/s00261-015-0472-2 Gibbons, 2012, Inequities in the use of cesarean section deliveries in the world, Am J Obstet Gynecol, 206, 331.e1, 10.1016/j.ajog.2012.02.026 Jurkovic, 2003, First-trimester diagnosis and management of pregnancies implanted into the lower uterine segment cesarean section scar, Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol, 21, 220, 10.1002/uog.56 Seow, 2004, Cesarean scar pregnancy: issues in management, Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol, 23, 247, 10.1002/uog.974 Godin, 1997, An ectopic pregnancy developing in a previous caesarian section scar, Fertil Steril, 67, 398, 10.1016/S0015-0282(97)81930-9 Maymon, 2004, Ectopic pregnancies in a caesarean scar: review of the medical approach to an iatrogenic complication, Hum Reprod Update, 10, 515, 10.1093/humupd/dmh042 Ash, 2007, Caesarean scar pregnancy, BJOG, 114, 253, 10.1111/j.1471-0528.2006.01237.x Tantbirojn, 2008, Pathophysiology of placenta creta: the role of decidua and extravillous trophoblast, Placenta, 29, 639, 10.1016/j.placenta.2008.04.008 Timor-Tritsch, 2014, Cesarean scar pregnancy is a precursor of morbidly adherent placenta, Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol, 44, 346, 10.1002/uog.13426 Timor-Tritsch, 2014, Cesarean scar pregnancy and early placenta accreta share common histology, Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol, 43, 383, 10.1002/uog.13282 Rotas, 2006, Cesarean scar ectopic pregnancies: etiology, diagnosis, and management, Obstet Gynecol, 107, 1373, 10.1097/01.AOG.0000218690.24494.ce Gonzalez, 2017, Cesarean scar pregnancy: a systematic review, J Minim Invasive Gynecol, 24, 731, 10.1016/j.jmig.2017.02.020 Kaelin Agten, 2017, The clinical outcome of cesarean scar pregnancies implanted “on the scar” versus “in the niche.”, Am J Obstet Gynecol, 216, 510.e1, 10.1016/j.ajog.2017.01.019 McKenna, 2008, Role of sonography in the recognition, assessment, and treatment of cesarean scar ectopic pregnancies, J Ultrasound Med, 27, 779, 10.7863/jum.2008.27.5.779 Maymon, 2004, Ectopic pregnancies in caesarean section scars: the 8 year experience of one medical centre, Hum Reprod, 19, 278, 10.1093/humrep/deh060 Vial, 2000, Pregnancy in a cesarean scar, Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol, 16, 592, 10.1046/j.1469-0705.2000.00300-2.x Cali, 2018, Changes in ultrasonography indicators of abnormally invasive placenta during pregnancy, Int J Gynaecol Obstet, 140, 319, 10.1002/ijgo.12413 Timor-Tritsch, 2012, The diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of cesarean scar pregnancy, Am J Obstet Gynecol, 207, 44.e1, 10.1016/j.ajog.2012.04.018 Moschos, 2008, First-trimester diagnosis of cesarean scar ectopic pregnancy, J Clin Ultrasound, 36, 504, 10.1002/jcu.20471 Timor-Tritsch, 2015, Cesarean scar pregnancies: experience of 60 cases, J Ultrasound Med, 34, 601, 10.7863/ultra.34.4.601 Timor-Tritsch, 2012, Unforeseen consequences of the increasing rate of cesarean deliveries: early placenta accreta and cesarean scar pregnancy: a review, Am J Obstet Gynecol, 207, 14, 10.1016/j.ajog.2012.03.007 Shih, 2004, Cesarean scar pregnancy: diagnosis with three-dimensional (3D) ultrasound and 3D power Doppler, Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol, 23, 306, 10.1002/uog.1000 Wang, 2004, Three-dimensional power Doppler ultrasound diagnosis and laparoscopic management of a pregancy in a previous cesarean scar, J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A, 14, 399, 10.1089/lap.2004.14.399 Ozkan, 2007, Three-dimensional ultrasonographic diagnosis and hysteroscopic management of a viable cesarean scar ectopic pregnancy, J Obstet Gynaecol Res, 33, 873, 10.1111/j.1447-0756.2007.00671.x Valley, 1998, Cesarean scar pregnancy: imaging and treatment with conservative surgery, Obstet Gynecol, 91, 838 Weimin, 2002, Effect of early pregnancy on a previous lower segment cesarean section scar, Int J Gynaecol Obstet, 77, 201, 10.1016/S0020-7292(02)00018-8 Peng, 2014, First trimester caesarean scar ectopic pregnancy evaluation using MRI, Clin Radiol, 69, 123, 10.1016/j.crad.2013.07.021 Wang, 2006, Endoscopic management of cesarean scar pregnancy, Fertil Steril, 85, 494.e1, 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2005.07.1322 Roberts, 1998, Ectopic pregnancy in lower segment uterine scar, Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol, 38, 114, 10.1111/j.1479-828X.1998.tb02976.x Osborn, 2012, Cesarean scar pregnancy: sonographic and magnetic resonance imaging findings, complications, and treatment, J Ultrasound Med, 31, 1449, 10.7863/jum.2012.31.9.1449 Ben Nagi, 2005, First-trimester cesarean scar pregnancy evolving into placenta previa/accreta at term, J Ultrasound Med, 24, 1569, 10.7863/jum.2005.24.11.1569 Zosmer, 2015, Natural history of early first-trimester pregnancies implanted in cesarean scars, Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol, 46, 367, 10.1002/uog.14775 Michaels, 2015, Outcome of cesarean scar pregnancies diagnosed sonographically in the first trimester, J Ultrasound Med, 34, 595, 10.7863/ultra.34.4.595 Cali, 2018, Outcome of cesarean scar pregnancy managed expectantly: systematic review and meta-analysis, Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol, 51, 169, 10.1002/uog.17568 Xiao, 2014, Cesarean scar pregnancy: noninvasive and effective treatment with high-intensity focused ultrasound, Am J Obstet Gynecol, 211, 356.e1, 10.1016/j.ajog.2014.04.024 Birch Petersen, 2016, Cesarean scar pregnancy: a systematic review of treatment studies, Fertil Steril, 105, 958, 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2015.12.130 Monteagudo, 2019, Minimally invasive treatment of cesarean scar and cervical pregnancies using a cervical ripening double balloon catheter: expanding the clinical series, J Ultrasound Med, 38, 785, 10.1002/jum.14736 Timor-Tritsch, 2016, A new minimally invasive treatment for cesarean scar pregnancy and cervical pregnancy, Am J Obstet Gynecol, 215, 351.e1, 10.1016/j.ajog.2016.03.010 Kang, 2011, Surgical management of cesarean scar ectopic pregnancy: hysterotomy by transvaginal approach, Fertil Steril, 96, e25, 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2011.04.025 Le, 2013, Transvaginal surgical treatment of cesarean scar ectopic pregnancy, Arch Gynecol Obstet, 287, 791, 10.1007/s00404-012-2617-7 Wang, 2014, Evaluation of the transvaginal resection of low-segment cesarean scar ectopic pregnancies, Fertil Steril, 101, 602, 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2013.10.024 Jurkovic, 2016, Surgical treatment of cesarean scar ectopic pregnancy: efficacy and safety of ultrasound-guided suction curettage, Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol, 47, 511, 10.1002/uog.15857 Jurkovic, 2007, Efficacy of Shirodkar cervical suture in securing hemostasis following surgical evacuation of cesarean scar ectopic pregnancy, Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol, 30, 95, 10.1002/uog.4058 Peng, 2015, Comparative efficacy and safety of local and systemic methotrexate injection in cesarean scar pregnancy, Ther Clin Risk Manag, 11, 137 Cheung, 2015, Local methotrexate injection as the first-line treatment for cesarean scar pregnancy: review of the literature, J Minim Invasive Gynecol, 22, 753, 10.1016/j.jmig.2015.04.008 Yamaguchi, 2014, Transvaginal methotrexate injection for the treatment of cesarean scar pregnancy: efficacy and subsequent fecundity, J Minim Invasive Gynecol, 21, 877, 10.1016/j.jmig.2014.03.024 Michener, 2009, Caesarean scar ectopic pregnancy: a single centre case series, Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol, 49, 451, 10.1111/j.1479-828X.2009.01067.x Ugurlucan, 2012, Management of cesarean heterotopic pregnancy with transvaginal ultrasound-guided potassium chloride injection and gestational sac aspiration, and review of the literature, J Minim Invasive Gynecol, 19, 671, 10.1016/j.jmig.2012.05.006 Wang, 2010, Hysteroscopic management of heterotopic cesarean scar pregnancy, Fertil Steril, 94, 1529.e15, 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2010.02.039 Demirel, 2009, Laparoscopic management of heterotopic cesarean scar pregnancy with preservation of intrauterine gestation and delivery at term: case report, Fertil Steril, 91, 1293.e5, 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2008.01.067 Zhuang, 2009, Uterine artery embolization compared with methotrexate for the management of pregnancy implanted within a cesarean scar, Am J Obstet Gynecol, 201, 152.e1, 10.1016/j.ajog.2009.04.038 Timor-Tritsch, 2015, Foley balloon catheter to prevent or manage bleeding during treatment for cervical and cesarean scar pregnancy, Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol, 46, 118, 10.1002/uog.14708 2017, 713: antenatal corticosteroid therapy for fetal maturation, Obstet Gynecol, 130, e102, 10.1097/AOG.0000000000002237 2018, Obstetric Care Consensus No. 7: placenta accreta spectrum, Obstet Gynecol, 132, e259, 10.1097/AOG.0000000000002983 Ben Nagi, 2007, Reproductive outcomes of women with a previous history of caesarean scar ectopic pregnancies, Hum Reprod, 22, 2012, 10.1093/humrep/dem078 Seow, 2004, Subsequent pregnancy outcome after conservative treatment of a previous cesarean scar pregnancy, Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand, 83, 1167, 10.1111/j.0001-6349.2004.00445.x Sadeghi, 2010, Cesarean scar ectopic pregnancy: case series and review of the literature, Am J Perinatol, 27, 111, 10.1055/s-0029-1224874 Wang, 2015, Reproductive outcomes after previous cesarean scar pregnancy: follow up of 189 women, Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol, 54, 551, 10.1016/j.tjog.2015.08.006 Grechukhina, 2018, Cesarean scar pregnancy, incidence, and recurrence: five-year experience at a single tertiary care referral center, Obstet Gynecol, 132, 1285, 10.1097/AOG.0000000000002940 2019, Obstetric Care Consensus No. 8: interpregnancy care, Obstet Gynecol, 133, e51, 10.1097/AOG.0000000000003025 Klemm, 2005, Laparoscopic and vaginal repair of uterine scar dehiscence following cesarean section as detected by ultrasound, J Perinat Med, 33, 324, 10.1515/JPM.2005.058 Donnez, 2008, Laparoscopic repair of wide and deep uterine scar dehiscence after cesarean section, Fertil Steril, 89, 974, 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2007.04.024 Gubbini, 2011, Surgical hysteroscopic treatment of cesarean-induced isthmocele in restoring fertility: prospective study, J Minim Invasive Gynecol, 18, 234, 10.1016/j.jmig.2010.10.011 He, 2011, Transvaginal removal of ectopic pregnancy tissue and repair of uterine defect for caesarean scar pregnancy, BJOG, 118, 1136, 10.1111/j.1471-0528.2011.02891.x Yalcinkaya, 2011, Robotic-assisted laparoscopic repair of symptomatic cesarean scar defect: a report of two cases, J Reprod Med, 56, 265 Donnez, 2017, Gynecological and obstetrical outcomes after laparoscopic repair of a cesarean scar defect in a series of 38 women, Fertil Steril, 107, 289, 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2016.09.033 Chauhan, 2013, SMFM adopts GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation) for clinical guidelines. Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine [editorial], Am J Obstet Gynecol, 209, 163, 10.1016/j.ajog.2013.07.012 Guyatt, 2008, GRADE: an emerging consensus on rating quality of evidence and strength of recommendations: GRADE Working Group, BMJ, 336, 924, 10.1136/bmj.39489.470347.AD