Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory drugs and cardiovascular risk

Sanmuganathan, 2001, Aspirin for primary prevention of coronary heart disease, Heart, 85, 265, 10.1136/heart.85.3.265 2002, Aspirin for the primary prevention of cardiovascular events, Ann Intern Med, 136, 157, 10.7326/0003-4819-136-2-200201150-00015 1994, Collaborative overview of randomized trials of antiplatelet therapy-I, BMJ, 308, 81 Ryan TJ, Antman EM, Brooks NH, et al. 1999 update: ACC/AHA guidelines for the management of patients with acute myocardial infarction: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee on Management of Acute Myocardial Infarction). J Am Coll Cardiol 1999;34;890–911. Brooks, 1991, Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs—differences and similarities, N Engl J Med, 324, 1716, 10.1056/NEJM199106133242407 Mukherjee, 2001, Risk of cardiovascular events associated with selective COX-2 inhibitors, JAMA, 286, 954, 10.1001/jama.286.8.954 IMS reports 16.9% growth in 2001 U.S. prescription sales. Westport, CT: IMS Health Inc., April 26, 2002. Available at: http://www.imshealth.com/public/structure/dispcontent/1,2779,1203- 1203-144055,00.html. Accessibility verified December 16, 2002. Catella-Lawson, 2001, Cyclooxygenase inhibitors and the antiplatelet effects of aspirin, N Engl J Med, 345, 1809, 10.1056/NEJMoa003199 Vane, 1998, Mechanism of action of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, Am J Med, 104 Suppl, 2S, 10.1016/S0002-9343(97)00203-9 Rodriguez, 2001, The effect of NSAIDs on the risk of coronary heart disease, Clin Exp Rheumatol, 19, S41 Cryer, 1998, Cyclooxygenase-1 and cyclooxygenase-2 selectivity of widely used nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, Am J Med, 104, 413, 10.1016/S0002-9343(98)00091-6 Whittle, 1980, Selective inhibition of prostaglandin production in inflammatory exudates and gastric mucosa, Nature, 284, 271, 10.1038/284271a0 Gum, 2001, Profile and prevalence of aspirin resistance in patients with cardiovascular disease, Am J Cardiol, 88, 230, 10.1016/S0002-9149(01)01631-9 Reilly, 1987, Inhibition of thromboxane formation in vivo and ex vivo, Blood, 69, 180, 10.1182/blood.V69.1.180.180 Patrono, 1985, Clinical pharmacology of platelet cyclooxygenase inhibition, Circulation, 72, 1177, 10.1161/01.CIR.72.6.1177 Fitzgerald, 2001, The coxibs, selective inhibitors of cyclooxygenase-2, N Engl J Med, 345, 433, 10.1056/NEJM200108093450607 Bombardier, 2000, Comparison of upper gastrointestinal toxicity of rofecoxib and naproxen in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, N Engl J Med, 343, 1520, 10.1056/NEJM200011233432103 Silverstein, 2000, Gastrointestinal toxicity with celecoxib vs nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis, JAMA, 284, 1247, 10.1001/jama.284.10.1247 MacDonald, 2003, Effect of ibuprofen on cardioprotective effect of aspirin, Lancet, 361, 573, 10.1016/S0140-6736(03)12509-3 Matsumoto, 2002, A randomized controlled, clinical trial of etoricoxib in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, J Rheumatol, 29, 1623 Reicin, 2002, Comparison of cardiovascular thrombotic events in patients with osteoarthritis treated with rofecoxib versus nonselective nonsteroidal antiinflamamtory drugs (ibuprofen, diclofenac, and nabumetone), Am J Cardiol, 89, 204, 10.1016/S0002-9149(01)02201-9 Konstam, 2001, Cardiovascular thrombotic events in controlled, clinical trials of rofecoxib, Circulation, 104, 2280, 10.1161/hc4401.100078 White, 2002, Comparison of thromboembolic events in patients treated with celecoxib, a cyclooxygenase-2 specific inhibitor versus ibuprofen or diclofenac, Am J Cardiol, 89, 425, 10.1016/S0002-9149(01)02265-2 Mamdani, 2003, Effect of selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors and naproxen on short-term risk of acute myocardial infarction in the elderly, Arch Intern Med, 163, 481, 10.1001/archinte.163.4.481 Solomon, 2002, Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use and acute myocardial infarction, Arch Intern Med, 162, 1099, 10.1001/archinte.162.10.1099 Watson, 2002, Lower risk of thromboembolic cardiovascular events with naproxen among patients with rheumatoid arthritis, Arch Intern Med, 162, 1105, 10.1001/archinte.162.10.1105 Rahme, 2002, Association between naproxen use and protection against acute myocardial infarction, Arch Intern Med, 162, 1111, 10.1001/archinte.162.10.1111 Ray, 2002, Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and risk of serious coronary heart disease, Lancet, 359, 118, 10.1016/S0140-6736(02)07370-1 Ko D, Wang Y, Berger AK, et al. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs after acute myocardial infarction. Am Heart J 2002;143:475–81. Fitzgerald, 2001, COX-2 inhibitors and the cardiovascular system, Clin Exp Rheumatol, 19, S31 Topper, 1996, Identification of vascular endothelial genes differentially responsive to fluid mechanical stimuli, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 93, 10417, 10.1073/pnas.93.19.10417 Shinmura, 2000, Cyclooxygenase-2 mediates the cardioprotective effects of the late phase of ischemic preconditioning in conscious rabbits, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 97, 10197, 10.1073/pnas.97.18.10197 Bolli, 2002, Discovery of a new function of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, Cardiovasc Res, 55, 506, 10.1016/S0008-6363(02)00414-5 Hennan, 2001, Effects of selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibition on vascular responses and thrombosis in canine coronary arteries, Circulation, 104, 820, 10.1161/hc3301.092790 Dowd, 2001, Inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 aggravates doxorubicin-mediated cardiac injury in vivo, J Clin Invest, 108, 585, 10.1172/JCI200111334 Cheng, 2002, Role of prostacyclin in the cardiovascular response to thromboxane A2, Science, 296, 539, 10.1126/science.1068711 DeMaria, 2002, Relative risk of cardiovascular events in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, Am J Cardiol, 89, 33D, 10.1016/S0002-9149(02)02235-X Lipani, 2001, The data are inconclusive and these drugs are needed, Cleve Clin J Med, 68, 961, 10.3949/ccjm.68.11.961 Abramson, 2001, Controversies in COX-2 inhibitor therapy, Clin Exp Rheumatol, 19, S77 VanHecken, 2000, Comparative inhibitory activity of rofecoxib, meloxicam, diclofenac, ibuprofen and naproxen on COX-2 versus COX-1 in healthy volunteers, J Clin Pharmacol, 40, 1109, 10.1177/009127000004001005 Dalen, 2002, Selective COX-2 inhibitors, NSAIDs, aspirin and myocardial infarction, Arch Intern Med, 162, 1091, 10.1001/archinte.162.10.1091 Chenevard, 2003, Selective COX-2 inhibition improves endothelial function in coronary artery disease, Circulation, 107, 405, 10.1161/01.CIR.0000051361.69808.3A Altman, 2002, Efficacy assessment of meloxicam, a preferential cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor, in acute coronary syndromes without ST-segment elevation, Circulation, 106, 191, 10.1161/01.CIR.0000021599.56755.A1