Rectal colonization by resistant bacteria increases the risk of infection by the colonizing strain in critically ill patients with cirrhosis

Carlet, 2014, Antibiotic resistance: a geopolitical issue, Clin Microbiol Infect, 20, 949, 10.1111/1469-0691.12767 Fernández, 2016, The challenges of multi-drug-resistance in hepatology, J Hepatol, 65, 1043, 10.1016/j.jhep.2016.08.006 Jalan, 2014, Bacterial infections in cirrhosis: a position statement based on the EASL special conference 2013, J Hepatol, 60, 1310, 10.1016/j.jhep.2014.01.024 Piano, 2019, Epidemiology and effects of bacterial infections in patients with cirrhosis worldwide, Gastroenterology, 156, 1368, 10.1053/j.gastro.2018.12.005 Fernández, 2018, Bacterial and fungal infections in acute-on-chronic liver failure: prevalence, characteristics and impact on prognosis, Gut, 67, 1870, 10.1136/gutjnl-2017-314240 Fernández, 2016, Antibiotic prophylaxis in cirrhosis: good and bad, Hepatology, 63, 2019, 10.1002/hep.28330 Kaki, 2011, Impact of antimicrobial stewardship in critical care: a systematic review, J Antimicrob Chemother, 66, 1223, 10.1093/jac/dkr137 2018, EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines for the management of patients with decompensated cirrhosis, J Hepatol, 69, 406, 10.1016/j.jhep.2018.03.024 Oteo, 2017, Microbiological methods for surveillance of carrier status of multiresistant bacteria, Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin, 35, 667, 10.1016/j.eimc.2015.12.013 Alevizakos, 2016, Colonisation with extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae and risk for infection among patients with solid or haematological malignancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Int J Antimicrob Agents, 48, 647, 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2016.08.021 Papadimitriou-Olivgeris, 2014, Risk factors for enterococcal infection and colonization by vancomycin-resistant enterococci in critically ill patients, Infection, 42, 1013, 10.1007/s15010-014-0678-1 McConville, 2017, Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae colonization (CRE) and subsequent risk of infection and 90-day mortality in critically ill patients, an observational study, PLoS One, 12, 10.1371/journal.pone.0186195 Houard, 2018, Relationship between digestive tract colonization and subsequent ventilator-associated pneumonia related to ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae, PLoS One, 13, 10.1371/journal.pone.0201688 Kontopoulou, 2019, The clinical significance of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae rectal colonization in critically ill patients: from colonization to bloodstream infection, J Med Microbiol, 68, 326, 10.1099/jmm.0.000921 Grasselli, 2019, Gastrointestinal colonization with multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: effect on the risk of subsequent infections and impact on patient outcome, Ann Intensive Care, 9, 141, 10.1186/s13613-019-0615-7 Gómez-Zorrilla, 2015, Prospective observational study of prior rectal colonization status as a predictor for subsequent development of Pseudomonas aeruginosa clinical infections, Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 59, 5213, 10.1128/AAC.04636-14 Bert, 2014, Risk factors associated with preoperative fecal carriage of extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae in liver transplant recipients, Transpl Infect Dis, 16, 84, 10.1111/tid.12169 Bert, 2012, Pretransplant fecal carriage of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae and infection after liver transplant, France, Emerg Infect Dis, 18, 908, 10.3201/eid1806.110139 Fam, 2015, Faecal carriage of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing enterobacteria in liver disease patients from two hospitals in Egypt and France: a comparative epidemiological study, Epidemiol Infect, 143, 1247, 10.1017/S0950268814001812 Ferstl, 2021, Colonization with multidrug-resistant organisms is associated with in increased mortality in liver transplant candidates, PLoS One, 16, 10.1371/journal.pone.0245091 Magiorakos, 2012, Multidrug-resistant, extensively drug-resistant and pandrug-resistant bacteria: an international expert proposal for interim standard definitions for acquired resistance, Clin Microbiol Infect, 18, 268, 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2011.03570.x Fulchini, 2019, Antibiotic-resistant pathogens in different patient settings and identification of surveillance gaps in Switzerland – a systematic review, Epidemiol Infect, 147, e259, 10.1017/S0950268819001523 Xie, 2014, Value of American Thoracic Society guidelines in predicting infection or colonization with multidrug-resistant organisms in critically ill patients, PLoS One, 9 Kim, 2014, Rates of fecal transmission of extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing and carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae among patients in intensive care units in Korea, Ann Lab Med, 34, 20, 10.3343/alm.2014.34.1.20 Tan, 2018, Comparative epidemiology of vancomycin-resistant enterococci colonization in an acute-care hospital and its affiliated intermediate- and long-term care facilities in Singapore, Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 62, 10.1128/AAC.01507-18 Gómez-Zorrilla, 2014, Antibiotic pressure is a major risk factor for rectal colonization by multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa in critically ill patients, Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 58, 5863, 10.1128/AAC.03419-14 Cobos-Trigueros, 2015, Acquisition of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and its resistance phenotypes in critically ill medical patients: role of colonization pressure and antibiotic exposure, Crit Care, 19, 218, 10.1186/s13054-015-0916-7 Papadimitriou-Olivgeris, 2015, Co-colonization by multidrug-resistant bacteria in two Greek intensive care units, Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis, 34, 1947, 10.1007/s10096-015-2436-4 Nicolas-Chanoine, 2013, 10-Fold increase (2006-11) in the rate of healthy subjects with extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli faecal carriage in a Parisian check-up centre, J Antimicrob Chemother, 68, 562, 10.1093/jac/dks429 Tseng, 2018, Risk for subsequent infection and mortality after hospitalization among patients with multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacteria colonization or infection, Antimicrob Resist Infect Control, 7, 93, 10.1186/s13756-018-0388-z Cheng, 2014, Decolonization of gastrointestinal carriage of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium: case series and review of literature, BMC Infect Dis, 14, 514, 10.1186/1471-2334-14-514 Bar-Yoseph, 2020, Oral capsulized fecal microbiota transplantation for eradication of carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae colonization with a metagenomic perspective, Clin Infect Dis