Prophylactic (hydroxy)chloroquine in COVID-19: Potential relevance for cardiac arrhythmia risk

Gupta, 2020, Current perspectives on coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) and cardiovascular disease: a white paper by the JAHA editors, J Am Heart Assoc, 2019, e017013, 10.1161/JAHA.120.017013

Beigel

Tang, 2020, Hydroxychloroquine in patients with mainly mild to moderate coronavirus disease 2019: open label, randomised controlled trial, BMJ, 369, m1849, 10.1136/bmj.m1849

White, 2007, Cardiotoxicity of antimalarial drugs, Lancet Infect Dis, 7, 549, 10.1016/S1473-3099(07)70187-1

Costedoat-Chalumeau, 2007, Heart conduction disorders related to antimalarials toxicity: an analysis of electrocardiograms in 85 patients treated with hydroxychloroquine for connective tissue diseases, Rheumatology, 46, 808, 10.1093/rheumatology/kel402

Schrezenmeier, 2020, Mechanisms of action of hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine: implications for rheumatology, Nat Rev Rheumatol, 16, 155, 10.1038/s41584-020-0372-x

Wang, 2020, Remdesivir and chloroquine effectively inhibit the recently emerged novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in vitro, Cell Res, 30, 269, 10.1038/s41422-020-0282-0

Keyaerts, 2004, In vitro inhibition of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus by chloroquine, Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 323, 264, 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.08.085

Vincent, 2005, Chloroquine is a potent inhibitor of SARS coronavirus infection and spread, Virol J, 2, 69, 10.1186/1743-422X-2-69

Liu, 2020, Hydroxychloroquine, a less toxic derivative of chloroquine, is effective in inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro, Cell Discov, 6, 16, 10.1038/s41421-020-0156-0

Yao, 2020, In vitro antiviral activity and projection of optimized dosing design of hydroxychloroquine for the treatment of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), Clin Infect Dis, 71, 732, 10.1093/cid/ciaa237

Meyerowitz, 2020, Rethinking the role of hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of COVID-19, FASEB J, 34, 6027, 10.1096/fj.202000919

Gautret, 2020, Hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin as a treatment of COVID-19: results of an open-label non-randomized clinical trial, Int J Antimicrob Agents, 56, 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105949

Gao, 2020, Breakthrough: chloroquine phosphate has shown apparent efficacy in treatment of COVID-19 associated pneumonia in clinical studies, Biosci Trends, 14, 72, 10.5582/bst.2020.01047

Chen

Alexander, 2020, COVID-19 coronavirus research has overall low methodological quality thus far: case in point for chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine, J Clin Epidemiol, 123, 120, 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2020.04.016

Mahevas

Geleris, 2020, Observational study of hydroxychloroquine in hospitalized patients with Covid-19, N Engl J Med, 382, 2411, 10.1056/NEJMoa2012410

Rosenberg, 2020, Association of treatment with hydroxychloroquine or azithromycin with in-hospital mortality in patients with COVID-19 in New York state, JAMA, 323, 2493, 10.1001/jama.2020.8630

Magagnoli

Touret, 2020, Of chloroquine and COVID-19, Antiviral Res, 177, 104762, 10.1016/j.antiviral.2020.104762

Polak, 2009, Collation, assessment and analysis of literature in vitro data on hERG receptor blocking potency for subsequent modeling of drugs’ cardiotoxic properties, J Appl Toxicol, 29, 183, 10.1002/jat.1395

van den Broek, 2020, Chloroquine-induced QTc prolongation in COVID-19 patients, Neth Heart J, 28, 406, 10.1007/s12471-020-01429-7

Chorin, 2020, QT interval prolongation and torsade de pointes in patients with COVID-19 treated with hydroxychloroquine/azithromycin, Heart Rhythm, 182, 264

Sinkeler, 2020, The risk for QTc interval prolongation in COVID-19 patients treated with chloroquine, Neth Heart J, 28, 418, 10.1007/s12471-020-01462-6

Borba, 2020, Effect of high vs low doses of chloroquine diphosphate as adjunctive therapy for patients hospitalized with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection: a randomized clinical trial, JAMA Netw Open, 3, e208857, 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.8857

Mzayek, 2007, Randomized dose-ranging controlled trial of AQ-13, a candidate antimalarial, and chloroquine in healthy volunteers, PLoS Clin Trials, 2, e6, 10.1371/journal.pctr.0020006

Vink, 2018, Determination and interpretation of the QT interval, Circulation, 138, 2345, 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.033943

Mercuro

Park, 2018, Metabolic syndrome and its components as risk factors for prolonged corrected QT interval in apparently healthy Korean men and women, J Clin Lipidol, 12, 1298, 10.1016/j.jacl.2018.07.004

Dapro, 2001, Spectrum of drugs prolonging QT interval and the incidence of torsades de pointes, Eur Heart J Suppl, 3, K70, 10.1016/S1520-765X(01)90009-4

Lazzerini, 2020, COVID-19, arrhythmic risk, and inflammation: mind the gap!, Circulation, 142, 7, 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.047293

Belardinelli, 2015, Cardiac late Na+ current: proarrhythmic effects, roles in long QT syndromes, and pathological relationship to CaMKII and oxidative stress, Heart Rhythm, 12, 440, 10.1016/j.hrthm.2014.11.009

Jankelson, 2020, QT prolongation, torsades de pointes, and sudden death with short courses of chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine as used in COVID-19: a systematic review, Heart Rhythm, 17, 1472, 10.1016/j.hrthm.2020.05.008

Szekely, 2020, Chloroquine-induced torsades de pointes in a patient with coronavirus disease 2019, Heart Rhythm, 17, 1452, 10.1016/j.hrthm.2020.04.046

Lee, 2020, Can post-exposure prophylaxis for COVID-19 be considered as an outbreak response strategy in long-term care hospitals?, Int J Antimicrob Agents, 55, 105988, 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105988

Boulware

Chatre, 2018, Cardiac complications attributed to chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine: a systematic review of the literature, Drug Saf, 41, 919, 10.1007/s40264-018-0689-4

Haeusler, 2018, The arrhythmogenic cardiotoxicity of the quinoline and structurally related antimalarial drugs: a systematic review, BMC Med, 16, 200, 10.1186/s12916-018-1188-2

Chan, 2020, Factors affecting the electrocardiographic QT interval in malaria: a systematic review and meta-analysis of individual patient data, PLoS Med, 17, e1003040, 10.1371/journal.pmed.1003040

McGhie, 2018, Electrocardiogram abnormalities related to anti-malarials in systemic lupus erythematosus, Clin Exp Rheumatol, 36, 545

Nguyen, 2020, Cardiovascular toxicities associated with hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin: an analysis of the World Health Organization pharmacovigilance database, Circulation, 142, 303, 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.048238

Sarayani

Drici, 2020, Estimates of population-based incidence of malignant arrhythmias associated with medication use—a narrative review, Fundam Clin Pharmacol, 34, 416, 10.1111/fcp.12582

Capoluongo, 2020, The friendly use of chloroquine in the COVID-19 disease: a warning for the G6PD-deficient males and for the unaware carriers of pathogenic alterations of the G6PD gene, Clin Chem Lab Med, 58, 1162, 10.1515/cclm-2020-0442

Kääb, 2012, A large candidate gene survey identifies the KCNE1 D85N polymorphism as a possible modulator of drug-induced torsades de pointes, Circ Cardiovasc Genet, 5, 91, 10.1161/CIRCGENETICS.111.960930

Giudicessi, 2020, Genetic susceptibility for COVID-19-associated sudden cardiac death in African Americans, Heart Rhythm, 17, 1487, 10.1016/j.hrthm.2020.04.045

Gollob, 2020, COVID-19, clinical trials and QT-prolonging prophylactic therapy in healthy subjects: first, do no harm, J Am Coll Cardiol, 75, 3184, 10.1016/j.jacc.2020.05.008

Wu, 2002, SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 and inherited arrhythmia syndromes, Heart Rhythm, 17, 1456, 10.1016/j.hrthm.2020.03.024